Pomeranium is a small evergreen tree with a height of 2 to 10 meters. Orange fruits are round, orange-red, with sour-bitter pulp. They ripen in November-January. You can also find other names for this citrus fruit: sour orange or bitter orange, Seville orange, bigaradia. The homeland of this fruit is Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in Mediterranean countries, the Caucasus, Paraguay and some islands of the West Indies.

Application

Fresh oranges are inedible and are valued mainly for their zest. The peel is easily separated from the fruit; just cut it into four parts. The zest should be dried by spreading it in a thin layer on a flat plate for two to three days at room temperature, turning daily. It is considered ready when it becomes brittle.

Orange zest is often used in desserts. It can be added to ice cream. To prepare this dessert you will need orange zest and juice, sugar and cream. All this must be whipped with a mixer and frozen.

The dried and crushed peels of this fruit are added to many confectionery products and sweet dishes: Easter cakes, muffins, and cakes. The zest gives a bitter-citrus taste to creams for cakes and pastries. When it comes into contact with the damp white surface of a product, such as rice or cottage cheese, the orange peel instantly turns it a beautiful bright light yellow color. Candied bitter orange peels are used as a decoration for sweets. holiday dishes or eaten as a stand-alone dessert. Sometimes ground zest is added to drinks (compotes, jelly) or when making jam.

It is added as a flavoring to give the dish a fresh citrus taste. Finely ground zest goes well with fish: it is added to fish and fish fillings. The taste of the zest goes well with meat dishes; it goes especially well with poultry.

All types of orange peel belong to “weak”, “soft” spices, so it can be consumed in a few grams.

Essential oils are obtained from the leaves and flowers of orange blossom - petitgrain and neroli, respectively, which are used to make marmalade, flavor liqueurs and sweets.

Composition and properties

Furocoumarin umbelliferone, which has strong antifungal activity, was found in orange fruits. Bitter orange is widely used as an antiemetic, antitussive, diaphoretic, digestive aid, expectorant; it is used for abdominal pain, indigestion, congestion. chest cavity, for diseases of the spleen. The seeds are recommended for loss of appetite, chest pain, colds, coughs, and hernias.

Bitter orange is an effective remedy against a variety of nervous disorders. It is used to reduce irritability, with increased nervous excitability, with sudden states of fear with rapid heartbeat, with neurasthenia with impaired stomach function and loss of appetite, with sleep disorders.

Interesting fact

The image of an orange tree is used in the coat of arms of the city of Lomonosov, which until 1948 was called Oranienbaum, which translated from German means “orange tree.”

Chinotto (fruit of orange myrtle) grow on a woody plant of the Rutaceae family. In addition, there are other names: “bigaradia” or “chinotto”. Southeast Asia is considered the birthplace of this fruit. Today, this plant can be found in Brazil, Sicily, Jamaica, etc.

The spherical fruits are slightly flattened and reach about 7 cm in diameter. The thick, tuberous peel is quite thick, colored orange(see photo), separates quite easily. Beneath it is the pulp, which is divided into 10-12 segments. The taste of the fruit is sour with a slight bitterness. The pulp contains flattened yellow seeds. Orange fruits have a distinct citrus aroma.

Useful properties

The fruits of bitter orange or chinotto are widely used for cosmetic purposes. Essential oil has a calming effect on the skin, and it also helps relieve inflammation and get rid of acne. In addition, it helps normalize activity sebaceous glands. Considering this, the oil is recommended for use for eczema, dermatoses and inflammation. Orange helps tighten pores and makes skin firmer and more beautiful. In addition, the fruit is used as an anti-cellulite agent.

Orange fruits have choleretic and antiseptic effects. They are also used as an analgesic, antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory agent. At regular use fruit improves tissue regeneration and memory. The fruits are also used as a diaphoretic and antispasmodic. The fruit has a laxative effect. It is recommended to use orange fruit to treat hypertension, as well as as a hangover reliever.

