The utility model relates to the design of a fire extinguishing installation, which can be used to protect confined spaces and fire-hazardous objects. The technical result of the claimed device is to increase the service life of the fire extinguishing pipeline system.

Fire extinguishing piping system contains the main riser pipeline 1 connected to the fire pipeline. Pipes 2 are attached to the riser 1 for distributing them across floors. After this, depending on the project, a network of pipes of smaller diameter is installed for the premises, to which bends 4 are screwed using threaded connections 3. At the end of bends 4, sprinklers 6 are attached using threaded connections 5. Each bend 4 is a pipe, made of corrugated stainless steel. The riser pipe 1 and pipes 2 for distribution to floors and rooms are made of plastic.

The utility model relates to the design of a fire extinguishing installation, which can be used to protect confined spaces and fire-hazardous objects.

A fire extinguishing pipeline system is known, containing a main pipeline connected to branch pipelines, at the ends of which sprinklers are mounted. (USSR author's certificate No. 607575, MPK A62S 35/00, 1976, USSR author's certificate No. 1102615, A62S 35/02, 1982, RF patent No. 2193908, IPC A62S 35/02, 2002)

These devices do not explicitly disclose what material the pipelines and bends are made of, but as is known from practice, they are made of steel pipes in accordance with GOST 10704 - with welded and flanged connections, and the bends are welded to the main pipes.

This system has a number of disadvantages, namely:

The difficulty of placing the sprinkler strictly in the middle of the suspended ceiling cage, which is always required by designers and manufacturers of suspended ceiling structures;

The use of steel pipes does not meet modern fire safety requirements;

These installations are not durable due to metal corrosion, their service life is usually 5-8 years, in addition, the use of steel makes this system expensive due to high installation costs and difficulties associated with welding work.

It is also known to make branch pipelines from corrugated stainless steel, which has high elasticity, and the connection of the branches with the main pipeline and with sprinklers is carried out threaded connections(see Japanese patent No. 9051962 and website www.kofulso-olton.ru).

These devices do not explicitly disclose what material the main pipeline is made of, but as is known from practice, they are usually made of rigid steel pipes (see NPB 88-2001 Fire extinguishing and alarm installations. Design standards and rules, www.kofulso-olton .ru, p.5), which reduces the durability of not only the main pipelines themselves, but also the entire system as a whole.

The technical result of the claimed device is to increase the service life of the fire extinguishing pipeline system.

The specified technical result is achieved due to the fact that in a combined pipeline system for fire extinguishing, containing a main riser pipeline connected to a fire pipeline, pipes attached to the riser for distribution to floors and rooms,

branch pipelines connected at one end to the pipes, and sprinklers attached to the second ends of the branch pipelines, the latter being made of corrugated stainless steel and attached to the pipes and to the sprinklers with threaded connections, the main riser pipeline and pipes attached to The riser for distribution across floors and rooms is made of polypropylene. The drawing shows a general view of the pipeline system. The combined pipeline system for fire extinguishing contains a main riser pipeline made of polypropylene pipe 1, connected to the fire pipeline. Pipes 2 are attached to the riser 1 for distributing them across floors. After this, depending on the project, a network of pipes of smaller diameter is installed for the premises, to which, ultimately, bends 4 are screwed using threaded connections 3. At the end of bends 4, sprinklers 6 are attached using threaded connections 5. Each bend 4 represents is a pipe made of corrugated stainless steel, and the length and diameter of the bends can be different.

The main riser pipeline and pipes for distribution to floors and rooms are made of plastic.

A fire extinguishing sprinkler system is a pipeline system constantly filled with a fire extinguishing agent, equipped with special nozzles, sprinklers, the fusible nozzle of which, when opened,

at the initial stage of fire, it ensures the supply of fire extinguishing agent to the source of fire.

In the event of a fire, sprinkler systems begin to extinguish regardless of whether there are people in the premises or whether they are not there. Structurally, fire extinguishing installations are mounted under the ceilings of a sales area, office premises of a restaurant, as well as warehouse and auxiliary premises a network of pipes with sprinklers that open when the temperature rises. If the area is large, then the sprinkler network is divided into separate sections, with each network served by a separate control and alarm valve.

The combined pipeline system, due to the construction of the main pipe - riser and pipes for distribution to floors and rooms made of plastic, allows to increase the service life of the fire extinguishing pipeline system to 25 years.

A fire extinguishing pipeline system containing a main riser pipeline connected to a fire pipeline, pipes attached to the riser for distribution to floors and rooms, branch pipelines connected at one end to the pipes, and sprinklers attached to the other ends of the branch pipelines, the latter are made of corrugated stainless steel and attached to the pipes and sprinklers with threaded connections, characterized in that the main riser pipeline and the pipes attached to the riser for distribution to floors and rooms are made of plastic.

The Fire Exit company provides services to ensure fire safety and protection of the population and territories. The main principle of our work is an integrated approach that allows you to reduce your costs and reduce time (providing services and performing work in the field of fire safety). Our company is accredited by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to conduct fire audits. We conduct an inspection as an inspector of state fire supervision and submit a conclusion to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations on the results of the inspection. This will save you from scheduled fire inspector inspections for the next 3 years.

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We use only modern equipment and methods to make your facility safe

Highly qualified personnel ensures the highest scientific and technical level of solutions implemented

High-quality work guarantees the absence of claims against you from supervisory authorities

OOO " Fire escape"is a dynamically developing team of professionals. Our company specializes in solving problems of any level of complexity in the field of fire safety for various facilities, taking into account the wishes of customers. High quality, flexible prices, competence and customer focus allow us to successfully develop in the market.

Our team consists of young, talented, unconventional thinking people highly qualified. Most of the company's employees are graduates of the country's leading university for training specialists in the field of fire safety - the Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, have academic degrees of candidates of technical sciences.

Our experts passed international internships in Germany, USA, the Netherlands and France. The company conducts scientific research in the area of ​​modeling the movement of people during a fire, developing devices for emergency protection systems, as well as Internet mapping systems for assessing fire risk.

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I recently had a fire inspection at my restaurant. The inspector wrote a lot of comments. I was shocked by the size of the fines that threatened my business. As always, in difficult times, my friends came to my aid and recommended the company “Fire Exit” with which they already had experience. I was very surprised when the company's specialists explained to me that some of the comments were included without justification. The company's specialists helped me make my restaurant, on the one hand, safer, and on the other, save precious money. Thanks to the Fire Exit company. You are truly a professional assistant in difficult times!

In the pipework there is a two-phase flow of gas fire extinguishing agent(liquefied and gaseous). For hydraulic balance, several rules must be followed:

1. The length of the section after the bend or tee should be 5-10 nominal diameters.
2. The orientation of the outlets from the tee must lie in the same horizontal plane.
3. The use of crosses is unacceptable.
4. The maximum distance of the nozzle from the gas fire extinguishing module is no more than 50-60 meters horizontally and no more than 20-25 meters in height.
5. The volume of piping should not exceed 80% of the volume of the liquid phase of the GFFS.

Gas fire extinguishing pipeline color

A black pipe definitely needs anti-corrosion protection. There are two opinions on what color to paint the pipeline of gas fire extinguishing systems. The first thing is to use red as it is fire fighting equipment. The second thing that needs to be painted yellow is the pipeline transporting gases. The standards allow painting in any color, but require alphabetic or numerical marking of the pipeline.

Internal fire water supply is specifically designed to extinguish fires inside buildings. A looped or dead-end water supply system of pipes and risers in cabinets with taps and fire hoses covers the room and is connected to the general or fire water supply and reservoirs.

General information about ERW:

Internal fire water supply: what is it?

Internal fire water supply is a network of pipes and technical means (pumps, water tanks) that collectively or separately provide water supply in the building:

1. on internal risers (valves);
2. to primary extinguishing devices;
3. to shut-off valves;
4. for stationary monitors.

Varieties:

1. multifunctional (combined) ERW– in fact, a general (household) water supply with a fire-fighting function, where there are a maximum of 12 taps for extinguishing;
2. internal highway (special)– a separate system with risers the height of the building only for fire protection measures.

Purpose and device

Elements of internal water supply of the fire extinguishing system:

1. shut-off, distribution (risers), control and measuring (input) fittings;
2. a station with a pump that maintains pressure in the water supply;
3. pneumatic tank with a reserve of 1 cubic meter. for simmering for 10 minutes. before turning on the main pumps. It will be required if the fire network has less than 0.05 MPa. Not necessary if the main blower start is automated;
4. horizontal and vertical pipe network, risers, wiring;
5. PC cabinets:
   • one fire damper or two twin ones;
   • fire extinguisher;
   • fire hose (hand barrel);
   • sleeves (10, 15 or 20 m);
   • heads for connecting to a PC;
   • buttons for manual start;
6. sources:
   • fire tanks;
   • external water supply networks;
7. automation control panel, alarm system;
8. manual start.

The task of the ERW is to deliver and supply water to fire sites (to protected areas) to fire hydrants (FH) along the pipeline with the required pressure. The exit point is PC, from where they take the sleeve and begin to put out the fire with it.

Where should the ERW be placed?

The ERV is installed:

1. in hostels, hotels, regardless of height;
2. 12-storey residential complexes and above;
3. office (administrative) buildings from 6 levels;
4. industrial buildings, warehouses from 5000 cubic meters;
5. crowded places: cinemas, supermarkets, clubs, halls with equipment.

ERW designation sign

Graphic designations for internal fire water supply are regulated. The “fire hydrant” sign (F02) is used - a schematic drawing of a fire hose with a valve in a square with a red background.

On the plate enter the letter index PC with the serial number according to the hydraulic diagram, as well as telephone number fire department. The pipes and cabinets are painted red.

At what stage of construction should the facility be put into operation?

Installation of internal fire-fighting water supply is carried out after the creation of the project simultaneously with the construction of the facility.

