Concrete sidewalk construction. Instructions for constructing sidewalks made of concrete slabs

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. PREPARATION OF THE SUBGRAD AND CONSTRUCTION OF FINE DRAINAGES

3. CONSTRUCTION OF SAND BASE LAYER

4. INSTALLATION OF COVER STONE

5. BASE DEVICE

6. CONSTRUCTION OF COATINGS FROM PLATES AND SMALL-SIZED ELEMENTS

7. WORK QUALITY CONTROL

8. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

10. OPERATION OF SIDEWALKS

Appendix 1 Characteristics of small-sized elements

Appendix 2 Characteristics of lattice slabs made of small-sized concrete

Appendix 3 Nomenclature of curved side stones for sidewalks, pedestrian streets, paths

Appendix 7 View of fragments of coating and seams with filling of holes with lawn grass mixture

Appendix 8 Layout of expansion joints in a sidewalk covering made of small-sized shaped elements

Appendix 9 General view of the Optima slab laying machine

Appendix 10 Vibrating plates for compaction and planting of prefabricated pavements, equipped with a frame on rollers (a) and without it (b)

Materials

Tile selection

Tools

Sequence of work

Contour Stakeout

Preparing the base

Support layer

Installation of curbs

Mounting layer

Laying tiles

Surface compaction and seam sealing

Operation

Arrangement of paths

I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION

II. GENERAL PROVISIONS

III. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK EXECUTION

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Construction of simple garden paths

Construction of paths made of concrete slabs

MOSCOW GOVERNMENT

COMPLEX OF ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION,
CITY DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy"

on the construction of sidewalks
made of concrete slabs

TR 158-04

Moscow - 2005

Technical recommendations developed based on the results of research and experimental production work carried out by the road construction laboratory of the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy", development and production work of CJSC "SBM Zapchast-Service", CJSC "SDM Gidroprivod", as well as on the basis of an analysis of domestic and foreign experience construction.

The following people took part in the work on the document: Ph.D. L.V. Gorodetsky, Ph.D. R.I. Bega, V.F. Demin (SUE “NIIMosstroy”), S.M. Arakelyants, Ph.D. I.I. Davitnidze (ZAO SBM Zapchast-Service), V.N. Arakelyants (CJSC "SDM Gidroprivod").

1.1. These recommendations apply to the construction in summer and winter in Moscow of environmentally friendly sidewalks, pedestrian and garden paths, pedestrian streets, parking lots, entrances to residential and public buildings, coverings in social and cultural areas (hospitals, clinics, schools, kindergartens, nurseries), at gas stations and sites for various purposes from prefabricated coverings.

For the installation of prefabricated pavements, slabs and small-sized shaped paving elements are used, made of heavy and sandy concrete, as well as concrete using products from the processing of various industrial wastes, reinforced with metal and basalt fibers.

Paving slabs are products with a ratio of their length l to thickness h more than 4, for smaller values l/h£ 4 - small-sized elements.

1.2. The winter period is considered to be the time of year between the date of onset of zero average daily stable temperature in the fall and the date of onset of the same temperature in the spring.

1.3. To solve aesthetic, architectural and functional problems in modern urban construction, concrete slabs and small-sized paving elements can have various shapes and sizes, which are not always multiples of the pedestrian traffic lane width (0.75 cm) adopted in GOST 17608-91*.

1.4. To expand the range of products, NIIMosstroy has developed designs for lattice slabs. The holes in the slabs can be filled with small-sized elements, which can also be used independently (Appendices 1, 2, 3). Holes in grid slabs can be filled stone materials(crushed stone, gravel, crushed stone seeding, sand, etc.), as well as soil with lawn grass seeds.

1.5. Slabs and paving elements for constructing prefabricated pavements (including those with decorative and colored surfaces) can be manufactured according to various technologies, providing physical and mechanical properties that meet the requirements of GOST 17608-91*.

1.6. The thickness of paving slabs and small-sized elements is selected in accordance with the project. Approximate thickness of prefabricated products for various designs can be adopted as follows: in areas where only pedestrian traffic is expected - 4 - 6 cm; if movement is allowed passenger cars- ³ 6 - 8 cm; in case trucks can enter - ³ 8 - 10 cm.

1.7. Structural elements sidewalks include: sand base, sand base, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and low-cement concrete; concrete covering, incl. modified products. Technological sequence work on the construction of prefabricated coverings includes the following stages: digging and compacting the earthen trough; arrangement of the underlying layer; installation of side stone; installation of a base and covering from slabs or small-sized paving elements with subsequent filling of the joints. Depending on the hydrological characteristics of the territory and the requirements of the project, it is possible to use film and geotextile materials in the structural layers of sidewalks, platforms, etc.

1.8. The main options for structures made from prefabricated concrete products are presented in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Structures made of paving slabs and small-sized elements

1 - plates; 2 - loose sand or sand-cement mixture; 3 - bases made of sand-cement mixture, B7.5 concrete, sand, crushed stone, bitumen-mineral mixture; 4 - sandy frost-protective layer; 5 - small-sized paving elements; 6, 7 - polyethylene film or dornite-type geotextile; 8 - basalt mesh.

Paths made of paving slabs are not only a practical landscape solution, but also a very attractive element that can transform both the site of a private household and a park or square. But in order to extend the life of sidewalks, when constructing them it is necessary to carry out certain rules, starting with marking and ending with finishing of seams. And of course, the tile itself and the materials from which it is made play a significant role here.

Path made of paving slabs in the garden of a private house

The construction of tiled paths involves the use of various materials:

Paving slabs;
Sand (for arranging a pillow for laying, as well as grouting joints);
Crushed stone or gravel (to provide drainage);
sidewalk curb, curb stone(for framing paths);
Cement (for installing curbs).

Among the types of tiles produced, you can even get confused when choosing the best option.

Paving slabs are produced in two ways, which affect its main indicators, in particular its strength. Vibro-cast tiles have low strength, while vibro-pressed tiles have increased strength.

Therefore, for low-traffic areas, mainly in the private sector, the choice of vibro-cast paving slabs is justified. Accordingly, vibrocompressed can be used in public places when constructing paths and even parking lots.

To test the strength, you need to hit the tiles against each other. A sign of strength will be a ringing sound. The deaf speaks of fragility.

It is important to know about colored paving slabs that they contain expensive dyes. Therefore, when purchasing it, you need to pay attention to the cost. It cannot be very low - this is a sure sign of low quality.

You need to purchase on average 10% more than the quantity required according to calculations. Such a reserve is laid down, providing for waste due to the presence of defects in the packages, as well as a reserve for trimming products necessary during installation. This is especially important when installation is carried out according to complex scheme, or the contour of the sidewalk is planned in a complex shape, with bends.

The construction of paved paths is a rather complex technological process. Its implementation presupposes the presence special tools and devices. So, to install sidewalks you need to prepare:

Wooden pegs, rope (cord);
Level;
Mallet;
Vibrating plate with a rubber surface, or other compacting device;
mop;
Rake;
broom;
Bayonet and shovel shovels;
Hose, splitter nozzle;
Grinder and diamond wheel (for cutting tiles and borders);
Rule.

What tools will be useful?

Installation of sidewalks consists of several sequential operations:

outline breakdown;
preparation of the base (bearing and mounting layers), installation of borders;
directly laying tiles;
compaction of slabs and sealing of joints.

Before starting work on a paved sidewalk, it is important to check the slope of the surface. It must be level (otherwise it will have to be leveled) and have a slope of approximately 2-5 degrees (to ensure precipitation drainage). Whether it will be located along or across the sidewalk is not decisive. Next, using a rope and pegs, mark the outline of the future sidewalk.

Use a shovel to remove a layer of earth 15-20 cm thick. (If increased load is expected on the paving slabs, the thickness of the layer can be up to 50 cm.) The resulting base is carefully leveled with a mop or rake. If the soil at the base is loose, its surface must be wetted and compacted.

Preparing the site for the future path

The next stage in the installation of sidewalks is the installation of curbs. They are installed on cement mortar. First, using a cord and pegs, mark the contour along which the border will be installed, and also set required level it taking into account the slope. Grooves are dug for subsequent pouring of concrete.