Use in cooking

Orange fruits (chinotto) are widely used in many cuisines around the world. For example, in Europe, candied fruits are very popular, eaten separately, and also used in the recipes of various baked goods. In England they love marmalade and jam made from fruit pulp. Sour fruits go well with cheese and are widely used in salads. Orange fruit zest is included in a variety of sauces. From the flowers you can make a distiller, which is used to make drinks, for example, liqueur.

Benefits of Chinotto (orange fruit) and treatment

The benefits of chinotto (orange fruit) are due to the rich composition of vitamins, microelements and other substances. IN folk medicine The essential oil of the plant is widely used, which acts as a supportive agent for the psycho-emotional state. It can be used to relieve insomnia, headaches, and also to normalize the functioning of the nervous system. Thanks to essential oil, you can get rid of panic, depression, stress, etc. It also has a positive effect on the condition of blood vessels, digestion and helps normalize the activity of the endocrine system.

Orange fruits used to treat dry cough. The seeds help reduce pain from chest pain, as well as for the treatment of hernia and inflammation of the testicles. In addition, if you prepare a paste from them, it can be used as a lotion that helps relieve inflammation from insect and snake bites. Orange juice is also used in traditional medicine recipes, which acts as a bactericidal agent. It is used to gargle for sore throat and laryngitis.

The membranes that separate the fruits are also useful. They are used to strengthen the nervous system and normalize heart function.

Harm of Chinotto (orange fruit) and contraindications

Chinotto (orange fruit) can be harmful to people with individual intolerance to the product. It is also worth avoiding eating these fruits if you are allergic to citrus fruits.

Perhaps only experienced amateur gardeners know what the ornamental orange plant looks like. However, recently, thanks to the increasing interest of the population in essential oils and aromatherapy, many people want to know about this ornamental tree in particular.

Perhaps only experienced amateur flower growers know what the ornamental orange plant looks like.

The orange plant (lat. Citrus aurantium) has other names - bigaradia, chinotto (or kinotto). It belongs to the Rutaceae family and looks like an evergreen tree. The height is about 2-3 meters, and at home it grows no higher than 1 meter. Interesting feature: long branches are located on the branches sharp spines. The leaves are shiny, leathery, dark green above, light below and with numerous papules containing essential oil. Orange blossom flowers reach 3 cm in diameter; they are white and very fragrant. The plant blooms in April-May. But orange blossoms are grown not only because beautiful flowers. Very decorative look the tree acquires during fruiting, which occurs in November-December. The entire crown is abundantly decorated with bright orange spherical fruits, similar to some varieties of tangerines. The berry reaches 6-7 cm in diameter; the peel is thick and lumpy, like a citrus fruit. The pulp of the fruit is bitter, sour, has a peculiar odor and is considered inedible.

Biologists know only cultivated species of bitter orange, but no wild species has been found in nature. It is known that he comes from Southeast Asia, is now cultivated in the Caucasus, the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and also in room conditions, often called wild orange.

Gallery: orange (25 photos)

Useful properties

This plant, in addition to its decorative value, also has a considerable number of useful properties. Its fruits and flowers contain orange oil, glycosides and carbohydrates, various alcohols and esters, including geraniol and alpha-limonene, which is widely used in aromatherapy, in the production of alcohol, and confectionery.

Bitter orange oil is obtained primarily from the fresh peel by cold pressing. If the goal is to obtain essential oil, known in aromatherapy as neroli, the flowers and unripe fruits along with the skins are distilled using steam using the fatty oil extraction method (enfleurage).

The orange plant (lat. Citrus aurantium) has other names - bigaradia, chinotto (or kinotto)

Orange extract has been famous for its aromatic properties since the time of Avicenna:

• regular use effectively helps fight nervous disorders such as depression and post-depressive conditions, depression, apathy, causeless anxiety and attacks of neurasthenia;
• It is recommended to use alone or in combination with other aromatic oils to treat sleep disorders;
• bitter orange has anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects;
• crushed peel infused with alcohol helps improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system, and the bitter taste has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
• in cosmetology it has a rejuvenating effect and is used as powerful tool against cellulite.