ERW is put into operation by the beginning finishing works, and automatic installations and alarms - before commissioning measures, in cable facilities - before laying wires. The internal fire water supply system is considered ready for operation if the acceptance certificate for operation is signed.

When it is not necessary to provide ERW

System optional:

1. open stadiums and cinemas (summer);
2. , schools, and other secondary educational institutions. Exception: residential boarding schools;
3. in agricultural warehouses;
4. hangars with fire resistance categories 1 - 3;
5. workshops with technological purposes with danger chemical reactions when using water;
6. production facilities where water for extinguishing is taken from reservoirs.

Regulatory documents

Acts with rules for the operation of ERW:

1. “Fire safety regime” (Article 86) – general standards;
2. GOST standards (equipment, markings):
   • R 12.4.026-2015;
3. SP:
   • (main document, operating instructions);
   • (ASPT);
   • (SNiP 31-06-2009), (SNiP 31-01-2003) (buildings);
4. SNiP:
   • (water pipelines) (SP 30.13330.2016);
5. (technical service).

Requirements for internal fire water supply systems

The fire-fighting internal water supply network must comply with the fire safety regulations. The requirements relate to pressure, material and placement of elements, pumps, reserve tanks, control units, wiring.

Sources of domestic water supply

The type of water source is selected based on the capabilities and appropriateness of use. Outside the city limits, if absent centralized water supply, use bodies of water.

Where is the fire protection wiring connected?

1. water supply: general (drinking, technical), special (separate). The connection is usually made through a valve on the rim of the water meter at the inlet of the drinking water main or;
2. reservoirs, ponds.

Requirements for pipes

Pipe material:

1. metal (steel, cast iron);
2. composite, polymer materials, metal-plastic with certificates according to PPB:
   • special and multifunctional networks;
   • laying underground.

Requirements:

1. at operating pressure of the main line up to 1.2 MPa and above 1.2 MPa, the pipes must withstand the test pressure, respectively, 1.5 and 1.25 times higher;
2. thermal insulation:
   • at temperatures below -5°C;
   • at high humidity.

Ringing of ERW with external water supply is not allowed. In aggressive environments, steel profiles are from 1.5 mm. The network is designed with the possibility of unhindered service.

Requirements for a pumping station

The presence of a pump booster system is mandatory where there is no, insufficient or periodically lost pressure. There must be a function for sucking water from an external water source.

The pump(s) are placed in a separate heated room outside or in a protected place inside a protected building with a separate exit (boiler rooms, boiler rooms, basements).

Requirements (according to SP 10.13130.2009):

1. main elements:
   • main and backup pump;
   • control cabinet;
   • power supply;
   • automation;
   • eyeliner;
2. room height – from 3 m, not lower than the first underground floor;
3. for underground installations - mandatory equipment for evacuating spilled water;
4. automatic and manual start, pressure gauge;
5. It is allowed to use household pumps and submersible units;
6. at pressures up to 0.05 MPa, there must be a reserve tank with 2 or more suction lines in front of the station;
7. time from switching on to water supply – up to 30 seconds;
8. duplication of the response signal to the fire station;
9. the presence of at least 3 electric lights, documentation with a diagram, direct telephone communication with the dispatcher.

Automatic system control

Monitoring is carried out by:

1. remote control;
2. sensors;
3. alarm (light, sound signals);
4. pneumatic tanks.

Example of automatic operation (control unit):

1. the bypass valve opens (the start of the pumps is delayed until this action);
2. the fire station or fire station is notified about the activation;
3. sirens are turned on;
4. the remote control indicates in which zone the sensors were triggered;
5. The activation signal is sent to the station after an automatic pressure check. The supercharger starts when MPa decreases to a predetermined level. Until this time, water tanks and “jockey” pumps operate;
6. if the external main is more than 0.6 MPa, then the taps on the lower floors take pressure from this network for up to 10 minutes. – then the fire pumps are turned on.

Fire extinguishing agents used

In ordinary fire-fighting water pipes internal type process or drinking water is used from the water pipeline (source) that supplies the premises.

Complex systems are also designed for the use of foam: the scheme includes tanks, additional pumps, calibrators, and foam generators. The use of antifreeze (non-freezing) additives is allowed in a water-filled line.

Installation rules and regulations

For installation of ERW is created executive documentation(projects, reports) with data on the fire network and its diagram. The work is carried out taking into account:

1. pipe diameter – DN50, with a flow rate of up to 4 l/sec. and DN65 – more than 4 l/sec.;
2. The ERW is connected to other water pipelines through jumpers;
3. shut-off valves are placed on the top and ground floor fire pole, provide intermediate valves;
4. locking units are placed in heated places;
5. for buildings higher than 50 m and large crowds of people, and also, if there are fire protection systems, they provide for simultaneous remote, manual and automatic start;
6. PCs are mounted at entrances, on staircases, lobbies, without creating obstacles to evacuation:
   • PC placement height – 1.35 m from the floor;
   • number of jets from one riser – up to 2;
   • paired taps are installed one above the other, the bottom one is located at least 1 m from the floor;
7. if the ERW is connected to a utility or drinking main, a water metering unit with an electric valve is installed at the inlet;
8. minimum number of trunks:
   • 1 per building up to 16 floors, 2 – up to 25;
   • 1 additional for corridors longer than 10 m.

Calculation of the ERW system: example

The number of PCs and risers is determined according to the calculation tables of the collection of rules 10.13130.2009 (the main regulatory document regulates network design). Each point of the protected zone must be irrigated from at least 2 taps, spaced apart from each other.

Compact jet length:

1. from 6 m – buildings up to 50 m high;
2. 8 m – for structures from 50 m;
3. 16 m – for utility and industrial buildings from 50 m.

Water consumption:

1. premises from 50 m2 to 50 thousand cubic meters. m – 4 jets of 5 l/sec.;
2. at large parameters– 8 jets of 5 l/sec.;
3. up to 5 thousand cubic meters – 2.5 l/sec;
4. with a small cross-section of pipes and hoses (38 mm), the flow rate is from 1.5 l/sec.

Hydraulic calculations are made separately. Calculations are carried out using the most remote riser of the network. Formula: H = Hvg (supply height) + Np (calculated losses in the riser) + Npp (losses in extinguishing mode) + Npk (required water yield).

Calculations, as well as system design, are carried out by specialists. Calculation example (links to set of rules 10.13130.2009):

1. buildings from 50 m to 50 thousand cubic meters. m.: from 4 jets of 5 l/s each (clause 4.1.2);
2. Next, you need to calculate the pressure:
   • the hydrostatic indicator should not exceed 0.45 MPa (clause 4.1.7.), in a separate ERW - 0.9 MPa;
   • if 0.45 MPa is exceeded, the line must be separate.

Checking the functionality of the ERW

The methodology for examining internal fire-fighting water supply systems includes the use of measuring instruments and testing:

1. monthly:
   • pumps are checked.
2. once a quarter:
   • visual inspection;
3. once every 6 months (spring and autumn) testing and testing:
   • water supply (spout). A water release report is drawn up;
   • taps and locking mechanisms;
   • pressure;
   • water jet parameters;
   • cabinets with equipment;
4. annually:
   • testing hoses for stability, rolling.

The results are recorded in reports, statements, protocols, and performance certificates. Read more about the frequency and methodology for checking ERW

1. WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

No one will doubt that water is the most famous substance for extinguishing fire. The element resisting fire has a number of advantages, such as high specific heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization, chemical inertness to most substances and materials, availability and low cost.

However, along with the advantages of water, its disadvantages should also be taken into account, namely low wetting ability, high electrical conductivity, insufficient adhesion to the extinguishing object, and also, importantly, causing significant damage to the building.

Extinguishing a fire from a fire hose with a direct stream is not the best way to fight a fire, since the main volume of water does not participate in the process, only cooling of the fuel occurs, and sometimes the flame can be extinguished. The effectiveness of extinguishing a fire can be increased by spraying water, but this will increase the cost of obtaining water spray and delivering it to the source of the fire. In our country, a water jet, depending on the arithmetic mean diameter of the droplets, is divided into atomized (droplet diameter more than 150 µm) and finely atomized (less than 150 µm).

Why is water spraying so effective? With this extinguishing method, the fuel is cooled by diluting the gases with water vapor; in addition, a finely atomized jet with a droplet diameter of less than 100 microns is capable of cooling the chemical reaction zone itself.

To increase the penetrating ability of water, so-called water solutions with wetting agents are used. Additives are also used:
- water-soluble polymers to increase adhesion to a burning object (“viscous water”);
- polyoxyethylene to increase the throughput of pipelines (“slippery water”, abroad “fast water”);
- inorganic salts to increase the efficiency of extinguishing;
- antifreeze and salts to reduce the freezing point of water.

Water should not be used to extinguish substances that enter into chemical reactions with it, as well as toxic, flammable and corrosive gases. Such substances include many metals, organometallic compounds, metal carbides and hydrides, hot coal and iron. Thus, under no circumstances use water or aqueous solutions with the following materials:
- organoaluminum compounds (explosive reaction);
- organolithium compounds; lead azide; alkali metal carbides; hydrides of a number of metals - aluminum, magnesium, zinc; calcium, aluminum, barium carbides (decomposition with release of flammable gases);
- sodium hydrosulfite (spontaneous combustion);
- sulfuric acid, thermites, titanium chloride (strong exothermic effect);
- bitumen, sodium peroxide, fats, oils, petrolatum (intensified combustion as a result of emission, splashing, boiling).

Also, jets should not be used to extinguish dust to avoid the formation of an explosive atmosphere. Also, when extinguishing oil products, spreading and splashing of the burning substance may occur.

2. SPRINKLER AND DEUTCH FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

2.1. Purpose and design of installations

Installations of water, foam low expansion, as well as water fire extinguishing with a wetting agent are divided into:

- Sprinkler installations used for local fire extinguishing and cooling of building structures. Typically used in areas where a fire may develop and release large quantity heat.