For paths with a complex configuration, the curb can be cut as necessary using a grinder and installed in sections different lengths, following a given contour. At the same time, in places of bends, when marking, the pegs are installed at a shorter distance than in straight sections.

This stage of work can be done after the paving slabs have already been laid, but in the first option it is much easier to carry out the installation, because the base immediately receives a reliable frame in which the tiles will have nowhere to move and the sand to crumble. The border can be either higher than the tiles or placed flush with them (for example, if the sidewalk is surrounded by a dense, high lawn). When installing the curb, the sides are filled with mortar and covered with sand.

The border will protect the tiles from shifting and the sand from falling off

The prepared sidewalk base is covered with fine sifted sand (the layer should be about 5 cm thick). Next, the sand is leveled using a rake and rules. After this, the surface must be thoroughly shed with water (at least 10 liters per square meter). Let the sand settle for several hours if the weather is sunny, and about a day if it is cloudy. After this, the sand is compacted and carefully leveled. Now the surface is prepared directly for laying paving slabs.

It is permissible to use only sand, without a layer of crushed stone, but this design is suitable for places with low rainfall and otherwise will not provide sufficient drainage.

For sidewalks that have to withstand high loads (heavy foot traffic or car parking), as well as for sidewalks that are constructed on problematic soils, the base must be additionally reinforced with concrete (a layer of up to 15 cm is required). In this case, it is advisable to lay the tiles not on sand, but on a screed.

With this method it is necessary additional device formwork made of boards no thinner than 4 cm. After the concrete has hardened, the formwork does not need to be dismantled.

Distributing sand along the path

The absence of sagging or protruding areas and good drainage will depend on the quality of the previous work. However, the installation stage is no less important. It is important to follow the intended installation pattern, not to disturb the level, and maintain the dimensions of the seams. To do this, you must follow several rules:

You cannot step on the prepared base, so as not to disturb the even layer of sand. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out installation in the direction away from you;
installation begins from a lower area (or from the most important elements: porch, gate, front entrance);
paving slabs are laid according to the developed pattern (“herringbone”, “ brickwork", "paving stones" and others). If the diagram is complex, it is better to first draw the arrangement of the elements, which will facilitate their selection;
the tiles should be laid approximately 8-12 mm above the planned level. This reserve is necessary for subsequent shrinkage of the surface during finishing compaction.

The process of laying the base material

In order to accurately maintain the distance of the seams, before starting to lay the first row, stretch the cord along the entire width and length of the object. Laying begins, adhering to these cords as guides. The accuracy of the seams is checked every third row.

Each tile is laid using wooden hammer or a special mallet. Twice every 10 square meters Using the rule, the horizontal position of the laid tiles is controlled. Detected defects are immediately eliminated.

To cut the slabs, use a grinder.

The rough installation is ready. Now the surface is sprinkled with fine river sand, cleared of organic compounds (so that weeds do not grow through it in the future) and fill the seams between the tiles. A broom or brush with stiff bristles is used here. The paved surface is simply swept in different directions.

If all the tiles used are the same gray color, sand can be mixed with cement for greater installation strength. However, cement is not suitable for colored tiles - it will be quite difficult to wash off such a mixture from it, so it is more advisable to simply use sand.

Vibropress for compacting paving slabs

Now, using a vibrating plate or other device, compact the entire surface. Excess sand is carefully washed off from the hose through the divider. If necessary, these two operations are repeated.

To help beginning craftsmen, there is a video describing the entire process:

Basic care for laid paving slabs is the timely removal of dirt and dust - periodic rinsing. But the path lined with colored tiles will have to be washed using special detergents. Because not only dirt is more visible on it, but also black tire marks.

In winter, sidewalks are cleaned with a broom or wooden shovel. To clear the surface of ice, it is unacceptable to use a metal shovel, much less a crowbar.

Snow removal equipment must be equipped with a protective attachment.

Construction of concrete paths
- Construction of continuous paths
- Construction of paths from individual concrete stones

It is impossible to imagine any garden plot, cottage or country house without a well-planned site. The site planning is carried out first on paper. Marking the house and outbuildings and the location of the garden on the site plan; mark the location of the tracks. If the paths from home to outbuildings They plan to make them straight, but in the garden they can be winding.

A concrete garden path is durable, can last for many years and has an attractive appearance.

Dimensions garden paths They plan to have such a width that you can not only walk along them, but also freely carry a load on a garden cart.

Their optimal width is 70-100 cm.

Equipment: hammer, cord, trowel, shovel.

Stages of concreting a path: 1 - digging a trench; 2 - drive in wooden pegs; 3 - prepare the formwork; 4 - add a layer of crushed stone; 5 - we do expansion joints; 6 - place concrete in the formwork; 7 - compact concrete; 8 - we continue to concrete.

The technology of their construction is quite simple. The width of the tracks is removed top layer soil approximately 15 cm deep, the resulting trench is filled with some porous material mixed with crushed stone or gravel and sand. Slag, house construction waste, wood chips, brushwood and weeded plants are suitable for backfilling. Mix everything, lay it in a 10 cm layer, water it with water and compact it. Then a 10 cm thick layer of sand with sifted slag is poured on top and again moistened and compacted. This layer should protrude 5 cm above the soil level and have a humped profile. Its composition is 1:1 (sand:slag).

Once a season it needs to be raked and freshly added. Gravel or crushed stone paths are also installed in a ground trench, which is filled with sand. A layer of crushed stone or gravel is placed on the moistened sand and watered with a liquid solution of composition 1:20 (cement: sand) and then compacted. The first two days the concrete is watered from a watering can (in hot weather). To obtain tracks of the same profile along the entire length, you need to make a wooden template with a cutout.

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Last stages concreting the path: 9 - designing the surface; 10 - concrete hardens; 11 - we finish work.

They are different increased strength. The cost of their construction is not high, especially if you do without hiring additional labor. For the manufacture of concrete and the construction of paths, cement is necessarily used, which differs by name (ordinary Portland cement, slag-Portland cement, etc.) and grades: 100, 200, 300 to 600. The grade of cement means the amount of pressure in kilograms per 1 sq. . cm of surface at which the hardened cement stone is destroyed 1:3 (1 part by weight of cement to 3 parts by weight of sand) The higher the grade of cement, the less of it must be taken to obtain a mortar, and the stronger the hardened mortar is obtained.

Unlike other binding materials, cement gains strength in a humid environment, and once hardened, it is not afraid of soaking. It begins to set 45 minutes after mixing with water. This must be taken into account in order to use up the entire prepared portion of mortar or concrete, otherwise the remaining part will begin to harden and will be unusable. It is believed that after 7 days the solution acquires sufficient strength, and after 28 days - final strength.

If the paths on the site will be used not only for walking, but also for economic purposes (transporting humus on a cart), then it is better to make them continuous.

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Scheme of a concrete road: 1 - monolithic concrete covering; 2 - base (button); 3 - jointing under natural stone; 4 - border (lawn).

To plan the construction of garden paths on the ground, you will need a hammer, stakes, and cord. Having determined the direction, stakes are driven into the ground along the laid cord on both sides of the future path. They dig a trench, for which they remove the soil to a depth of 20-25 cm. The soil can be used for other landscaping work. Fill the trench with sand to a height of no more than 10 cm and compact it. Sprinkle it well with water so that there are no voids left. The formwork is made from lumber. Reinforcement is placed on the bricks and the trench is filled with crushed stone (or a mixture of crushed stone and gravel). Prepare a cement mortar: one part by weight of cement, 3 parts by weight of sand and 1 part by weight of water. After mixing cement with sand, add water to it and mix thoroughly so that there is no air in the solution. Fill the trench with it in an even layer to level the surface. If you make a concrete path without reinforcement, it may slide (the soil will settle).

The next day, remove the formwork, fill the free space with soil, you can add a little gravel and use a trowel to make small grooves in the concrete, which are filled with cement mortar with a small content of colored pigment or marble chips. This will give the track a certain originality. The technology for constructing such paths is quite simple and the owner himself can do it on his own site, without involving hired workers.