When using bitter orange in household treatment, do not forget that it belongs to citrus fruits, so those who are prone to allergies should use preparations made from it with caution.

Bitter Orange (video)

Use in medicine and cooking

At home, bitter orange extract is used for treatment and aromatherapy, primarily in aroma lamps. The dosage and exposure time are selected depending on the desired effect.

In order to obtain a bactericidal agent at home, it is enough to squeeze the juice from fresh ripe fruits along with the peel. It should be stored in a dark glass container in the refrigerator. This rinse will effectively help with various colds - sore throat, laryngitis, etc.

The squeezed juice can be taken orally, dissolving in small quantities in water and adding sugar or honey to taste. In this way you can help with gastrointestinal diseases and hypertension. Experts say that this drink can quickly get rid of nausea, bloating, and also effectively relieve a hangover.

To rejuvenate your facial skin, just add a few drops of oil to any face mask. Thanks to the substances it contains, the oil will smooth out wrinkles, tighten enlarged pores, and enrich the skin with vitamins.

At home, bitter orange extract is used for treatment and aromatherapy, primarily in aroma lamps.

An interesting way to treat a snake bite or poisonous insect which was used in ancient times. They used only bitter orange seeds for healing, which they applied to the bite.

Dried seeds are taken orally for persistent cough, hernia, and chest pain.

Orange zest is often used to prepare various confectionery and sweet dishes. To prepare the zest for future use, you need to remove the peel from the ripe fruit, dry it for several days at room temperature, spreading it in a very thin layer on paper or cloth. When the zest begins to crumble, you can put it away for storage.

Oil and zest are often added to drinks; Candied fruits are prepared from fresh peels, which are eaten on their own or used to decorate cakes, rolls, marmalade and jelly desserts. The original alcoholic drink, known since ancient times, is orange bitter. Despite its peculiar, very bitter taste, it is often used in cocktails. Since its retail price is quite high, you can prepare it yourself.

For 0.5 liters of good vodka you will need 100 g of fresh and 50 g of dried orange zest, 0.5 tsp. cardamom, 1/3 star anise, 2 tbsp. l. sugar, 0.5 tbsp. l. dried gentian root and ready-made tinctures of angelica and cinquefoil roots.

Grind all dry ingredients and add vodka. It is necessary to insist in a container with a tight lid and in a cool, dark place for at least 2 weeks. For the best effect, the container should be shaken daily. You should definitely monitor the alcohol level - if the zest absorbs all the vodka, you must add alcohol and mix well.

After 2 weeks you can try the infusion. If the taste of orange seems too weak, then you need to continue to insist. You can add an additional portion of zest - both dry and fresh.

At the end of the infusion, you need to squeeze out the resulting mass, filter the liquid several times, pour it into a sealed vessel and leave for a few more days until a sediment forms. Then drain the transparent part again.

Now you need to add sweets to the infusion. Pour sugar (about 2 tbsp) with a small amount of water and wait until caramel forms. The resulting warm soft mass must be gradually introduced into orange alcohol until the desired result is obtained. How much sugar to add is a matter of taste. The drink needs to steep for a few more days.

To complete the preparation of classic bitter, you need to add bitterness to the alcohol. For this purpose, ready-made tinctures of cinquefoil and angelica roots are used. It is important not to overdo it here, otherwise the drink will turn out too bitter.

It is believed that after all the manipulations, the result should be alcohol with a strength of at least 30%.

Sommelier experts say that bitter is excellent alcoholic drink both in solo performance and in cocktails. Moreover, it has been noticed that after consuming it there is practically no hangover.

Remedies that can be prepared from orange blossom flowers and fruits can be beneficial to everyone, both for health and for pleasure. But first of all, it is, of course, very decorative tree With beautiful flowers and fruits.

11 Most Popular Citrus Essential Oils (Video)

Syn: sour orange, bigaradia, Seville orange.