- Deluge installations are intended to extinguish a fire over the entire given area, and also create a water curtain. They irrigate the source of fire in the protected area, receiving a signal from fire detection devices, which allows eliminating the cause of the fire in the early stages, faster than sprinkler systems.

These fire extinguishing installations are the most common. They are used to protect warehouses, shopping centers, premises for the production of hot natural and synthetic resins, plastics, rubber products, cable ropes, etc. Modern terms and definitions in relation to water AUP are given in NPB 88-2001.

The installation contains a water source 14 (external water supply), a main water supply (working pump 15) and an automatic water supply 16. The latter is a hydropneumatic tank (hydropneumatic tank), which is filled with water through a pipeline with a valve 11.
For example, the installation diagram contains two different sections: a water-filled section with a control unit (CU) 18 under the pressure of a water feeder 16 and an air section with a CU 7, the supply pipelines 2 and distribution 1 of which are filled with compressed air. Air is pumped by compressor 6 through check valve 5 and valve 4.

The sprinkler system is activated automatically when the room temperature rises to a predetermined level. The fire detector is a thermal lock of the sprinkler sprinkler. The presence of a lock ensures sealing of the sprinkler outlet. At the beginning, the sprinklers located above the fire are turned on, as a result of which the pressure in the distribution 1 and supply 2 wires drops, the corresponding control unit is activated and water from the automatic water feeder 16 through the supply pipeline 9 is supplied for extinguishing through the opened sprinklers. The fire signal is generated by alarm device 8 УУ. When the control device 12 receives a signal, it turns on the working pump 15, and if it fails, the backup pump 13. When the pump reaches the specified operating mode, the automatic water feeder 16 is turned off using the check valve 10.

Let's take a closer look at the features of the deluge installation:

It does not contain a thermal lock, like a sprinkler, and therefore is equipped with additional fire detection devices.

Automatic switching is provided by the incentive pipeline 16, which is filled with water under the pressure of the auxiliary water feeder 23 (for unheated premises compressed air is used instead of water). For example, in the first section, incentive-start valves 6 are connected to pipeline 16, which in the initial state are closed using a cable with thermal locks 7. In the second section, distribution pipelines with sprinklers are connected to a similar pipeline 16.

The outlets of the deluge sprinklers are open, so the supply 11 and distribution 9 pipelines are filled with atmospheric air (dry pipes). The supply pipeline 17 is filled with water under the pressure of the auxiliary water feeder 23, which is a hydraulic pneumatic tank filled with water and compressed air. Air pressure is controlled using an electric contact pressure gauge 5. In this image, the source of water for the installation is an open reservoir 21, water is taken from which by pumps 22 or 19 through a pipeline with a filter 20.

The control unit 13 of the deluge installation contains a hydraulic drive, as well as a pressure indicator 14 of the SDU type.

The installation is automatically switched on as a result of the activation of sprinklers 10 or the destruction of thermal locks 7, the pressure in the stimulating pipeline 16 and the hydraulic drive unit УУ 13 drops. Valve УУ 13 opens under water pressure in the supply pipeline 17. Water flows to the deluge sprinklers and irrigates the room protected installation section.

Manual start of the deluge installation is carried out using ball valve 15. The sprinkler installation cannot be turned on automatically, because Unauthorized supply of water from fire extinguishing systems will cause great damage to the protected premises in the absence of a fire. Let's consider a sprinkler installation diagram that allows you to eliminate such false alarms:

The installation contains sprinklers on the distribution pipeline 1, which under operating conditions is filled with compressed air to a pressure of about 0.7 kgf/cm2 using a compressor 3. The air pressure is controlled by a signaling device 4, which is installed in front of a check valve 7 with a drain valve 10.

The installation control unit contains a valve 8 with a membrane-type shut-off element, a pressure or liquid flow indicator 9, and a valve 15. Under operating conditions, the valve 8 is closed by the pressure of water, which enters the starting pipeline of the valve 8 from the water source 16 through the open valve 13 and the throttle 12. The starting pipeline is connected to the tap manual start 11 and with a drain valve 6 equipped with an electric drive. The installation also contains technical means(TS) automatic fire alarm (AFS) - fire detectors and control panel 2, as well as starting device 5.

The pipeline between valves 7 and 8 is filled with air with a pressure close to atmospheric, which ensures the functionality of shut-off valve 8 (main valve).

Mechanical damage that could cause a leak in the installation's distribution pipeline or thermal lock will not cause water supply, because valve 8 is closed. When the pressure in pipeline 1 decreases to 0.35 kgf/cm2, the alarm 4 generates an alarm signal about a malfunction (depressurization) of the distribution pipeline 1 of the installation.

A false activation of the alarm system will also not trigger the system. The control signal from the APS, using an electric drive, will open the drain valve 6 on the starting pipeline of the shut-off valve 8, as a result of which the latter will open. The water will flow into distribution pipeline 1, where it will stop in front of the closed thermal locks of the sprinklers.

When designing AUVP, TS APS are selected so that the inertia of sprinklers is higher. This is done for this purpose. So that in the event of a fire, the APS fires earlier and opens shut-off valve 8. Next, water will flow into pipeline 1 and fill it. This means that by the time the sprinkler is activated, the water is already in front of it.

It is important to clarify that the first alarm signal from the APS allows you to quickly eliminate small fires using primary fire extinguishing means (such as fire extinguishers).

2.2. Composition of the technological part of sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations

2.2.1. Source of water supply

The source of water supply for the system is a water supply system, a fire tank or a reservoir.

2.2.2. Water feeders
In accordance with NPB 88-2001, the main water supply ensures the operation of the fire extinguishing installation with a given pressure and flow rate of water or aqueous solution for the estimated time.

A water supply source (pipeline, reservoir, etc.) can be used as the main water supply if it can provide the calculated flow rate and water pressure for the required time. Before the main water feeder enters operating mode, the pressure in the pipeline is automatically ensured auxiliary water feeder. As a rule, this is a hydropneumatic tank (hydropneumatic tank), which is equipped with float and safety valves, level sensors, visual level gauges, pipelines for releasing water when extinguishing a fire, and devices for creating the necessary air pressure.

An automatic water feeder provides the pressure in the pipeline necessary to activate the control units. Such a water feeder can be water pipes with the necessary guaranteed pressure, a hydropneumatic tank, or a jockey pump.

2.2.3. Control unit (CU)- this is a combination of pipeline fittings with shut-off and signaling devices and measuring instruments. They are intended to launch fire-fighting installation and monitoring its performance, are located between the supply and supply pipelines of the installations.
Control nodes provide:
- supply of water (foam solutions) to extinguish fires;
- filling supply and distribution pipelines with water;
- draining water from supply and distribution pipelines;
- compensation for leaks from hydraulic system AUP;
- checking the alarm about their activation;
- alarm when the alarm valve is activated;
- pressure measurement before and after the control unit.

Thermal lock as part of a sprinkler system, it is triggered when the room temperature rises to a predetermined level.
The heat-sensitive element here are fusible or explosive elements, such as glass flasks. Locks with an elastic “shape memory” element are also being developed.

The principle of operation of a lock using a fusible element is the use of two metal plates soldered with low-melting solder, which loses strength as the temperature rises, as a result of which the lever system becomes unbalanced and opens the sprinkler valve.

But the use of a fusible element has a number of disadvantages, such as the susceptibility of a low-fusible element to corrosion, as a result of which it becomes brittle, and this can lead to spontaneous operation of the mechanism (especially under vibration conditions).

Therefore, sprinklers using glass flasks are now increasingly used. They are technologically advanced in production, resistant to external influences, prolonged exposure to temperatures close to the nominal ones does not in any way affect their reliability, and are resistant to vibration or sudden fluctuations in pressure in the water supply network.

Below is a diagram of the design of the sprinkler with an explosive element - S.D. flask. Bogoslovsky:

1 - fitting; 2 - arms; 3 - socket; 4 - clamping screw; 5 - cap; 6 - thermoflask; 7 - diaphragm

A thermoflask is nothing more than a thin-walled, hermetically sealed ampoule containing a heat-sensitive liquid, for example, methylcarbitol. This substance expands vigorously under the influence of high temperatures, increasing the pressure in the flask, which leads to its explosion.

Thermal flasks are the most popular heat-sensitive element in sprinklers these days. The most common thermoflasks from Job GmbH are types G8, G5, F5, F4, F3, F 2.5 and F1.5, Day-Impex Lim types DI 817, DI 933, DI 937, DI 950, DI 984 and DI 941, Geissler type G and "Norbert Job" type Norbulb. There is information about the development of production of thermoflasks in Russia and by the Grinnell company (USA).

Zone I- These are thermoflasks of the Job G8 and Job G5 types for operation under normal conditions.
Zone II- these are thermoflasks of type F5 and F4 for sprinklers located in niches or hidden.
Zone III- these are thermal flasks of type F3 for sprinklers in residential premises, as well as in sprinklers with an increased irrigation area; thermoflasks F2.5; F2 and F1.5 - for sprinklers, the response time of which must be minimal according to the conditions of use (for example, in sprinklers with fine atomization, with an increased irrigation area and sprinklers intended for use in explosion prevention installations). Such sprinklers are usually marked with the letters FR (Fast Response).

Note: the number after the letter F usually corresponds to the diameter of the thermoflask in mm.

List of documents that regulate the requirements, application and testing methods of sprinklers
GOST R 51043-97
NPB 87-2000
NPB 88-2001
NPB 68-98
The designation structure and marking of sprinklers in accordance with GOST R 51043-97 is given below.

Note: For deluge sprinklers pos. 6 and 7 are not indicated.