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You can, of course, complicate your work by making holes for each stone made of concrete. The construction of such paths is done in places intended for recreation, and not in garden plots. And the strength of concrete may be lower, that is, you can use cement grade M 25.

The technology for building such a path is also not complicated. The device begins by determining the direction of the tracks and marking their location using a cord. Dig a trench no more than 30 cm deep. Fill it with sand to a height of approximately 10 cm. Compact it and water well. This must be done so that the sand lies in an even layer, and in the future there will be no problems with subsidence of the paths.

Determine the distance between the locations of future stones made of concrete. Next, formwork is made from lumber, which is laid out along the width of the trench. The gaps can be filled with soil or backfilled with gravel. Pour crushed stone and fill with cement mortar. The solution must be viscous enough so that water does not flow into the bed of sand, crushed stone or gravel, thereby reducing its quality. It is necessary to press a cut rod of reinforcement into the solution, increasing the rigidity of the stone made of concrete. Smooth the surface of the paths. After the mortar has set, you can draw a pattern on the surface of the stone with a trowel, and, combining the liquid cement mortar with pigment or marble chips or other filler, fill in the grooves made.

You can simply leave these grooves and the path will look as if it were made of individual bricks. After the solution has completely hardened, remove the formwork and fill the free space with soil. Builders recommend watering concrete coverings water until they harden completely. This increases their strength. If desired, you can give the stones a rounded shape by trimming its edges. This must be done before the cement has hardened. Plant lawn grass in places located between the concrete stones.

1landscapedesign.ru

Making concrete slabs for garden paths
Construction of monolithic concrete paths
Necessary tool

Garden paths - convenient, practical and stylish. The first thing that comes to the mind of garden owners is the construction of concrete paths. This is due to the affordable price and the ability to do it yourself. And such paths in the garden can be very diverse. They differ in shape, color and texture, which means that using this option for arranging paths in the country, it is easy to make the landscape design of the site unique.

Concrete paths are the end landscape design which will give summer cottage individuality and uniqueness.

Some dacha owners make paths from various combinations of building materials, combining concrete with brick, cobblestones or natural stone. So, how to fill the paths at the dacha correctly, beautifully and efficiently? Let's find out.

Track arrangement diagram.

Before you start laying concrete slabs on the future path, you need to prepare the base for it. For this you will need sand. Its layer must be carefully leveled and compacted, and only then can you begin laying the slabs.

In order to avoid displacement when moving along the path, when laying, they are deepened with a hammer using a board.
As for the sand layer, its thickness is 3 cm; this option is suitable for sandy soil. If your site has clay or loamy soil, then the first layer will be gravel (10 cm), the next layer will be slag, and only then a sand layer (5 cm).
If your site provides for the placement of single slabs, then a foundation is not required for them.

There are also other methods suitable for laying concrete slabs, for example on mortar. The solution is not applied over the entire surface of the slab, but only in the corners and in the center. After you press down on the tile, the solution will be evenly distributed over the surface.

Now let's take a look possible options placement of slabs in the garden. It depends on the purpose for which the path or site is intended.

If you are making a path leading from the street to the house, then the slabs are laid next to each other.
If the path is not used for its intended purpose very often, then gaps can be created between the slabs, which are filled with earth or planted with grass (flowers).
With a straight path made of single slabs, the distance between its parts along the entire length should be the same, it is advisable to comply with the size of the average step. On other types of paths, the distance between elements may differ.

The option of a path made of slabs of different shapes or using a connection using clinker or stone looks quite interesting.

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Besides ready-made version To create paths in your dacha, you can use slabs made by yourself.

Path construction diagram.

For these purposes you will need wooden molds or templates (made of metal or wood).

The advantage of making concrete slabs yourself is the ability to comply with a single design idea, which will correspond to both the shape of the slabs and the pattern of the laid path. Tiles are made for country paths of various shapes.

It can be a rectangle, triangle, hexagon, trapezoid, or even any irregular shape. You can also choose the color that suits you best, for example brick.
Sometimes marble or stone chips, multi-colored glass, ceramic fragments, metal particles, and so on are added to the surface layer of the tile. You can also apply an interesting relief pattern to the surface of slabs made by yourself.

Reinforcement scheme concrete path.

For self-production of slabs, wooden molds are used. They can be made from boards and timber. Bars with grooves are well suited for these purposes; when they are connected, durable but collapsible structures are obtained.

Standard sizes slabs - 40X60, 50X60, and their thickness usually varies from 5 to 8 cm. A steel rod (diameter from 5 to 8 mm) is used as reinforcement elements, placed in the form of a cage.
Do not forget that before pouring concrete, the form is treated with drying oil or another technical oil solution.

To make round slabs, you can use part of a pipe (metal) or an old bucket that has no bottom.

The reinforcement components are laid after you have filled the selected form halfway, after which you can continue pouring the form with concrete. Do not forget to thoroughly compact the concrete solution and level its surface. And one more important point: Make sure that the reinforcement does not protrude from the mortar.

You can paint the slabs as you wish. To give any shade to the mixture, you need to add dyes of mineral origin, or you can immerse multi-colored stones (pebbles) in the top layer of the concrete mixture (on the front side).

To achieve a yellow tint, ocher is added to the solution in a ratio of 0.5:1:1, where the first value is ocher, the second is cement, the third is white sand. For brown you can use umber (the proportions are the same as in the first example). Green coloring is achieved using glauconite green; all components in this case are used in equal proportions.

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Their advantages include good strength, lack of deformation and long service life. This type of path is usually made near the garage, gates, sheds and where construction work is underway, as they can easily withstand significant loads.

But this does not mean that you cannot arrange them in another place (for example, in the garden). The decoration of such paths is carried out various methods, which allows you to achieve a high level of aesthetics. Basically, everything that is suitable for decorating concrete slabs can also be used when constructing monolithic paths (in the garden, near the house, etc.).

Setting up these paths in your dacha with your own hands will not cause you any big problems.

The first thing you need to do is markup. After this, the base is prepared; for this you need to remove the fertile soil layer about 15 cm deep. Do not forget to thoroughly compact the prepared base (bottom).
The next stage involves the installation of formwork into which the concrete mixture will be poured. The boards used for it should be from 2 to 2.5 cm thick. The interval for installing transverse formwork is approximately 2 m.
Next, you need to fill the formwork space with a sand layer, then a crushed stone layer (10 cm).
After this, the laid layers are thoroughly compacted and only then can concrete be poured, up to the top level of the formwork.
Next steps(after pouring concrete) include rolling out concrete, leveling it and smoothing it using a trowel (plasterer). At the initial stage of concrete drying, but while maintaining its wet state, you need to level it using a thick brush.

As a result, a surface with roughness is formed. Now you need to cover the finished path plastic film. This will allow it to dry out gradually and protect it from various types of natural influences.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD (TTK)

CONSTRUCTION OF SIDEWALK COVERED WITH CONCRETE PLATES

1.1. A standard technological map (hereinafter referred to as TTK) is a comprehensive organizational and technological document developed on the basis of methods scientific organization labor to perform the technological process and the determining composition of production operations using the most modern means mechanization and methods of performing work using a specific technology. TTK is intended for use in the development of Work Performance Projects (WPP), Construction Organization Projects (COP) and other organizational and technological documentation by construction departments. TTC is integral part Work production projects (hereinafter referred to as WPR) and are used as part of the WPR in accordance with MDS 12-81.2007.

1.2. This TTK provides instructions on the organization and technology of work on constructing sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base.

The composition of production operations, requirements for quality control and acceptance of work, planned labor intensity of work, labor, production and material resources, industrial safety and labor protection measures have been determined.

1.3. The regulatory basis for the development of a technological map is:

- standard drawings;

- building codes and regulations (SNiP, SN, SP);

- factory instructions and technical conditions (TU);

- standards and prices for construction and installation work (GESN-2001 ENiR);

- production standards for material consumption (NPRM);

- local progressive norms and prices, norms of labor costs, norms of consumption of material and technical resources.