Evergreen woody plant with orange-red bitter fruits. Since ancient times it has been highly valued for medicinal properties fruit and is widely cultivated as a source of essential oil and also as a citrus rootstock.

Ask the experts a question

In medicine

Bitter orange is used in medicinal purposes as an effective sedative for various nervous disorders (to reduce irritability, increased nervous excitability, states of fear, neurasthenia, sleep disorders, etc.). In addition, the fruits and peel of bitter orange are used in preparations that stimulate appetite and help improve digestion. Therefore, drugs made on its basis are prescribed for hypovitaminosis, metabolic disorders. They are also effective in chronic inflammatory processes as an accompanying therapy that reduces negative consequences taking antibiotics.

For official medicine, orange oil is of particular value, which is currently being actively studied by gerontologists as a means of longevity and against premature aging, as well as to eliminate the symptoms of atherosclerosis. It has been scientifically proven that the use of orange oil is effective for diseases such as arterial hypertension, migraines (frequent headaches), and paroxysmal convulsive muscle activity. It also has a beneficial effect on the endocrine and cardiovascular systems.

Among dietary supplement manufacturers, bitter orange, due to its composition, has gained popularity as a safe means for weight loss. According to research, the ingredients in bitter orange reduce appetite, increase the breakdown of fat and thereby help get rid of excess weight. Therefore, extracts from orange zest are often found in dietary supplements offered for overweight.

The fruits of bitter orange are actively used in the pharmaceutical industry in the production of various drugs, in particular gastric, carminative and laxatives. Typically, bitter orange preparations are used in the form of tablets and capsules. Tinctures are prepared from the crushed peel of ripe orange fruits, used as a means of increasing appetite and enhancing secretion. gastric juice and improves digestion. Bitter orange essential oil is added to ointments. Orange fruits are also used as a flavoring additive (corrigens) for various medicines. The peel of the fruit is included in the finished pharmaceutical tincture as an aromatic bitterness. In addition, orange fruits and juice from them have long been used for medicinal purposes by traditional oriental medicine. For example, the fruits of bitter orange are included in contraceptives.

Contraindications and side effects

Bitter orange has no contraindications for use as such yet, but in some
cases may cause allergic reactions. In addition, people with weak
immune system, pregnant and lactating women, as well as children and
individual intolerance, it is better to refrain from using drugs for
its basis

In aromatherapy

The most popular essential oil among aromatherapists is neroli, obtained from orange flowers. Bitter Orange Oil is used in many therapeutic procedures ( nervous tension, depression, spasms, convulsions, insomnia, etc.).

In cosmetology

Bitter orange (especially oil) occupies a special place in modern cosmetology. It is used in various cosmetics. It gets rid of acne, rejuvenates and saturates the skin with vitamins. With its long-term use, the skin becomes soft, elastic, and pores are reduced. In spa salons, bitter orange oil is used in the form of face masks, and when crushed, the herb is used to reduce freckles. Oil is one of the strongest anti-cellulite agents.

In other regions

In herbal medicine

The medicinal properties of bitter orange are much more highly valued in herbal medicine. Tea made from the flowers and leaves of bitter orange is one of the best stomachic and sedatives. It is effective for nausea and vomiting, as well as migraines caused by stressful situations.

The economic importance of bitter orange lies mainly in the extraction of oil from it: from the peel of ripe fruits - essential oil; from leaves - petigran; from flowers - neroli. Orange oil also serves as the basis for the production of artificial essential oils, in particular lemon and bergamot.

Oil, extract and infusions of bitter orange flowers are found wide application in pharmacy, in the production of cosmetics and perfumes as fragrances in the manufacture of medicines and expensive perfumes, as well as in food industry in the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic refreshing drinks.