Main technical parameters of general purpose sprinklers

Type of sprinkler	Nominal diameter of the outlet, mm	External connecting thread R	Minimum operating pressure before the sprinkler, MPa	Protected area, m2, not less	Average irrigation intensity, l/(s m2), not less
					0,020 (>0,028)
					0,04 (>0,056)
					0,05 (>0,070)

Notes:
(text) - edition according to the GOST R project.
1. The specified parameters (protected area, average irrigation intensity) are given when installing sprinklers at a height of 2.5 m from the floor level.
2. For sprinklers with mounting location V, N, U, the area protected by one sprinkler must have the shape of a circle, and for location G, Gv, Gn, Gu - the shape of a rectangle measuring at least 4x3 m.
3. The size of the external connecting thread is not limited for sprinklers with an outlet whose shape differs from the shape of a circle and a maximum linear size exceeding 15 mm, as well as for sprinklers intended for pneumatic and mass pipelines, and special-purpose sprinklers.

The protected irrigation area is assumed to be equal to the area, the specific flow rate and uniformity of irrigation of which is not lower than the established or standard one.

The presence of a thermal lock imposes some restrictions on time and temperature limits on sprinklers.

The following requirements are established for sprinklers:
Rated response temperature- the temperature at which the thermal lock reacts and water is supplied. Established and specified in the standard or technical documentation for this product
Rated operating time- the sprinkler response time specified in the technical documentation
Conditional response time- time from the moment the sprinkler is exposed to a temperature exceeding the nominal temperature by 30 °C until the thermal lock is activated.

The nominal temperature, conditional response time and color marking of sprinklers according to GOST R 51043-97, NPB 87-2000 and the planned GOST R are presented in the table:

Rated temperature, conditional response time and color marking of sprinklers

Temperature, °C		Conditional response time, s, no more	Marking color of the liquid in a glass thermoflask (explosive temperature-sensitive element) or sprinkler arms (with a fusible and elastic temperature-sensitive element)
rated operation	maximum deviation
			Orange
			Violet
			Violet

Notes:
1. At a nominal operating temperature of the thermal lock from 57 to 72 °C, the sprinkler arms may not be painted.
2. When using a thermoflask as a heat-sensitive element, the sprinkler arms may not be painted.
3. “*” - only for sprinklers with a fusible heat-sensitive element.
4. “#” - sprinklers with both a fusible and explosive heat-sensitive element (thermal flask).
5. Values ​​of the nominal response temperature not marked with “*” and “#” - the thermosensitive element is the thermoflask.
6. GOST R 51043-97 does not have temperature ratings of 74* and 100* °C.

Elimination of fires with high heat generation intensity. It turned out that conventional sprinklers installed in large warehouses, for example, of plastic materials, cannot cope due to the fact that the powerful heat flows of a fire carry away small drops of water. From the 60s to the 80s in Europe, 17/32” sprinklers were used to extinguish such fires, and after the 80s they switched to the use of extra large orifice (ELO), ESFR and “big drop” sprinklers. Such sprinklers are capable of producing drops of water that penetrate the convective flow that occurs in a warehouse during a powerful fire. Outside our country, ELO type sprinkler carriers are used to protect plastic packaged in cardboard at a height of about 6 m (except for flammable aerosols).

Another quality of the ELO sprinkler is that it is able to operate with low water pressure in the pipeline. Sufficient pressure can be provided in many water sources without the use of pumps, which affects the cost of sprinklers.

Sprinklers of the ESFR type are recommended for the protection of various products, including non-foamed plastic materials packaged in cardboard, stored at a height of up to 10.7 m with a room height of up to 12.2 m. Such qualities of the system as rapid response to the development of fire and intense flow water, allows you to use fewer sprinklers, which has a positive effect on reducing wasted water and damage caused.

For rooms where technical structures disturb the interior of the room, we have developed following types sprinklers:
In-depth- sprinklers, the body or arms of which are partially hidden in the recesses of a suspended ceiling or wall panel;
Secret- sprinklers in which the bow body and partly the heat-sensitive element are located in a recess in the suspended ceiling or wall panel;
Hidden- sprinklers covered with a decorative cover

The operating principle of such sprinklers is shown below. After the cover is activated, the sprinkler socket, under its own weight and the influence of a stream of water from the sprinkler, moves down along two guides to such a distance that the recess in the ceiling in which the sprinkler is mounted does not affect the nature of the distribution of water.

In order not to increase the response time of the AUP, the melting temperature of the solder of the decorative cover is set below the response temperature of the sprinkler system, therefore, in fire conditions, the decorative element will not interfere with the flow of heat to the thermal lock of the sprinkler.

Design of sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations.

The design features of water-foam AUPs are described in detail in textbook. In it you will find the features of creating sprinkler and deluge water-foam fire extinguishing systems, fire extinguishing installations with finely sprayed water, fire extinguishing systems for preserving high-rise rack warehouses, rules for calculating fire extinguishing systems, examples.

The manual also sets out the main provisions of modern scientific and technical documentation for each region of Russia. The description of the rules for developing technical specifications for design, the formulation of the main provisions for the coordination and approval of this task are subject to detailed consideration.

The training manual also discusses the content and rules for preparing a working draft, including an explanatory note.

To simplify your task, we present an algorithm for designing a classic water fire extinguishing installation in a simplified form:

1. According to NPB 88-2001, it is necessary to establish the group of premises (production or technological process) depending on its functional purpose and the fire load of combustible materials.

An extinguishing agent is selected, for which the effectiveness of extinguishing flammable materials concentrated in protected objects with water, aqueous or foam solution is determined according to NPB 88-2001 (Chapter 4). Check the compatibility of the materials in the protected area with the selected fire extinguishing agent - the absence of possible chemical reactions with the fire extinguishing agent, accompanied by an explosion, strong exothermic effect, spontaneous combustion, etc.

2. Taking into account fire danger(speed of flame spread) choose the type of fire extinguishing installation - sprinkler, deluge or AUP with finely atomized (atomized) water.
Automatic switching on of deluge units is carried out based on signals from fire alarm systems, an incentive system with thermal locks or sprinklers, as well as from sensors of technological equipment. The drive of deluge units can be electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical or combined.

3. For a sprinkler AUP, depending on the operating temperature, the type of installation is determined - water-filled (5°C and above) or air. Note that NPB 88-2001 does not provide for the use of water-air AUP.

4. According to Ch. 4 NPB 88-2001 take the irrigation intensity and the area protected by one sprinkler, the area for calculating water consumption and the estimated operating time of the installation.
If water is used with the addition of a wetting agent based on a general-purpose foaming agent, then the irrigation intensity is 1.5 times less than for water AUP.

5. Based on the sprinkler’s passport data, taking into account the efficiency factor of the consumed water, the pressure that must be provided at the “dictating” sprinkler (the most remote or highly located) and the distance between the sprinklers (taking into account Chapter 4 of NPB 88-2001) are established.

6. The calculated water consumption for sprinkler systems is determined from the condition of simultaneous operation of all sprinklers in the protected area (see Table 1, Chapter 4 of NPB 88-2001), taking into account the efficiency of the water used and the fact that the consumption of sprinklers installed along distribution pipes, increases with distance from the “dictating” sprinkler.
Water consumption for deluge installations is calculated based on the condition of simultaneous operation of all deluge sprinklers in the protected warehouse (5, 6 and 7 groups of the protected object). The area of ​​rooms of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups to determine water consumption and the number of simultaneously operating sections is determined depending on the technological data.

7. For warehouses(5, 6 and 7 groups of the object of protection according to NPB 88-2001) the intensity of irrigation depends on the height of storage of materials.
For the area of ​​receiving, packaging and sending goods in warehouses with a height of 10 to 20 m with high-altitude rack storage, the values ​​of intensity and protected area for calculating the consumption of water, foaming agent solution for groups 5, 6 and 7, given in NPB 88-2001, increase from calculation of 10% for every 2 m of height.
The total water consumption for internal fire extinguishing of high-rise rack warehouses is taken according to the highest total consumption in the rack storage area or in the area of ​​receiving, packaging, picking and dispatching goods.
In this case, it is necessary to take into account that the space-planning and design solutions of warehouses must comply with SNiP 2.11.01-85, for example, racks are equipped with horizontal screens, etc.

8. Based on the estimated water consumption and the duration of fire extinguishing, the estimated amount of water is calculated. The capacity of fire reservoirs (reservoirs) is determined, while taking into account the possibility of automatic replenishment with water during the entire time of extinguishing the fire.
The calculated amount of water is stored in tanks for various purposes if devices are installed that prevent the consumption of the specified volume of water for other needs.
At least two fire tanks must be installed. It is necessary to take into account that at least 50% of the volume of water for fire extinguishing must be stored in each of them, and water supply to any point of the fire is provided from two adjacent reservoirs (reservoirs).
With a calculated water volume of up to 1000 m3, it is permissible to store water in one tank.
Free access for fire engines with a lightweight, improved road surface must be created to fire tanks, reservoirs and boreholes. You will find the location of fire tanks (reservoirs) in GOST 12.4.009-83.

9. In accordance with the selected type of sprinkler, its flow rate, irrigation intensity and the area protected by it, plans for the placement of sprinklers and an option for routing the pipeline network are developed. For clarity, depict (not necessarily to scale) an axonometric diagram of the pipeline network.
It is important to consider the following:

9.1. Within one protected room, sprinklers of the same type with the same outlet diameter should be placed.
The distance between sprinklers or thermal locks in the incentive system is determined by NPB 88-2001. Depending on the room group, it is 3 or 4 m. The only exceptions are sprinklers under beam floors with protruding parts of more than 0.32 m (with fire hazard class of the ceiling (covering) K0 and K1) or 0.2 m (in other cases). In such situations, sprinklers are installed between the protruding parts of the floor, ensuring uniform irrigation of the floor.

In addition, it is necessary to install additional sprinklers or deluge sprinklers with an incentive system under barriers (technological platforms, boxes, etc.) with a width or diameter of more than 0.75 m, located at a height of more than 0.7 m from the floor.