1.4. The purpose of creating the TTK is to provide a technological process diagram recommended by regulatory documents for the construction of sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base, in order to ensure their high quality, and also:

- reducing the cost of work;

- reduction of construction duration;

- ensuring the safety of work performed;

- organizing rhythmic work;

- rational use of labor resources and machines;

- unification of technological solutions.

1.5. Workers are being developed on the basis of the TTK technological maps(RTK) to carry out certain types of work (SNiP 3.01.01-85* "Organization of construction production") for the installation of sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base.

The design features of their implementation are decided in each specific case by the Working Design. The composition and degree of detail of materials developed in the RTK are established by the relevant contracting construction organization, based on the specifics and volume of work performed.

The RTK is reviewed and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Contracting Construction Organization.

1.6. The TTK can be tied to a specific facility and construction conditions. This process consists of clarifying the scope of work, means of mechanization, and the need for labor and material and technical resources.

The procedure for linking the TTC to local conditions:

- reviewing map materials and selecting the desired option;

- checking the compliance of the initial data (amount of work, time standards, brands and types of mechanisms, building materials used, composition of the worker group) with the accepted option;

- adjustment of the scope of work in accordance with the chosen option for the production of work and a specific design solution;

- recalculation of calculations, technical and economic indicators, requirements for machines, mechanisms, tools and material and technical resources in relation to the chosen option;

- design of the graphic part with specific reference to mechanisms, equipment and devices in accordance with their actual dimensions.

1.7. A standard technological map has been developed for engineering and technical workers (work managers, foremen, foremen) and workers performing work in the 2nd road-climatic zone, in order to familiarize (train) them with the rules for carrying out work on constructing sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base, using the most modern means of mechanization, progressive designs and methods of performing work.

The technological map is designed for the following volumes:

2.1. The technological map has been developed for a set of works on the installation of sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base.

2.2. Work on the installation of sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base is carried out by a mechanized team in one shift, the working hours during the shift are:

2.3. The work sequentially performed when constructing sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base includes the following technological operations:

- geodetic breakdown;

- preparing a trough for the sidewalk;

- installation of a sandy underlying layer;

- arrangement of crushed stone base;

- installation of concrete slab covering.

2.4. For the construction of sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base, the following building materials are used: crushed stone fraction 20-40 mm M 600 , meeting the requirements of GOST 8267-93; construction sand according to GOST 8736-93; concrete tile TP-5-3 (400x200x50 mm, weight P=9.6 kg, volume V=0.004 m) according to GOST 17608-91.

2.5. The technological map provides for the work to be carried out by a complex mechanized unit consisting of: JCB 3CX m backhoe loader (bucket volume g=0.28 m, g=1.2 m, H=5.46 m); dump truck KamAZ-55111 (carrying capacity Q=13.0 t); vibrating plate TSS-VP90N (weight P=90 kg, compaction depth h=150 mm to K=0.95); special equipment UNIMOBIL UM-SM for laying slabs.

Fig.1. Vibrating plate TSS-VP90T

Fig.2. Laying device UNIMOBIL UM-SM

Fig.3. JCB 3CX m backhoe loader

Fig.4. Dump truck KamAZ-55111

2.6. Work on the construction of sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents:

- SP 48.13330.2011. "Construction organization. Updated edition of SNiP 12-01-2004" ;

- SP 126.13330.2012. "Geodetic work in construction. Updated edition of SNiP 3.01.03-84" ;

- Manual for SNiP 3.01.03-84. "Production of geodetic work in construction";

- SP 78.13330.2012. "Highways. Rules for the performance of work. Updated edition of SNiP 3.06.03-85" ;

- SP 82.13330.2015. "Improvement of territories. Updated edition of SNiP III-10-75";

- SNiP 2-07.01-89*. "Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements";

- STO NOSTROY 2.33.14-2011. "Organization of construction production. General provisions" ;

- STO NOSTROI 2.33.51-2011. "Organization of construction production. Preparation and production of construction and installation works";

- GOST 8736-2014. "Sand for construction work. Technical conditions" ;

- GOST 8267-93. "Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work";

- GOST 17608-91. "Concrete paving slabs. Technical conditions";

- SNiP 12-03-2001. "Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements" ;

- SNiP 12-04-2002. "Occupational safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production";

- NPO ROSDORNII-1993 “Labor safety rules during construction, repair and maintenance of highways”;

- ROSAVTODOR-2002. "Collection of forms of executive production and technical documentation for the construction (reconstruction) of highways and artificial structures on them" ;

- RD 11-02-2006. "Requirements for the composition and procedure for maintaining as-built documentation during construction, reconstruction, major repairs of capital construction projects and requirements for inspection reports of work, structures, sections of engineering support networks" ;

- RD 11-05-2007. "The procedure for maintaining a general and (or) special log of work performed during construction, reconstruction, major repairs of capital construction projects";

- MDS 12-29.2006. "Methodological recommendations for the development and execution of a technological map".

3.1. In accordance with SP 48.13330.2001 "Organization of construction. Updated edition of SNiP 12-01-2004" before the start of construction and installation work at the site, the Contractor is obliged to in the prescribed manner obtain from the Customer design documentation and permission (warrant) to perform construction and installation work. Carrying out work without permission (warrant) is prohibited.

3.2. Before starting work on constructing sidewalks covered with concrete slabs on a crushed stone base, it is necessary to carry out a set of organizational and technical measures, including:

- develop a work plan for landscaping the territory and coordinate it with the General Contractor and the Customer’s technical supervision;

- resolve the main issues related to the logistics of construction;

- appoint persons responsible for the safe performance of work, as well as their control and quality of execution;

- provide the site with working documentation approved for work;

- staff a team of road workers, familiarize them with the project and technology of work;

- conduct safety training for team members;

- install temporary inventory household premises for storing building materials, tools, equipment, heating workers, eating, drying and storing work clothes, bathrooms, etc.;

- prepare machines, mechanisms and equipment for work and deliver them to the site;

- provide workers manual machines, tools and personal protective equipment;

- provide the construction site with fire-fighting equipment and alarm systems;

- fence the construction site and put up warning signs illuminated at night;

- provide communication for operational dispatch control of work;

- deliver the necessary materials, devices, equipment to the work area;

- install, mount and test construction machines, means of mechanization of work and equipment according to the nomenclature provided for by the RTK or PPR;

- draw up an act of readiness of the facility for work;

- obtain permission from the Customer’s technical supervision to begin work.

3.3. General provisions

3.3.1. Paving slabs are products with a ratio of their length to thickness h more than 4, with smaller values of 4 - small-sized elements.

3.3.2. Slabs made of concrete classes B22.5 and B25 are intended for covering garden and park and pedestrian paths, sidewalks in intra-block driveways, and slabs made of concrete classes B30 and B35 are intended for covering sidewalks on highways.

3.3.3. The approximate thickness of prefabricated products for various structures can be taken as follows: in areas where only pedestrian traffic is expected - 46 cm; if the movement of passenger cars is allowed - 68 cm; in case trucks can enter - 810 cm.

3.3.4. The slabs should be laid in transverse rows from edge to edge. Before laying the slabs, two boundary lines must be marked on the base, from one of which the laying of the slabs begins. The stakes are driven along these lines and a cord is pulled between them.

3.3.5. The edges of the slabs are aligned using a stretched wire or cord located along the row being laid. To maintain the horizontality of the wire (cord) when long distance Beacons are placed under it in places where it sags.

3.3.6. The width of the seam between adjacent slabs should be 58 mm. The seams are filled with cement-sand mixture in a ratio of 3:1.

3.3.7. The leveling of the laid slabs is carried out by lightly tapping with wooden tampers. Recesses in the seams of adjacent slabs should not exceed 2 mm. The bead of sand or cement-sand mixture formed at the edges of the slabs is cut off with a hand template or trowel.

3.3.8. The installation of concrete slab coverings should begin after checking the compliance with the design of the plan position and the elevations of the base. The bases must not be over-moistened or deformed.