In cooking and food industry

In the food industry, fruits and tinctures from bitter orange flowers are actively used in the production of many products. Fresh bitter orange fruits are inedible, so they are used mainly to obtain juice. Orange fruits are also valued for their zest. It is used in pure form as a light spice, or used for coloring and flavoring juices and refreshing soft drinks, tinctures, liqueurs. The unripe fruits of the bitter orange tree (orange nuts) are also a raw material for the production of essential oil used in the alcoholic beverage industry. The zest is highly valued by culinary experts; it is added to many confectionery products (cakes, marmalades, dessert dishes). Dry and finely chopped orange peel is added to muffins, cottage cheese, etc. As a flavoring agent that gives a fresh citrus taste, the zest is added to gravies and sauces for fish and poultry dishes. In England, the zest is used in the production of sweets (in fillings). Neroli and petitgrain essential oils from the flowers and leaves of bitter orange are also used to make marmalade, candied rinds and soft drinks. The oils are used in food aromatic essences for drinks, chewing gum, etc. Flower infusions are also used in the confectionery and other branches of the food industry. The refreshing and stimulating aroma of orange is also used in various compositions of mixed teas.

In the perfume industry

Essential oil (neroli and petitgrain) from bitter orange flowers is widely popular in the perfume industry as a main component in many flower arrangements fragrant perfumes. Due to its pleasant fresh smell, orange oil is used to aromatize rooms, eliminate heavy odors, etc.

In horticulture, bitter orange is used as a rootstock for citrus fruits. For this purpose and as ornamental plant it is bred quite widely in many countries.

Classification

Sour or bitter orange (lat. Citrus aurantium) - belongs to the genus Citrus (lat. Citrus) of the citrus subfamily (lat. Citroideae) of the rue family (lat. Rutaceae). The genus includes about 15 species, the majority are cultivated, improved by centuries-old selection of the original wild, now extinct forms.

Botanical description

evergreen tree up to 10 m high, with a rounded crown. The leaves are simple, entire, alternate, petiolate, without stipules. Characteristic feature plant is the presence in the leaves of numerous translucent glands - containers of essential oil, providing a specific strong aroma. In the axils of the leaves there is one large spine, which is the metamorphosed leaves of the axillary shoot. The flowers are white, fragrant, solitary or in bunches, bisexual, with a double perianth. The tepals are free. There are 10 stamens. The gynoecium is syncarpous. Ovary superior. The fruit is an orange or hesperidium of a round shape, about 7.5 cm in diameter, orange-red in color with sour pulp, an extracarp with many essential oil glands. Inedible when fresh. Blooms in April – May. The fruits ripen in November – January.

Spreading

Unknown in the wild. Homeland: Southeast Asia. Cultivated in Mediterranean countries, in the humid subtropics of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

Almost all parts of the plant are harvested for medicinal purposes: unripe fruits (peel), flowers, leaves and young shoots. They are cut and dried outdoors, or in attics. Of particular value for medicinal purposes is the zest of the fruit, which is removed by cutting it into four parts. Store raw materials in linen bags for a year.

Chemical composition

The peel of bitter orange fruit contains essential oil, which contains ocimene, myrcene, limonene, linalool and geraniol esters, naringin, terpinolene, jasmol, phenylacetic and benzoic acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, as well as anthranilic acid methyl ester, which gives the oil most delicate aroma. In addition, sugars, organic acids (citric, malic, salicylic, gallic), glycosides (hesperidin, isohesperidin) belonging to the group of substances with P-vitamin activity and flavonoids were found in the fruits. Leaves, branches, young stems and flowers also contain essential oils: petitgrain, neroli, orange. Stahydrine was found in the leaves, and fatty oil (about 18%) was found in the seeds.

Pharmacological properties

Orange preparations have antiseptic, antisclerotic, analgesic, choleretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anticoagulant, stimulating, tonic, diaphoretic, laxative effects. Orange oil stimulates the synthesis of melanin and vitamin D, eliminating deficiency sunlight northern countries, strengthens the immune system, tissue regeneration, has a mild diuretic and lymphatic drainage effect. Orange oil eliminates the symptoms of atherosclerosis and premature aging, promotes longevity. Furocoumarin and umbelliferone, which are part of orange fruit, have strong antifungal and antibacterial activity. The essential oil of orange fruit also exhibits bactericidal, antiemetic, antitussive, diaphoretic, carminative, and expectorant activity. Pomeranian copes well with nervous disorders, in particular, it reduces irritability, increased nervous excitability, sudden states of fear with rapid heartbeat, neurasthenia with disruption of the stomach and loss of appetite, and sleep disturbances. Orange improves attention, memory and other cognitive processes of thinking. Preparations made from orange seeds improve appetite, relieve pain in the chest area, severe cough, etc.