The best performance indicators were obtained when the area of ​​the sprinkler arms was placed perpendicular to the air flow; with a different placement of the sprinkler due to shielding of the thermoflask with arms from air flow response time increases.

Sprinklers are installed in such a way that water from one sprinkler does not touch neighboring ones. The minimum distance between adjacent sprinklers under a smooth ceiling should not exceed 1.5 m.

The distance between sprinklers and walls (partitions) should not be more than half the distance between sprinklers and depends on the slope of the coating, as well as the fire hazard class of the wall or coating.
The distance from the ceiling (covering) plane to the sprinkler socket or thermal lock of the cable incentive system should be 0.08...0.4 m, and to the sprinkler reflector installed horizontally relative to its type axis - 0.07...0.15 m.
The placement of sprinklers for suspended ceilings is in accordance with the TD for this type of sprinkler.

Deluge sprinklers are located taking into account their technical characteristics and irrigation maps to ensure uniform irrigation of the protected area.
Sprinkler sprinklers in water-filled installations are installed with sockets up or down, in air-filled installations - with sockets only up. Sprinklers with a horizontal reflector are used in any sprinkler installation configuration.

If there is a danger of mechanical damage, the sprinklers are protected by casings. The design of the casing is chosen so as to prevent a decrease in the area and intensity of irrigation below standard values.
Features of placing sprinklers to produce water curtains are described in detail in the manuals.

9.2. Pipelines are designed from steel pipes: according to GOST 10704-91 - with welded and flanged connections, according to GOST 3262-75 - with welded, flanged, threaded connections, and also according to GOST R 51737-2001 - with detachable pipeline couplings only for water-filled sprinkler installations for pipes with a diameter of no more than 200 mm.

Supply pipelines are allowed to be designed as dead-end pipes only if the structure contains no more than three control units and the length of the external dead-end wire is no more than 200 m. In other cases, supply pipelines are created as rings and are divided into sections by valves at the rate of up to 3 controls per section.

Dead-end and ring supply pipelines are equipped with flushing valves, valves or taps with a nominal diameter of at least 50 mm. Such shut-off devices are equipped with plugs and installed at the end of a dead-end pipeline or in the place most remote from the control unit - for ring pipelines.

Valves or valves installed on ring pipelines must allow water to pass in both directions. Availability and purpose shut-off valves on supply and distribution pipelines is regulated by NPB 88-2001.

On one branch of the distribution pipeline of installations, as a rule, no more than six sprinklers with an outlet diameter of up to 12 mm inclusive, and no more than four sprinklers with an outlet diameter of more than 12 mm should be installed.

In deluge AUPs, supply and distribution pipelines can be filled with water or an aqueous solution to the level of the lowest located sprinkler in a given section. With special caps or plugs on deluge sprinklers, the pipelines can be completely filled. Such caps (plugs) must clear the outlet of the sprinklers under the pressure of water (aqueous solution) when the AUP is activated.

It is necessary to provide thermal insulation for water-filled pipelines laid in places where they may freeze, for example, above gates or doorways. If necessary, additional devices for draining water are provided.

In some cases, it is possible to connect internal fire hydrants with manual barrels and deluge sprinklers with an incentive switching system to the supply pipelines, and to the supply and distribution pipelines - deluge curtains for irrigating door and technological openings.
As mentioned earlier, the design of pipelines made of plastic pipes has a number of features. Such pipelines are designed only for water-filled AUPs according to technical specifications developed for a specific facility and agreed with the Main Directorate of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. The pipes must be tested at the Federal State Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia.

The average service life of plastic pipelines in fire extinguishing installations should be at least 20 years. Pipes are installed only in premises of categories B, D and D, and their use in external fire extinguishing installations is prohibited. Installation of plastic pipes is provided both open and hidden (in the space of false ceilings). Pipes are laid in rooms with a temperature range from 5 to 50 ° C, the distances from pipelines to heat sources are limited. Intrashop pipelines on the walls of buildings are located 0.5 m higher or lower window openings.
It is prohibited to lay intra-shop pipelines made of plastic pipes in transit through premises performing administrative, household and economic functions, switchgears, electrical installation rooms, control and automation system panels, ventilation chambers, heating points, staircases, corridors, etc.

Sprinklers with an operating temperature of no more than 68 °C are used on branches of plastic distribution pipelines. At the same time, in rooms of categories B1 and B2, the diameter of bursting flasks of sprinklers does not exceed 3 mm, for rooms of categories B3 and B4 - 5 mm.

When outdoor sprinklers are placed, the distance between them should not be more than 3 m; for wall-mounted ones, the permissible distance is 2.5 m.

When the system is hidden, the plastic pipeline is hidden ceiling panels, whose fire resistance is EL 15.
The working pressure in the plastic pipeline must be at least 1.0 MPa.

9.3 The pipeline network must be divided into fire extinguishing sections - a set of supply and separation pipelines on which sprinklers are located, connected to a control unit (CU) common to all.

The number of sprinklers of all types in one section of a sprinkler installation should not exceed 800, and the total capacity of pipelines (only for an air sprinkler installation) should not exceed 3.0 m3. The pipeline capacity can be increased to 4.0 m3 when using a control unit with an accelerator or exhauster.

To eliminate false alarms, a delay chamber is used in front of the pressure switch CU of the sprinkler installation.

To protect several rooms or floors with one section of the sprinkler system, it is possible to install liquid flow detectors on supply pipelines, with the exception of ring ones. In this case, shut-off valves must be installed, information about which you will find in NPB 88-2001. This is done to issue a signal specifying the location of the fire and turn on the warning and smoke removal systems.

The liquid flow switch can be used as a signal valve in a water-filled sprinkler installation if a check valve is installed behind it.
A sprinkler section with 12 or more fire hydrants must have two inlets.

10. Drawing up hydraulic calculations.

The main task here is to determine the water flow for each sprinkler and the diameter of the various parts of the fire pipeline. Incorrect calculation of the AUP distribution network (insufficient water flow) often becomes the cause of ineffective fire extinguishing.

In hydraulic calculations, it is necessary to solve 3 problems:

a) determine the pressure at the inlet to the opposite water supply (on the axis of the outlet pipe of a pump or other water supply), if the calculated water flow rate, pipeline routing diagram, their length and diameter, as well as the type of fittings are specified. The first step is to determine the pressure loss when water moves through the pipeline at a given design stroke, and then determine the brand of pump (or other type of water supply source) capable of providing the required pressure.

b) determine the water flow based on the given pressure at the beginning of the pipeline. In this case, the calculation should begin by determining the hydraulic resistance of each element of the pipeline, as a result of which, establish the estimated water flow depending on the obtained pressure at the beginning of the pipeline.

c) determine the diameter of the pipeline and other elements of the pipeline protective system based on the calculated water flow and pressure loss along the length of the pipeline.

The manuals NPB 59-97, NPB 67-98 discuss in detail how to calculate the required pressure in a sprinkler with a set irrigation intensity. It should be taken into account that when the pressure in front of the sprinkler changes, the irrigation area can either increase, decrease or remain unchanged.

The formula for calculating the required pressure at the beginning of the pipeline after the pump for the general case is as follows:

where Rg is the pressure loss on the horizontal section of the AB pipeline;
Pv - pressure loss in the vertical section of the BD pipeline;


Po is the pressure at the “dictating” sprinkler;
Z is the geometric height of the “dictating” sprinkler above the pump axis.

1 - water feeder;
2 - sprinkler;
3 - control units;
4 - supply pipeline;
Pr - pressure loss on the horizontal section of the AB pipeline;
Pv - pressure loss in the vertical section of the BD pipeline;
Рм - pressure loss in local resistances (shaped parts B and D);
Ruu - local resistance in the control unit (signal valve, gate valves, shutters);
Po - pressure at the “dictating” sprinkler;
Z - geometric height of the “dictating” sprinkler above the pump axis

The maximum pressure in the pipelines of water and foam fire extinguishing installations is no more than 1.0 MPa.
Hydraulic pressure loss P in pipelines is determined by the formula:

where l is the length of the pipeline, m; k - pressure loss per unit length of the pipeline (hydraulic slope), Q - water flow, l/s.

The hydraulic slope is determined from the expression:

where A is the resistivity, depending on the diameter and roughness of the walls, x 106 m6/s2; Km - specific characteristics of the pipeline, m6/s2.

As operating experience shows, the nature of the change in pipe roughness depends on the composition of the water, air dissolved in it, operating mode, service life, etc.

The resistivity value and specific hydraulic characteristics of pipelines for pipes of various diameters are given in NPB 67-98.

Estimated water consumption (foaming agent solution) q, l/s, through the sprinkler (foam generator):

where K is the performance coefficient of the sprinkler (foam generator) in accordance with the TD for the product; P - pressure in front of the sprinkler (foam generator), MPa.

The performance coefficient K (in foreign literature is a synonym for the performance coefficient - “K-factor”) is an aggregate complex that depends on the flow coefficient and the outlet area:

where K is the flow coefficient; F - outlet area; q is the acceleration of free fall.

In practice hydraulic design water and foam AUP, the calculation of the performance coefficient is usually carried out from the expression:

where Q is the flow rate of water or solution through the sprinkler; P - pressure in front of the sprinkler.
The relationships between productivity coefficients are expressed by the following approximate expression:

Therefore, when making hydraulic calculations according to NPB 88-2001, the value of the performance coefficient in accordance with international and national standards must be taken equal to:

However, it must be taken into account that not all dispersed water enters directly into the protected area.

The figure shows a diagram of the area of ​​the room affected by the sprinkler. On the area of ​​a circle with radius Ri the required or normative meaning irrigation intensity, and per area of ​​a circle with radius Rosh all the extinguishing agent dispersed by the sprinkler is distributed.
Mutual arrangement sprinklers can be represented in two patterns: checkerboard or square

a - chess; b - square

Placing sprinklers in a checkerboard pattern is beneficial in cases where the linear dimensions of the controlled zone are a multiple of the radius Ri or the remainder is not more than 0.5 Ri, and almost the entire water flow falls on the protected zone.