Fig.5. Concrete slab pavement structure

3.4. Preparatory work

3.4.1. Before the start of work on installing concrete slab coverings, the preparatory work provided for by the Labor Code must be completed, including:

- the construction site was accepted from the customer;

- a control inspection of the work site was carried out to check all visible sources of risk, such as: indicators of hidden means (do not dig, cable), distribution cabinets and manhole covers, gas and water meters, lack of external communications near objects that logically should use them etc. and carries out the security measures provided for by the project;

- geodetic layout of the sidewalk was completed;

- construction materials in the required volume were delivered to the site.

3.4.2. The construction site is transferred to the person carrying out the construction by a representative of the technical supervision of the Customer according to the Certificate of transfer of land for the construction site, in accordance with Appendix B, STO NOSTROY 2.33.51-2011.

3.4.3. Geodetic layout of the sidewalk can be done from the axis of the roadway, red lines, existing buildings and other permanent structures. Vertical marks of the coating in the profile are made using a level from a nearby benchmark.

3.4.4. To transfer the sidewalk arrangement plan designed and presented in the drawings to the terrain, it is necessary to have the same permanent objects both on the plan and on the ground. These objects can be triangulation points, intersection points with highways (edge of the roadway), communication lines, power lines, etc. The alignment data, which is taken from the project, is attached to them, and from them the pavement is laid out, the process of which is as follows:

- according to the plan, the distance from these points to permanent objects located on the plan and on the ground is determined and the actual distance is determined on the accepted scale;

- the obtained points on the ground are secured with pegs and guards (callouts);

- transfer the mark of the nearest benchmark to the control posts.

3.4.5. From the center line of the sidewalk, after 20 m, measuring with a tape measure in both directions, they break a trough under the sidewalk and drive stakes at the resulting points, and string the twine between them. The design elevation along the axis (bottom of the trough) of the bottom of the road pavement (underlying layer) is determined by the formula:

Where is the mark of the top of the track surface;

Trough depth;

- trough width;

- trough slope.

3.4.6. The transverse slopes of the trough bottom must be equal to the slopes of the surface of the coating and are directed towards the roadway trays or drains. The thickness of the layers of the sidewalk structure in a dense body is applied to wooden pegs driven into the bottom of the trough.

The breakdown is made into shiftable volumes of work.

Fig.6. Layout diagram for laying sidewalk slabs

3.4.7. The securing signs (pegs) are retained until the sidewalk is handed over to the Customer’s technical supervision representative. Alignment points damaged during the work must be immediately restored. The accuracy of marking work must comply with the requirements of SNiP 3.01.03-84 and SNiP 3.02.01-87.

3.4.8. The completed work must be presented to the Customer’s technical supervision representative for inspection, and documentation by signing an Act on the layout of the axes of a capital construction project on the ground in accordance with Appendix 2, RD 11-02-2006 and obtain permission to dig out a trench for the installation of side stones.

3.4.9. Fractional crushed stone and sand are loaded at the on-site warehouse JCB 3CX m backhoe loader into KamAZ-55111 dump trucks , A concrete tiles loaded on pallets automobile jib crane KS-45717 V KamAZ-54115 truck tractor with SZAP-93271 semi-trailer and delivered to the construction site.

Fractional crushed stone, sand and concrete tiles delivered to the site should be laid out in the brigade’s area of operation, creating at least a 2-shift supply, which should be constantly replenished. Pallets with slabs are laid out along the trough in a line so that the distance of their carrying does not exceed three meters.

3.4.10. No later than the shift before the installation of the sidewalk, the work area is closed to traffic, fences are installed, road signs, preparing exits and detours.

Fig.7. Scheme of organization of work on the installation of sidewalks

1st grab - tearing out a trough under the sidewalk; 2nd capture - installation of an underlying layer of sand; 3rd grip - construction of a crushed stone base; 4th stage - laying paving slabs; 5th step - sealing the seams of paving slabs

3.5.2. Work on the construction of the sidewalk is carried out on 5 sections 50 m long.

3.5.3. When performing stone work, the team is divided into two sections. The distribution of labor responsibilities in the units is as follows.

3.5.4. The first link, consisting of structure installers of 4, 3 and 2 categories and an excavator operator, installs the slabs. A 2nd grade installer delivers the slabs. Installers of the 4th and 3rd categories lay the slabs and finally straighten them, seal and unstitch the seams.
automatically updated

TR 158-04

1.1. These recommendations apply to the construction in summer and winter in Moscow of environmentally friendly sidewalks, pedestrian and garden paths, pedestrian streets, parking lots, entrances to residential and public buildings, coverings in social and cultural areas (hospitals, clinics, schools, kindergartens , nurseries), at gas stations and sites for various purposes from prefabricated coverings.

Paving slabs are products with a ratio of their length l to thickness h more than 4, for smaller values l/h?4 - small-sized elements.

1.2. The winter period is considered to be the time of year between the date of onset of zero average daily stable temperature in the fall and the date of onset of the same temperature in the spring.

1.4. To expand the range of products, NIIMosstroy has developed designs for lattice slabs. The holes in the slabs can be filled with small-sized elements, which can also be used independently (Appendices 1, 2, 3). Holes in lattice slabs can be filled with stone materials (crushed stone, gravel, crushed stone seedings, sand, etc.), as well as soil with lawn grass seeds.

1.5. Slabs and paving elements for the construction of prefabricated pavements (including those with decorative and colored surfaces) can be manufactured using various technologies that provide physical and mechanical properties that meet the requirements of GOST 17608-91*.

1.6. The thickness of paving slabs and small-sized elements is selected in accordance with the project. The approximate thickness of prefabricated products for various structures can be taken as follows: in areas where only pedestrian traffic is expected - 4 - 6 cm; if the movement of passenger cars is allowed - ? 6 - 8 cm; if trucks can enter - ? 8 - 10 cm.

1.7. Structural elements of sidewalks include: sand underlying layer, base made of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and low-cement concrete; concrete covering, incl. modified products. The technological sequence of work for the construction of prefabricated pavements includes the following stages: digging and compacting an earthen trough; arrangement of the underlying layer; installation of side stone; installation of a base and covering from slabs or small-sized paving elements with subsequent filling of the joints. Depending on the hydrological characteristics of the territory and the requirements of the project, it is possible to use film and geotextile materials in the structural layers of sidewalks, platforms, etc.

1.8. The main options for structures made from prefabricated concrete products are presented in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Structures made of paving slabs and small-sized elements

2.1. The construction of the roadbed must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85 " Highways"and in accordance with the technical design of the work after completion of vertical leveling, laying new and relaying old underground utility networks, backfilling trenches and holes with layer-by-layer compaction.

2.2. To carry out excavation work, you should use excavators with a bucket with a capacity of 0.25 m 3 to 1.0 m 3, bulldozers with a power of 80 - 250 hp, small and medium-weight motor graders. For compaction, rollers with pneumatic tires of the type DU-30, DU-31, vibrating rollers of the type DU-10, DU-10A, DU-14, static rollers with smooth rollers of the type DU-1, DU-11A, etc. are used. The type of roller is selected depending on the soil group of the subgrade and the width of the sidewalk, pedestrian street, path, etc.

2.3. The width of the subgrade trough, taking into account the installation of side stones, should be 0.5 m greater than the width of the coverings.

2.4. The construction of the subgrade should be carried out layer by layer. Filling, leveling and compaction of each layer is carried out in compliance with longitudinal and transverse slopes.

The thickness of the backfill layer should be assigned taking into account the safety factor for soil compaction, depending on its type at a humidity close to optimal (Table 1).

2.5. Compaction of subgrade soils, including backfilling of trenches and pits, must be carried out at optimal humidity to the required density, which corresponds to a compaction coefficient of at least 0.98 when measured every 25 m at points along cross section. Compaction equipment is selected depending on the type of soil and the thickness of the poured layer (Table 2).

Table 1

Dependence of the safety factor for compaction on the type of soil at optimal humidity

Table 2

Soil compaction machines

Note: Cohesive soil is soil containing ±12% clay particles.

Non-cohesive soil - soil containing ±3% clay particles.

The approximate required number of passes of compaction equipment along one track for cohesive soils should be at least 12, for non-cohesive soils - 8.