Use in folk medicine

Since ancient times, bitter orange has been highly valued traditional healers for its medicinal properties. People consider bitter orange effective means from nervous overexcitation, fear, palpitations, insomnia, depression, hypertension and hangover. Preparations based on bitter orange strengthen nervous system, heart muscles. Traditionally, it is used as an antiemetic, for nausea, indigestion and upset stomach, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, rectal prolapse, painful urges and constipation, congestion in the chest cavity, diseases of the spleen and as a general aid to digestion. Bitter orange is widely used as an antitussive, diaphoretic, carminative, and expectorant for various inflammatory processes. For example, orange juice is one of the best bactericidal agents for inflammatory processes in the oral and nasal cavities. Bitter orange seeds are recommended for chest pain, colds, coughs, and inflammation of the testicles. The leaves, flowers and peel of bitter orange fruit are used for heartburn and fungal diseases. Eastern medicine has long been using orange fruits and juice from them. In particular, Chinese healers used dry orange peels for ulcers, wounds, diarrhea and bleeding.

Historical background

Bitter orange has been known since ancient times and is highly valued for its healing properties. It is well adapted in the Mediterranean region, where it was introduced by the Arabs in the 11th century. Currently, bitter orange is widely cultivated in China, California, Israel, South America, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

IN Ancient Egypt and Rome, bitter orange flowers were used for decorative purposes, and they were also used to disinfect and clean rooms. The ancient Greeks considered the orange flower a symbol of fertility and maiden innocence. The orange flower was a traditional part of the bride's wedding bouquet and wedding dress. The bride's head was decorated with orange flowers on her wedding day, and a wreath was woven from the branches for the groom. At the end of the 10th century in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, orange fruits were used to prepare oriental sweets. It was also used as a remedy. For example, Avicenna included bitter orange in many potions. In Europe, they learned about bitter orange in the 16th century, and by the end of the 17th century it gained popularity, becoming one of the components of popular perfumes. An infusion of flowers - orange water - was popular in ancient times as an aromatic drink and was also used in perfumery. Pomeranian began to be actively cultivated in France, Italy and Spain. In addition, the essential oil has found its use as a medicine against stomach diseases and as a sedative.

Neroli essential oil, obtained from bitter orange flowers, has been known in Europe since the 16th century. It was introduced into fashionable perfumes already in 1680 and since then, despite its high cost, has been used in the most prestigious perfumes. Already in the 30s of this century, it became difficult to find flower pickers in civilized France. Therefore, oil production increasingly moved to Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria.

The best oil is considered to be petitgrain oil made from the leaves of bitter orange, which is called “petigrain oil bigarade”. It has been used in French perfumery since the 18th century. Produced in the South of France. In the 19th century, it began to be made in North Africa, Italy and Spain, but the need for it exceeded the resources that the bitter orange plantations available in all these countries could provide, and from the beginning of the 20th century Paraguay became a powerful producer of petitgrain oil. In 1880, the cultivation of bitter orange was established in Paraguay, which was soon crossed with local varieties of sour and semi-sweet orange. As a result, a variety of “Paraguayan petitgrain oil” emerged.

In Russia, an orange tree is depicted on the coat of arms of the city of Lomonosov, a suburb of St. Petersburg, which until 1948 was called Oranienbaum (from German “Oranienbaum” translates as “orange tree”). In Japanese poetry, the scent of orange blossom evokes memories of the past. The petals of its flowers filled the pockets of his wide sleeves.

Literature

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