In this case, the configuration of the calculated area has the form of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle, the shape of which tends to the area of ​​the circle irrigated by the system. This arrangement creates the most intensive irrigation of the sides. BUT with a square arrangement of sprinklers, the area of ​​their interaction increases.

According to NPB 88-2001, the distance between sprinklers depends on the groups of protected premises and is no more than 4 m for some groups, no more than 3 m for others.

Only 3 ways of placing sprinklers on the distribution pipeline are realistic:

Symmetrical (A)

Symmetrically looped (B)

Asymmetrical (B)

The figure shows diagrams of three methods of assembling sprinklers; let’s look at them in more detail:

A - section with symmetrical arrangement of sprinklers;
B - section with asymmetrical arrangement of sprinklers;
B - section with a looped supply pipeline;
I, II, III - rows of the distribution pipeline;
a, b…јn, m - nodal design points

For each fire extinguishing section, we find the most remote and highest protected zone; hydraulic calculations will be carried out specifically for this zone. The pressure P1 at the “dictating” sprinkler 1, located further and higher than other sprinklers in the system, should not be lower than:

where q is the flow rate through the sprinkler; K - productivity coefficient; Pmin slave - the minimum permissible pressure for a given type of sprinkler.

The flow rate of the first sprinkler 1 is the calculated value of Q1-2 in the section l1-2 between the first and second sprinkler. Pressure loss P1-2 in section l1-2 is determined by the formula:

where Kt is the specific characteristic of the pipeline.

Therefore, the pressure at sprinkler 2 is:

Sprinkler 2 consumption will be:

The estimated flow rate in the area between the second sprinkler and point “a”, i.e. in area “2-a” will be equal to:

Pipeline diameter d, m, is determined by the formula:

where Q is water flow, m3/s; ϑ - speed of water movement, m/s.

The speed of water movement in water and foam AUP pipelines should not exceed 10 m/s.
The diameter of the pipeline is expressed in millimeters and increased to the nearest value specified in the RD.

Based on the water flow Q2-a, the pressure loss in section “2-a” is determined:

The pressure at point "a" is equal to

From here we get: for the left branch of the 1st row of section A, it is necessary to ensure the flow rate Q2-a at pressure Pa. The right branch of the row is symmetrical to the left, so the flow rate for this branch will also be equal to Q2-a, therefore, the pressure at point “a” will be equal to Pa.

As a result, for row 1 we have a pressure equal to Pa and water consumption:

Row 2 is calculated according to the hydraulic characteristic:

where l is the length of the design section of the pipeline, m.

Since the hydraulic characteristics of the rows, made structurally identical, are equal, the characteristics of row II are determined by the generalized characteristics of the design section of the pipeline:

Water consumption from row 2 is determined by the formula:

All subsequent rows are calculated similarly to the calculation of the second until the result of the calculated water consumption is obtained. Then the total flow rate is calculated from the placement condition required quantity sprinklers necessary to protect the design area, including if it is necessary to install sprinklers under technological equipment, ventilation ducts or platforms that prevent irrigation of the protected area.

The calculated area is taken depending on the group of premises according to NPB 88-2001.

Due to the fact that the pressure in each sprinkler is different (the most distant sprinkler has a minimum pressure), it is also necessary to take into account the different water flow from each sprinkler with the corresponding water efficiency.

Therefore, the estimated consumption of the AUP should be determined by the formula:

Where QAUP- estimated consumption of AUP, l/s; qn- consumption of n-th sprinkler, l/s; fn- coefficient of flow utilization at the design pressure of the n-th sprinkler; in- average irrigation intensity nth sprinkler(not less than the normalized irrigation intensity; Sn- standard irrigation area by each sprinkler with normalized intensity.

The ring network is calculated similarly to the dead-end network, but at 50% of the calculated water flow for each half-ring.
From point “m” to the water feeders, the pressure loss in the pipes is calculated along the length and taking into account local resistances, including in control units (signal valves, valves, shutters).

For approximate calculations, all local resistances are assumed to be equal to 20% of the resistance of the pipeline network.

Pressure losses in control units of installations Ruu(m) is determined by the formula:

where yY is the pressure loss coefficient in the control unit (accepted according to the TD for the control unit as a whole or for each signal valve, gate or gate valve individually); Q- calculated flow rate of water or foaming agent solution through the control unit.

The calculation is made so that the pressure in the control unit does not exceed 1 MPa.

The approximate diameters of the distribution rows can be determined by the number of installed sprinklers. The table below shows the relationship between the most common pipe diameters of distribution rows, pressure and the number of sprinklers installed.

The most common mistake in hydraulic calculations of distribution and supply pipelines is determining the flow rate Q according to the formula:

Where i And For- respectively, the intensity and area of ​​irrigation for calculating flow rates, taken according to NPB 88-2001.

This formula cannot be applied because, as stated above, the intensity in each sprinkler is different from the others. This happens due to the fact that in any installations with a large number of sprinklers, when they are activated simultaneously, pressure losses occur in the pipeline system. Because of this, both the flow rate and the irrigation intensity of each part of the system are different. As a result, the sprinkler located closer to the supply pipeline has greater pressure, and consequently higher consumption water. The specified unevenness of irrigation is illustrated by the hydraulic calculation of rows, which consist of sequentially located sprinklers.

d - diameter, mm; l - pipeline length, m; 1-14 - serial numbers of sprinklers

Row flow and pressure values

Row design scheme number

Diameter of pipe sections, mm

Pressure, m

Sprinkler consumption l/s

Total row consumption, l/s

Uniform irrigation Qp6= 6q1

Uneven irrigation Qф6 = qns

Notes:
1. The first design scheme consists of sprinklers with holes with a diameter of 12 mm with a specific characteristic of 0.141 m6/s2; the distance between sprinklers is 2.5 m.
2. Design diagrams for rows 2-5 are rows of sprinklers with holes with a diameter of 12.7 mm with a specific characteristic of 0.154 m6/s2; the distance between sprinklers is 3 m.
3. P1 indicates the design pressure in front of the sprinkler, and
P7 - design pressure in the row.

For design scheme No. 1, water consumption q6 from the sixth sprinkler (located near the feed pipeline) 1.75 times more than the water flow q1 from the final sprinkler. If the condition of uniform operation of all sprinklers in the system were met, then the total water flow Qp6 would be found by multiplying the water flow of the sprinkler by the number of sprinklers in the row: Qp6= 0.65 6 = 3.9 l/s.

If the water supply from the sprinklers were uneven, the total water consumption Qf6, according to the approximate tabular calculation method, would be calculated by sequential addition of expenses; it is 5.5 l/s, which is 40% higher Qp6. In the second calculation scheme q6 3.14 times more q1, A Qf6 more than twice as high Qp6.

An unreasonable increase in water flow for sprinklers, the pressure in front of which is higher than in the others, will only lead to an increase in pressure losses in the supply pipeline and, as a consequence, to an increase in the unevenness of irrigation.

The diameter of the pipeline has a positive effect both on reducing the pressure drop in the network and on the calculated water flow. If you maximize the water flow of a water feeder with uneven operation of the sprinklers, the cost of construction work for the water feeder will greatly increase. this factor is decisive in determining the cost of work.

How can you achieve uniform water flow, and, ultimately, uniform irrigation of the protected area at pressures that vary along the length of the pipeline? There are several available options: installing diaphragms, using sprinklers with outlet openings varying along the length of the pipeline, etc.

However, no one has canceled the existing standards (NPB 88-2001), which do not allow the placement of sprinklers with different outlets within the same protected premises.

The use of diaphragms is not regulated by documents, since when they are installed, each sprinkler and row has a constant flow rate, calculation of supply pipelines, the diameter of which determines the pressure loss, the number of sprinklers in a row, the distance between them. This fact greatly simplifies the hydraulic calculation of the fire extinguishing section.

Thanks to this, the calculation is reduced to determining the dependence of the pressure drop in sections of the section on the diameters of the pipes. When choosing pipeline diameters in individual sections, it is necessary to comply with the condition under which the pressure loss per unit length differs little from the average hydraulic slope:

Where k- average hydraulic slope; ∑ R- pressure loss in the line from the water feeder to the “dictating” sprinkler, MPa; l- length of design sections of pipelines, m.

This calculation will demonstrate that the installed power pumping units, required to overcome pressure losses in the section when using sprinklers with the same flow rate, can be reduced by 4.7 times, and the volume of emergency water reserve in the hydraulic pneumatic tank of the auxiliary water feeder can be reduced by 2.1 times. The reduction in metal consumption of pipelines will be 28%.

However, the training manual stipulates that installing diaphragms of different diameters in front of sprinklers is inappropriate. The reason for this is the fact that during the operation of the AUP the possibility of rearranging the diaphragms is not excluded, which significantly reduces the uniformity of irrigation.

For internal fire-fighting separate water supply systems in accordance with SNiP 2.04.01-85* and automatic fire extinguishing installations in accordance with NPB 88-2001, the installation of one group of pumps is permitted, provided that this group provides a flow rate Q equal to the sum of the needs of each water supply system:

where QVPV QAUP are the costs required for the internal fire water supply system and the AUP water supply system, respectively.

In the case of connecting fire hydrants to supply pipelines, the total flow rate is determined by the formula:

Where QPC- permissible flow from fire hydrants (accepted according to SNiP 2.04.01-85*, Table 1-2).

The operating time of internal fire hydrants, which include manual water or foam fire nozzles and are connected to the supply pipelines of the sprinkler installation, is assumed to be equal to its operating time.

To speed up and increase the accuracy of hydraulic calculations of sprinkler and deluge AUPs, it is recommended to use computer technology.