2.6. The surface of the subgrade is planned so that the clearance under the three-meter lath, which characterizes the evenness of the surface, does not exceed 1 cm.

2.7. Drainage is installed to drain the upper part of the subgrade and road pavement. shallow. Work on the installation of drainage is carried out immediately before the distribution of the sandy underlying layer.

2.8. Expanded clay concrete pipe filters, perforated asbestos-cement, ceramic and polymer filters can be used as shallow drainage drainage pipes, joints and water inlet openings of drains are protected from siltation by couplings and filters; stone and non-woven synthetic materials can be used as the latter.

2.9. The technological process for installing shallow drainages includes: digging a ditch, installing a cushion for pipes in it, laying pipes with filters, connecting tubular drains to water intakes, filling the ditch with sand and compacting it. Pipes with sockets or pipe filters face the slope.

2.10. Water is discharged from the drain into water intake wells, and the end of the pipe should protrude 5 cm relative to the wall of the well.

2.11. The gaps between tubular drainages and the walls of the wells must be carefully sealed with a 1:3 cement-sand mortar or sealant.

2.12. Under unfavorable hydrological conditions, to increase the bearing capacity of the subgrade, various geotextile materials can be laid on it in accordance with TR 128-01 “Technical recommendations for road construction technology using dornite and other geotextile materials and geogrids” (SUE “NIIMosstroy”).

3.1. The construction of the sandy underlying layer must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85* “Highways” and the work plan.

3.2. The thickness of the sandy underlying layer must correspond to the design or be assigned depending on the type of soil of the subgrade and hydrogeological conditions in accordance with the album SK 6101-91, developed by the institutes of the State Unitary Enterprise "Mosinzhproekt" and the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy", and be 10 - 30 cm (±1 cm).

3.3. To construct the underlying layer, sands with a filtration coefficient of at least 3 m/day should be used.

3.4. IN winter time The construction of the underlying layer begins after preliminary cleaning of the subgrade from snow and ice.

3.5. To prevent sand from freezing in winter, it must be transported in heavy-duty dump trucks.

3.6. Leveling of sand is carried out using the push-pull method using bulldozers and motor graders, and on narrow sidewalks and pedestrian paths using forklifts with attached equipment.

3.7. IN summer time the sandy underlying layer in a moistened state is compacted with rollers used to compact the subgrade (Table 2).

3.8. To prevent freezing of sand in winter, it is recommended to impregnate it with a 2% solution of calcium chloride (CaCl 2). Required quantity calcium chloride per 1 m 2 of the surface of the underlying layer with a volumetric mass of sand of 1700 kg/m 3 is given in table. 3.

Table 3

Dependence of the required amount of calcium chloride on the depth of impregnation of the underlying layer

3.9. The construction of the underlying layer should be carried out taking into account the completion of sand compaction before freezing begins. The permissible time intervals from the moment the sand begins to be distributed over the subgrade to the degree of compaction required by the standards are given in Table. 4.

Table 4

Allowable time for laying a sand layer depending on air temperature

Note: In windy weather, the specified time should be reduced by 1.5 - 2.0 times

3.10. The compaction coefficient of the sandy underlying layer must be at least 0.98. The surface marks of the underlying layer must correspond to the design ones with an accuracy of ±5 mm.

3.11. Vehicle traffic on the finished sand base layer is prohibited.

3.12. In winter, after installing the underlying layer, subsequent work on the construction of the base and covering should be carried out without a significant gap in time.

4.1. When constructing sidewalks, paths, various platforms and squares, etc. You can use side stones from rocks (GOST 6666-81*), concrete (GOST 6665-91), as well as from plastic concrete and concrete modified by products of processing concrete and reinforced concrete products, worn tires and reinforced with metal and basalt fibers, designs and technology the manufacture of which was developed by NIIMosstroy.

To improve the aesthetic appearance of coatings made from prefabricated elements and increase their durability under operating conditions, in addition to GOST 6665-91 “Concrete side stones”, NIIMosstroy has developed straight and curved side stones various sizes and designs.

4.2. The nomenclature of curved edging stones and the general appearance of curved edging stones are given in Appendix 3 and in Fig. 2.

4.3. The curb stone must be installed before work on the construction of the prefabricated covering begins.

4.4. Concrete side stones, incl. curvilinear, installed, as a rule, manually using pliers or U-shaped devices (Fig. 3). Side stones of all sizes are installed on a concrete base 10 cm thick, laid on a leveled and compacted underlying layer. After its installation, a concrete cage is placed in the formwork to a height of 10 cm. In winter, the concrete cage must be protected from freezing. Ensuring the design position of the stones in plan and profile is achieved by installing them along a cord and settling them with a wooden tamper.

Rice. 2. General view curved side stones

Note. Curvilinear side stones for sidewalks and pedestrian streets can also be made with bevels only on the inside or without them.

Rice. 3. Manual equipment for installing edging stones.

4.5. The width of the seams between the side stones, incl. and on curves, should not exceed 5 mm. The joints are filled with a cement-sand mortar of 3:1 composition, after which they are expanded with a mortar of 1:2 composition.

4.6. The side stone must be installed no later than three days before the start of work on the construction of the prefabricated pavement so that the concrete frame and mortar in the seams between the side stones gain sufficient strength.

5.1. Foundations for coverings made from prefabricated products are made of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and low-cement concrete with a thickness depending on design solutions or approximately in accordance with Table. 5.

Table 5

Note. It is recommended to use sand with Mcr ± 1.8 for constructing the base for slabs.

5.2. When laying slabs directly on a sandy underlying layer or sandy base the top layer 3 cm thick should be made of loose sand or a dry sand-cement mixture for the final landing of the slabs to the specified level.

5.3. In the case of a base made from a sand-cement mixture, its lower part is made of sand-cement mortar, and the upper part, 3 cm thick, is made of a dry mixture.

Sand-cement mortar is used in grades no lower than “50” and is prepared in the factory. Approximate composition per 1 m 3 of solution of grade “50”: Portland cement grade “400” Up to - 155 kg, water - 170 l, sand - 1650 kg. A dry sand-cement mixture is prepared in the same way, but without adding water at a natural sand moisture content of 5 - 6%.

5.4. In winter, it is recommended to lay the sand-cement mixture, prepared in the factory on heated materials, at an outside temperature of at least -15 ° C.

A gap in time when laying sand-cement mortar and dry mix is not allowed.

5.5. The sand-cement mortar is compacted using vibrating laths and vibrating platforms.

5.6. Bases of compacted crushed stone mixtures are made from those prepared in the factory by mixing the required amount of different fractions of crushed limestone or gravel until a homogeneous material is obtained with the addition of the optimal amount of water.

The grade of crushed stone in terms of crushability in the cylinder should not be lower than 400, and in terms of frost resistance not lower than 25.

5.7. For bases for prefabricated pavements of sidewalks, platforms, etc., a medium-grained type of crushed stone mixtures should be used (Table 6).

For paving slabs, types I and II of mixtures can be used, for small-sized elements type II.

Table 6

Grain composition of crushed stone mixtures for sidewalk bases

5.8. Crushed stone mixtures with optimal humidity (4 - 6% by weight) are delivered by dump trucks and unloaded onto a prepared sandy underlying layer, a special platform or into the receiving hopper of a crushed stone paver used for significant volumes of work.

With a base area of less than 1000 m2, crushed stone can be leveled using a motor grader or bulldozer using the “pull” method.

5.9. After preparation, the mixture is placed on the road no later than 3 hours.

Foundations should be installed in dry weather at an air temperature of at least 0 °C. At sub-zero temperatures it is allowed to lay mixtures special staff with antifreeze additives.

5.10. Compaction of the crushed stone base is carried out by self-propelled rollers with metal rollers weighing 5 - 10 tons or vibrating rollers weighing 1.5 - 3 tons.

5.11. Foundations made of crushed stone mixtures are compacted with self-propelled rollers in at least 10 passes. In all cases, the quality of the base compaction is checked with a heavy roller, after which no trace should be left.

5.12. Deviations in the crushed stone base are not allowed more than: in height - 50 mm; by thickness of the rolled layer - ±10%; on transverse slopes - ±10%. The amount of clearance under a 3 m long rail, which characterizes the evenness of the base surface, should not exceed 5 mm.