11. Select a pumping unit.

What are pumping units? In the irrigation system, they perform the function of the main water supply and are intended to provide water (and water-foam) AUP the right pressure and consumption of fire extinguishing agent.

There are 2 types of pumping units: main and auxiliary.

Auxiliary ones are used in permanent mode, as long as large amounts of water are not required (for example, in sprinkler systems for a period until no more than 2-3 sprinklers operate). If the fire takes on a larger scale, then the main pumping units are started (in the NTD they are often referred to as the main fire pumps), which provide water flow for all sprinklers. In deluge AUPs, as a rule, only the main fire pumping units are used.
Pumping units consist of pumping units, a control cabinet and a piping system with hydraulic and electromechanical equipment.

The pump unit consists of a drive connected through a transmission coupling to the pump (or pump block) and a foundation plate (or base). Several working pumping units can be installed in the AUP, which affects the required water flow. But regardless of the number of installed units, one backup must be provided in the pumping system.

When using no more than three control units in an automatic control system, pumping units can be designed with one input and one output, in other cases - with two inputs and two outputs.
A schematic diagram of a pumping unit with two pumps, one inlet and one outlet is shown in Fig. 12; with two pumps, two inputs and two outputs - in fig. 13; with three pumps, two inputs and two outputs - in fig. 14.

Regardless of the number of pumping units, the pumping unit circuit must ensure the supply of water to the AUP supply pipeline from any input by switching the corresponding valves or gates:

Directly through the bypass line, bypassing the pumping units;
- from any pumping unit;
- from any set of pumping units.

Valves are installed before and after each pumping unit. This allows for repair and maintenance work to be carried out without disrupting the operation of the AUP. To prevent the reverse flow of water through pumping units or a bypass line, check valves are installed at the outlet of the pumps, which can also be installed behind the valve. In this case, when reinstalling the valve for repairs, there will be no need to drain water from the conducting pipeline.

As a rule, centrifugal pumps are used in AUP.
The appropriate type of pump is selected according to characteristics Q-H, which are listed in the catalogs. In this case, the following data is taken into account: the required pressure and flow (based on the results of hydraulic calculation of the network), overall dimensions pump and the mutual orientation of the suction and pressure pipes (this determines the layout conditions), the mass of the pump.

12. Placement of the pumping station pumping unit.

12.1. Pumping stations are located in separate rooms with fire partitions and ceilings with a fire resistance limit of REI 45 according to SNiP 21-01-97 on the first, ground or basement floors, or in a separate extension to the building. It is necessary to ensure a constant air temperature from 5 to 35 ° C and relative humidity no more than 80% at 25 °C. The specified room is equipped with working and emergency lighting in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 and telephone communication with the fire station room; a light sign “Pumping station” is placed at the entrance.

12.2. The pumping station should be classified as:

According to the degree of water supply security - to the 1st category according to SNiP 2.04.02-84*. Number of suction lines to the pumping station, regardless of number and groups installed pumps, there must be at least two. Each suction line must be designed to handle the full design flow of water;
- in terms of reliability of power supply - to the 1st category according to the PUE (power supply from two independent power supply sources). If it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, it is allowed to install (except in basements) backup pumps driven by internal combustion engines.

Typically, pumping stations are designed with control without constant service personnel. Local control must be taken into account if automatic or remote control is available.

Simultaneously with the switching on of the fire pumps, all pumps for other purposes, powered into this main line and not included in the fire control system, must be automatically switched off.

12.3. The dimensions of the pumping station machine room should be determined taking into account the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84* (section 12). Take into account the requirements for the width of aisles.

In order to reduce the size of the pumping station in plan, it is possible to install pumps with right and left rotation of the shaft, and impeller should only rotate in one direction.

12.4. The elevation of the pump axis is determined, as a rule, based on the conditions for installing the pump casing under the fill:

In the container (from the upper water level (determined from the bottom) of the fire volume for one fire, average (for two or more fires;
- in a water intake well - from the dynamic level groundwater at maximum water intake;
- in a watercourse or reservoir - from the minimum water level in them: with maximum provision of calculated water levels in surface sources- 1%, with a minimum - 97%.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the permissible vacuum suction height (from the calculated minimum water level) or the necessary pressure on the suction side required by the manufacturer, as well as pressure loss (pressure) in the suction pipeline, temperature conditions and barometric pressure.

To obtain water from a reserve tank, it is necessary to install pumps “under the flood”. When installing pumps in this way above the water level in the reservoir, pump priming devices or self-priming pumps are used.

12.5. When using no more than three control units in an automatic control system, pumping units are designed with one input and one output, in other cases - with two inputs and two outputs.

It is possible to install suction and pressure manifolds in the pumping station, if this does not entail an increase in the span of the machine room.

Pipelines in pumping stations are usually made of welded steel pipes. Provide for a continuous rise of the suction pipeline to the pump with a slope of at least 0.005.

The diameters of pipes and fittings are taken on the basis of a technical and economic calculation, based on the recommended water flow rates indicated in the table below:

Pipe diameter, mm	Speed ​​of water movement, m/s, in pipelines of pumping stations
	suction	pressure
St. 250 to 800

On the pressure line, each pump requires a check valve, valve and pressure gauge; on the suction line, a check valve is not needed, and when the pump operates without support on the suction line, a valve with a pressure gauge is dispensed with. If the pressure in the external water supply network is less than 0.05 MPa, then before pumping unit place a receiving tank, the capacity of which is indicated in section 13 of SNiP 2.04.01-85*.

12.6. In case of emergency shutdown of the working pumping unit, provision must be made automatic switching on backup unit powered into this line.

The start-up time for fire pumps should not be more than 10 minutes.

12.7. To connect the fire extinguishing installation to mobile fire fighting equipment, pipelines with branch pipes are brought out, which are equipped with connecting heads (if at least two fire fighting vehicles are connected at the same time). The throughput of the pipeline must ensure the highest calculated flow rate in the “dictating” section of the fire extinguishing installation.

12.8. In buried and semi-buried pumping stations, measures must be taken against possible flooding of units in the event of an accident within the turbine room on the largest pump in terms of productivity (or on shut-off valves, pipelines) in the following ways:
- location of pump electric motors at a height of at least 0.5 m from the floor of the turbine room;
- gravity release of an emergency amount of water into the sewer or onto the surface of the earth with the installation of a valve or gate valve;
- pumping water from the pit with special or basic pumps for industrial purposes.

It is also necessary to take measures to remove excess water from the turbine room. To do this, the floors and channels in the hall are installed with a slope towards the collection pit. On the foundations for pumps, sides, grooves and tubes are provided for water drainage; If it is impossible to drain water by gravity from the pit, drainage pumps should be provided.

12.9. Pumping stations with a machine room size of 6-9 m or more are equipped with an internal fire-fighting water supply with a water flow rate of 2.5 l/s, as well as other primary fire extinguishing means.

13. Select an auxiliary or automatic water feeder.

13.1. In sprinkler and deluge installations, an automatic water feeder is used, usually a vessel (vessels) filled with water (at least 0.5 m3) and compressed air. In sprinkler systems with connected fire hydrants for buildings with a height of more than 30 m, the volume of water or foam solution is increased to 1 m3 or more.

The main task of a water supply system installed as an automatic water feeder is to provide a guaranteed pressure numerically equal to or exceeding the design pressure, sufficient to trigger the control units.

You can also use a feed pump (jockey pump), which includes a non-redundant intermediate tank, usually a membrane one, with a water volume of more than 40 liters.

13.2. The volume of water in the auxiliary water feeder is calculated from the condition of ensuring the flow rate required for the deluge installation (the total number of sprinklers) and/or the sprinkler installation (for five sprinklers).

It is necessary to provide an auxiliary water feeder for each installation with a manually started fire pump, which will ensure operation of the installation with the design pressure and flow rate of water (foaming agent solution) for 10 minutes or more.

13.3. Hydraulic, pneumatic and hydropneumatic tanks (vessels, containers, etc.) are selected taking into account the requirements of PB 03-576-03.

Tanks should be installed in rooms with walls whose fire resistance is at least REI 45, and the distance from the top of the tanks to the ceiling and walls, as well as between adjacent tanks, should be 0.6 m. Pumping stations cannot be placed adjacent to rooms where large crowds of people are possible, such as concert halls, stages, wardrobes, etc.

Hydropneumatic tanks are located on technical floors, and pneumatic tanks are also located in unheated rooms.

In buildings whose height exceeds 30m, the auxiliary water supply is placed on the upper floors for technical purposes. Automatic and auxiliary water feeders must be turned off when the main pumps are turned on.

The training manual discusses in detail the procedure for developing a design assignment (Chapter 2), the procedure for developing a project (Chapter 3), coordination and general principles of examination of AUP projects (Chapter 5). Based on this manual, the following applications have been compiled:

Appendix 1. List of documentation provided by the developer organization to the customer organization. Composition of design and estimate documentation.
Appendix 2. An example of a detailed design of an automatic sprinkler installation for water fire extinguishing.

2.4. INSTALLATION, ADJUSTMENT AND TESTING OF WATER FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

When performing installation work, you must observe general requirements given in Chap. 12.

2.4.1. Installation of pumps and compressors produced in accordance with working documentation and VSN 394-78

First of all, it is necessary to make input control and draw up an act. Then remove excess grease from the units, prepare the foundation, mark and level the platform for the plates for the adjusting screws. When aligning and fastening, it is necessary to ensure that the axes of the equipment are aligned in plan with the axes of the foundation.

The pumps are aligned using the adjusting screws provided in their supporting parts. Compressor alignment can be done with adjusting screws, stock jacks, locating nuts on foundation bolts, or metal shim packs.

Attention! Before the final tightening of the screws, no work should be carried out that could change the aligned position of the equipment.

Compressors and pumping units that do not have a common foundation slab are mounted in series. Installation begins with a gearbox or a larger machine. The axles are aligned along the coupling halves, the oil lines are connected and, after alignment and final fastening of the unit, the pipelines are connected.