5.13. The installation of a coating on a crushed stone base, made in winter, is usually carried out in the spring after it has thawed and been additionally compacted.

5.14. When constructing a base of rolled low-cement concrete, class B7.5 (M100) concrete with a frost resistance grade of at least F100 is used.

5.15. It is advisable to prepare low-cement rollable concrete for the base using crushed limestone with a compressive strength of at least 400 MPa. As a coarse aggregate for compacted concrete, it is allowed to use crushed stone or gravel, as well as small and coarse aggregates with partial replacement of natural materials with products from the processing of concrete, reinforced concrete and asphalt concrete materials, worn-out tires in accordance with the requirements of TR 138-03 “Technical recommendations for use rolled concrete."

5.16. The low-cement mixture prepared in the factory must be delivered to the construction site in dump trucks with rear-unloading bodies and equipped with special protective equipment against the influence of weather conditions.

5.17. The transportation time of the low-cement mixture should not exceed 30 minutes at air temperatures from +20 °C to +30 °C and 60 minutes at air temperatures below +20 °C. The time after preparing the mixture and before its final compaction, depending on weather conditions, should also not exceed 120 - 180 minutes.

5.18. At negative air temperatures, it is necessary to add antifreeze additives: chloride salts of sodium and potassium (CN, CC), sodium nitrite (NN), nitrite-nitrate-calcium chloride (NNHC) and sodium formate (FN) (Table 7).

Air temperature during concreting, °C
Air temperature during concreting, °C		HC (CaCL 2)

5.19. Laying out a low-cement mixture can be carried out using various concrete pavers, crushed stone pavers, and loaders with attachments.

5.20. The thickness of the distributed layer should be approximately 10 - 15% greater than the required thickness of the compacted layer and be specified during the work process.

5.21. The mixture is compacted using 5-ton motor rollers with approximately 8 - 10 passes along one track.

Compaction is considered sufficient if, when a heavy roller passes, no trace remains on the surface of the low-cement concrete base. The surface of the base of the rolled mixture must be smooth, without bumps, waves, or depressions. When checking the base surface with a three-meter strip, the clearance should not exceed 5 mm.

5.22. In foundations made from low-cement rollable mixtures, only compression joints and workers are installed at the end of the shift. Compression joints are installed in freshly laid or hardened concrete every 30 - 40 m, depending on the air temperature during concreting from +5 ° C to +20 ° C, respectively.

5.23. At the end of the work shift and when concreting for more than 2 hours, working joints are made in the concrete foundations and coated with bitumen.

5.24. After cutting the joints in the hardened concrete, they are cleaned with compressed air and filled with sealant. Filling of joints is carried out in dry weather at an air temperature of at least +5 °C. To fill the joints the following can be used: rubber-bitumen mastics (RBV-25, 35, 50); polymer-bitumen mastics (PBM-1, PBM-2); polymer sealant; hydrom.

5.25. A film-forming material - bitumen emulsion is applied to a freshly laid concrete base at the rate of 0.7 kg/m2 or it is covered with film materials. In winter, it is recommended to cover it with geosynthetic material such as dornite.

5.26. The installation of a concrete base in winter is allowed at outdoor temperatures down to -15 °C.

6.1. The choice of a structure from prefabricated products is determined by the type and intensity of the expected load, aesthetic concepts of the project, laying technology and is adopted in accordance with the technical documentation and the requirements of paragraphs 1.7 - 1.9 and Fig. 1 of these recommendations.

6.2. In urban pedestrian areas or large areas, where the alternation of laying slabs of various sizes and small-sized elements is visually attractive, the thickness of the structural layers is assigned based on that accepted for products with a smaller thickness.

6.3. When installing prefabricated pavements on which vehicles can enter, attention should be paid to the nature of the laying of the slabs, taking into account that they are installed at an angle of 45° to the direction of movement or in checkerboard pattern will minimize plate shift. Small-sized elements in such cases must have a thickness of at least 10 cm.

6.4. Slabs and small-sized elements are delivered to the site by road in special containers.

For mechanized installation, slabs can be delivered on pallets or in bags with spacers between the pieces.

6.5. The layout of slabs and small-sized paving elements can be carried out according to various schemes (Appendices 4 - 6).

6.6. The laying of slabs and small-sized products should be carried out from some conventional line: the edge of the side stone, parallel to which the seams are located, or a milestone row laid perpendicular to the side stone, in both directions or one from it, but always towards the slope.

6.7. The products are laid from the laid covering. The edges of the slabs are aligned using a stretched wire or cord located along the row being laid.

6.8. Laying of products can be done mechanically or manually.

6.9. The width of the seam between adjacent slabs with a side size of 100 cm should be 8 - 12 mm, with a side size of up to 50 cm - 5 - 8 mm. The width of the seam between small-sized elements should be 3 - 5 mm.

The seams are filled with sand-cement mixture in a ratio of 3: 1.

6.10. When installing decorative coverings, the width of the joints should be increased to 50 mm. In this case, the seams are filled with turf or vegetable soil and sown lawn grass(Appendix 7).

6.11. If the product has a tongue and groove connection, then expansion joints should be installed in the coating every 7 - 10 m.

6.12. Expansion joints are arranged with a width of 10 mm every 50 m. The location of expansion joints in the coating of shaped elements is presented in Appendix 8.

Expansion seams are sealed with mastics.

6.13. Small-sized paving elements are laid into the coating using slab-laying machines (Appendix 9) or manually, and paving slabs are laid using truck and pneumatic wheel cranes, forklifts with attachments.

When laying slabs with a side size of 100 cm, they are leveled using rigging hooks after the lower plane of the slab is lowered by crane 2 - 3 cm below the upper plane of the laid adjacent slabs. Distortion of the slab and breaking off of the edges of the slabs are unacceptable.

6.14. The leveling of the laid slabs is carried out by lightly tapping with wooden tampers. Recesses in the seams of adjacent slabs should not exceed 2 mm. The bead of sand or sand-cement mixture formed at the edges of the slabs is cut off using a hand template.

6.15. Prefabricated coverings, especially with large areas, after preliminary settling of the products and leveling them with wooden hammers, it is recommended to compact them using vibrating plates developed by SDM Zapchast-Service and CJSC SDM Gidroprivod. In Fig. Figure 3 shows 2 types of vibrating plates for compacting prefabricated pavements, one of which is equipped with a frame with three rollers, the surface of which is wrapped in a special rubber material. The width of the sealing surface of such a plate is 700 mm. The characteristics of the basic vibrating plate are given in table. 8.

6.16. When installing prefabricated pavements in winter, it is advisable to prepare the subgrade, underlying layer and base for the coating before the onset of stable negative temperatures. The leveling layer is laid on the prepared base immediately before installation.

6.17. When laying slabs on a base made of low-cement rollable concrete in winter, its surface must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, snow and ice and then warmed up. To facilitate the removal of ice cover, it is recommended to thaw it using a CaCl 2 solution applied to the surface in an amount of 1 l/m 2. It can be thawed using hot sand 5-7 cm thick heated to 180 - 200 °C and then removing it.

6.18. According to cleaned and heated concrete base lay cement-sand mortar heated to a temperature of no more than 35 ° C with a thickness of up to 20 mm.

6.20. Work on sidewalks is stopped during heavy snowfall. The preparatory areas of the leveling layer are covered with movable canopies, Dornit-type material with a film cover or special mats. It is not recommended to lay slabs at temperatures below -15 °C.

Table 8

Characteristics of the vibrating plate VP-070, manufactured by SDM Zapchast-Service and CJSC SDM Gidroprivod

Operating dry weight, kg, no more
Width of sealing surface, mm
Efficient work surface, m 2, not less
Compaction depth, not less
Compaction force, kN, not less
Vibration frequency, Hz
Productivity, theoretical at 1 pass, m 2 / h
Plate movement speed, m/min
Dimensions of vibrating plate, mm, no more



Dimensions in transport position
Vibrator oil type
Oil volume in the vibrator, ml
Engine type
Engine power, kW/hp	2,9/4,0 (2,6/3,5)
Fuel type	Gasoline AI-92
Type of engine cooling	Air
Engine oil type:	SAE 10 W 30, SAE 20W
Engine fuel tank capacity, l, not less
Operating time without refueling, h
Water tank capacity, l

7.1. Work on the construction of structures from slabs and paving elements must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the project, SNiPs, current regulatory and technical documents or these technical recommendations.

7.2. Work on the construction of sidewalks, platforms, paths, etc. must be carried out with their operational control with the help of technical personnel construction companies and periodic monitoring by specialized laboratories.

7.3. The laboratory must regularly monitor the quality of materials and products and assess their compliance with current GOSTs and Technical Recommendations.

7.4. When accepting the structural layers of sidewalks, platforms, pedestrian streets, paths, compliance with the approved design of the arrangement of the underlying layer, base, drainage devices and drainage must be checked. The check is carried out using acts for hidden work, work production logs and laboratory data.

7.5. When accepting the finished coating, check:

Compliance of the longitudinal and transverse profile of the coating with the design (performed by control leveling);

The width of the seams and the quality of their sealing;

Excess of adjacent slabs;

If there are damaged slabs or paving elements, they must be replaced.

7.6. Deviations from the design dimensions when installing prefabricated coverings:

Coating width ±5 cm;

Clearance under a three-meter rail ±3 mm;

The excess of the edges of adjacent slabs of prefabricated coverings is ±3 mm.

8.1. Safety precautions at construction sites must be observed in accordance with the requirements of the norms and regulations of SNiP 12-03-2001 “Occupational Safety in Construction”.

8.2. Sanitary facilities at the facilities must be equipped in accordance with the hygienic requirements of the Russian Ministry of Health.

8.3. Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination, been trained in safe working methods according to an approved program and have been instructed directly at the workplace are allowed to work. Knowledge testing is carried out annually by a commission, after which workers are issued certificates.

8.4. The chief engineer of the company performing the work is responsible for compliance with safety regulations during construction.

8.5. Testing the safety knowledge of engineering and technical workers must be carried out annually. If the knowledge is unsatisfactory, the chief engineer of the company is obliged not to allow engineering and technical personnel to manage the work.

8.6. Workers must be provided special clothing and in good working order hand tools in accordance with the requirements of GOST 28010-88.

8.7. When working in winter, periodic breaks lasting 10 minutes at temperatures from -20 °C to -30 °C and a complete cessation of work at temperatures below -30 °C are established to warm workers.

8.8. Work area needs to be fenced. At nightfall, red warning lights must be installed in the work area. Lighting lamps with a power of up to 200 W are suspended at a height of 2.5 - 3 m, and more than 200 W - at a height of 3.5 - 10 m.

8.9. Persons involved in the preparation and application of film-forming materials must work in overalls, canvas gloves and safety glasses.

It is prohibited to smoke and use open flames when working with film-forming materials containing flammable substances.

8.10. When carrying products and other materials manually during the construction, repair and reconstruction of sidewalks, platforms, paths, etc., the maximum limit for each worker should not exceed 50 kg.

8.11. Responsibility for the serviceability of machines and mechanisms used in construction lies with the site manager.

9.1. When carrying out work on the construction of structures with coverings made of prefabricated elements, as well as when performing their current and major repairs, measures and work should be carried out to protect the natural environment in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 22-01-95 and SNiP 22-02-2003.

9.2. During the preparatory period before carrying out work on the construction of sidewalks, platforms, pedestrian streets, etc. Concrete products should:

Fence the work area;

Replant trees from the facility under construction;

Fence the remaining trees next to sidewalks, platforms, etc. under construction. to avoid their damage;

Equip places at the construction site for refueling road construction vehicles with fuel and water.

9.3. During the construction and reconstruction of sidewalks, it is necessary to ensure the safety of the population in the area adjacent to the facility and prevent air pollution.

9.4. All engineers and workers must undergo security training environment within the facility under construction.

9.5. The territory of the construction site after completion of the road construction work must be cleared of construction waste and planned according to design marks.

10.1. To maintain sidewalks in good condition, you should:

Current repairs;

Major renovation.

10.3. Current repairs are carried out every 3 years and include work to eliminate minor defects, oil stains, cracks and destruction of individual slabs and small paving elements.

10.4. Oil stains are removed using various adsorption powders, including household detergents. Aerosol paints applied to concrete products using a spray gun are removed with acetone.

Bitumen is removed from concrete slabs by mechanical means or manually. A mixture of gasoline and oil is applied to the remaining stain and the repaired area is covered with plastic film to reduce the evaporation of gasoline.

10.5. Cracks, chips, potholes, cavities, sinkholes or peeling of the surface of concrete products, incl. colored, depending on the type of defects and the scope of reconstruction work, can be eliminated using various compositions and technological methods in accordance with the requirements of TR 101-99 “Technical recommendations for the use of concrete with the material “Aquatron-6” for road construction” (SUE “ NIIMosstroy").

10.6. During routine repairs, if necessary, level the base. Destroyed slabs are removed and replaced with new ones, which are laid on sand-cement mortar or dry cement-sand mixture.

In this case, the seams between the laid slabs are cleaned with compressed air and filled with sand-cement mortar 3:1 per seam height.

10.7. A major overhaul involves the complete or partial replacement of structural elements of prefabricated slab coverings or small-sized elements, the base, and the underlying layer. In this case, the subgrade must be additionally compacted (K compaction ? 0.98).

10.8. Structural elements for prefabricated coverings during major repairs are carried out in the same way as during construction (see sections 3 - 5).

	Unit change	Characteristics of elements for lattice slabs with cells, mm
	Unit change
Element sizes
Product weight
Concrete volume
Quantity in 1 m 3
		35, 40 (450, 500)	35, 40 (450, 500)
Strength of concrete at the time of release of products in:	% of brand strength
summer time
winter time
		not less than 200
Water absorption		no more than 6
Abrasion		no more than 0.8

Physical and mechanical properties of plates	Unit change	Characteristics of products with cells, mm
Physical and mechanical properties of plates	Unit change
Product weight
Concrete volume
Quantity in 1 m 3
Class (grade) of concrete by compressive strength		35, 40 (450, 500)	35, 40 (450, 500)
Strength of concrete at the time of release of the product in:	% of brand strength
summer time
winter time
Concrete grade for frost resistance in saline solutions		not less than 200	not less than 200
Water absorption		no more than 6	no more than 6
Abrasion		no more than 0.8	no more than 0.8

Dimensions, mm

BC 100.20.8.5.

BC 100.20.8.8.

BC 100.20.8.12.

BC 100.20.8.15.

View of coating fragments made of small-sized elements

Fragment of a coating made of small-sized slabs using colored products

a) lattice slabs; b) decorative seams

Mixture type

Mixture type

Not less than 0.05

Medium grain

1. General provisions. 1

2. Preparation of the subgrade and installation of shallow drainages. 2

3. Construction of a sandy underlying layer. 4

4. Installation of side stone. 5

5. Foundation structure. 6

6. Construction of coverings from slabs and small-sized elements. 9

7. Quality control of work. 11

8. Safety requirements. 12

9. Environmental protection.. 12

10. Operation of sidewalks. 13

Appendix 1. Characteristics of small-sized elements. 14

Appendix 2. Characteristics of lattice slabs made of small-sized concrete. 14

Appendix 3. Nomenclature of curved side stones for sidewalks, pedestrian streets, paths. 14

Appendix 4. Layout diagrams for rectangular slabs. 14

Appendix 5. View of fragments of a covering made of square slabs with a decorative surface.. 15

Appendix 6. View of coating fragments from small-sized elements. 16

Appendix 7. View of fragments of coating and seams with filling of holes with lawn grass mixture.. 19

Appendix 8. Layout of expansion joints in the pavement covering made of small-sized shaped elements. 19

Appendix 9. General view of the Optima slab laying machine. 20

Appendix 10. Vibrating plates for compaction and planting of prefabricated pavements, equipped with a frame on rollers (a) and without it (b) 20