The placement of shut-off valves on all suction and pressure pipelines must provide the possibility of replacing or repairing any of the pumps, check valves and main shut-off valves, as well as checking the characteristics of the pumps.

2.4.2. Control units are delivered to the installation area in an assembled state in accordance with the wiring diagram (drawings) adopted in the project.

For control units, a functional diagram of the piping is provided, and in each direction there is a plate indicating the operating pressures, the name and fire and explosion hazard category of the protected premises, the type and number of sprinklers in each section of the installation, the position (state) of the shut-off elements in standby mode.

2.4.3. Installation and fastening of pipelines and equipment during their installation is carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.04-84, SNiP 3.05.05-84, VSN 25.09.66-85 and VSN 2661-01-91.

Pipelines are attached to the wall with holders, but they cannot be used as supports for other structures. The distance between pipe fastening points is up to 4 m, with the exception of pipes with a nominal bore of more than 50 mm, for which the pitch can be increased to 6 m, if there are two independent fastening points built into the building structure. And also when laying a pipeline through sleeves and grooves.

If risers and branches on distribution pipelines exceed 1 m in length, they are secured with additional holders. The distance from the holder to the sprinkler on the riser (outlet) is at least 0.15 m.

The distance from the holder to the last sprinkler on the distribution pipeline for pipes with a nominal diameter of 25 mm or less does not exceed 0.9 m, with a diameter of more than 25 mm - 1.2 m.

For air sprinkler installations, the slope of the supply and distribution pipelines towards the control unit or drainage devices is provided: 0.01 - for pipes with an outer diameter of less than 57 mm; 0.005 - for pipes with an outer diameter of 57 mm or more.

If the pipeline is made of plastic pipes, then it must be tested at a positive temperature 16 hours after welding the last connection.

Do not install production and sanitary equipment to the supply pipeline of the fire extinguishing installation!

2.4.4. Installation of sprinklers on protected objects carried out in accordance with the project, NPB 88-2001 and TD for a specific type of sprinkler.

Glass thermoflasks are very fragile and therefore require delicate handling. Damaged thermoflasks can no longer be used, as they cannot fulfill their direct responsibility.

When installing sprinklers, it is recommended to orient the planes of the sprinkler arms sequentially along the distribution pipeline and then perpendicular to its direction. On adjacent rows, it is recommended to orient the planes of the arms perpendicular to each other: if on one row the plane of the arms is oriented along the pipeline, then on the next row - across its direction. Guided by this rule, you can increase the uniformity of irrigation in the protected area.

For accelerated and high-quality installation of sprinklers on a pipeline, various devices are used: adapters, tees, clamps for hanging pipelines, etc.

When securing the piping in place using clamp connections, it is necessary to drill several holes in the desired locations in the distribution piping to center the unit. The pipeline is secured with a bracket or two bolts. The sprinkler is screwed into the outlet of the device. If you need to use tees, then in this case you will need to prepare pipes of a given length, the ends of which will be connected by tees, then secure the tee tightly to the pipes with a bolt. In this case, the sprinkler is installed in the tee outlet. If you have chosen plastic pipes, then such pipes require special clamp hangers:

1 - cylindrical adapter; 2, 3 - clamp adapters; 4 - tee

Let's take a closer look at clamps, as well as the features of fastening pipelines. To prevent mechanical damage to the sprinkler, it is usually covered with protective casings. BUT! Keep in mind that the casing may interfere with the uniformity of irrigation due to the fact that it can distort the distribution of the dispersed liquid over the protected area. In order to avoid this, always ask the seller for certificates of conformity of this sprinkler with the attached casing design.

a - clamp for hanging a metal pipeline;
b - clamp for hanging a plastic pipeline

Protective enclosures for sprinklers

2.4.5. If the height of equipment control devices, electric drives and flywheels of valves (gates) is more than 1.4 m from the floor, additional platforms and blind areas are installed. But the height from the platform to the control devices should not be more than 1 m. It is possible to widen the equipment foundation.

The location of equipment and fittings under the installation platform (or service platforms) is not excluded at a height from the floor (or bridge) to the bottom of protruding structures of at least 1.8 m. In this case, a removable covering of the platforms or openings is made above the equipment and fittings.
AUP starting devices must be protected from accidental activation.

These measures are necessary in order to maximally protect the AUP starting devices from unintentional operation.

2.4.6. After installation, individual tests are carried out elements of a fire extinguishing installation: pumping units, compressors, tanks (automatic and auxiliary water feeders), etc.

Before testing the control unit, air is removed from all elements of the installation, then filled with water. In sprinkler installations, open the combined valve (in air and water-air valves), you must make sure that the alarm device is activated. In deluge installations, close the valve above the control unit, open the manual start valve on the incentive pipeline (turn on the electric valve start button). The activation of the control valve (electrically driven valve) and the signaling device is recorded. During the testing process, the operation of pressure gauges is checked.

Hydraulic tests of containers operating under compressed air pressure are carried out in accordance with TD for the container and PB 03-576-03.

Run-in of pumps and compressors is carried out in accordance with TD and VSN 394-78.

Test methods for the installation upon acceptance into operation are given in GOST R 50680-94.

Now, according to NPB 88-2001 (clause 4.39), it is possible to use plug valves at the upper points of the pipeline network of sprinkler installations as air release devices, as well as as a valve under a pressure gauge to control the sprinkler with minimum pressure.

It is useful to prescribe such devices in the installation project and use them when testing the control unit.

1 - fitting; 2 - body; 3 - switch; 4 - cover; 5 - lever; 6 - plunger; 7 - membrane

2.5. OPERATIONAL MAINTENANCE OF WATER FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

The serviceability of the water fire extinguishing installation is monitored by round-the-clock security of the building territory. Access to the pumping station must be limited to unauthorized persons; sets of keys are issued to operational and maintenance personnel.

The sprinklers must NOT be painted; they must be protected from paint during cosmetic repairs.

Such external influences as vibration, pressure in the pipeline, and, as a result, the impact of sporadic water hammer due to the operation of fire pumps, seriously affect the operating time of sprinklers. The consequence may be a weakening of the thermal lock of the sprinkler, as well as their loss if the installation conditions were violated.

Often the temperature of the water in the pipeline is higher than average, this is especially true for premises where the type of activity causes elevated temperatures. This may cause the shut-off device in the sprinkler to become stuck due to sediment in the water. That is why, even if the device looks undamaged on the outside, it is necessary to inspect the equipment for corrosion and sticking, so that false alarms and tragic situations do not occur if the system fails during a fire.

When activating the sprinkler, it is very important that all parts of the thermal lock fly out without delay after destruction. This function is controlled by a membrane diaphragm and levers. If the technology was violated during installation, or the quality of the materials leaves much to be desired, the properties of the spring-disc membrane may weaken over time. What will this lead to? The thermal lock will partially remain in the sprinkler and will not allow the valve to fully open; water will only ooze out in a small stream, which will not allow the device to fully irrigate the area it protects. To avoid such situations, the sprinkler is equipped with an arc-shaped spring, the force of which is directed perpendicular to the plane of the arches. This ensures that the heat lock is completely released.

Also, when using, it is necessary to exclude the impact of lighting fixtures on sprinklers when they are moved during repairs. Eliminate any gaps between the pipeline and electrical wiring.

When determining the progress of maintenance and repair work, you should:

Carry out an external inspection of the installation components daily and monitor the water level in the tank,

Perform a weekly test run of pumps with electric or diesel drive for 10-30 minutes using remote start devices without water supply,

Once every 6 months, drain the sludge from the tank, and also make sure that the drainage devices that ensure the flow of water from the protected room (if any) are in good working order.

Check the flow characteristics of the pumps annually,

Turn drain valves annually

Annually replace the water in the tank and pipelines of the installation, clean the tank, flush and clean the pipelines.

Conduct hydraulic tests of pipelines and hydraulic pneumatic tank in a timely manner.

The main regulatory work that is carried out abroad in accordance with NFPA 25 provides for a detailed annual inspection of the elements of the air defense system:
- sprinklers (lack of plugs, type and orientation of sprinkler in accordance with the project, lack of mechanical damage, corrosion, clogging of outlets of deluge sprinklers, etc.);
- pipelines and fittings (no mechanical damage, cracks in fittings, violations paint coating, changes in the slope angle of pipelines, serviceability of drainage devices, sealing gaskets must be tightened in clamping units);
- brackets (absence of mechanical damage, corrosion, reliability of fastening of pipelines to brackets (fastening units) and brackets to building structures);
- control units (position of valves and gate valves in accordance with the design and operating instructions, operability of signaling devices, gaskets must be tightened);
- check valves (correct connection).

3. WATER FIRE FIGHTING UNITS

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.

International studies have proven that when water droplets are reduced, the effectiveness of finely atomized water increases dramatically.

Finely atomized water (FW) includes jets of droplets with a diameter of less than 0.15 mm.

Note that TRV and its foreign name “water fog” are not equivalent concepts. According to NFPA 750, water mist is divided into 3 classes based on the degree of dispersion. The “fine” water mist belongs to class 1 and contains droplets with a diameter of ~0.1…0.2 mm. Class 2 combines water jets with a droplet diameter of predominantly 0.2...0.4 mm, class 3 - up to 1 mm. using conventional sprinklers with a small outlet diameter at a slight increase in water pressure.

So, in order to obtain water mist of the first class, high water pressure is required, or the installation of special sprinklers, while obtaining a dispersion of the third class is achieved using conventional sprinklers with a small outlet diameter with a slight increase in water pressure.

Water mist was first installed and used on passenger ferries in the 1940s. Now interest in it has increased due to recent research, which has proven that water mist does an excellent job of ensuring fire safety in those rooms where halon or carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems were previously used.

In Russia, fire extinguishing installations using superheated water were the first to appear. They were developed by VNIIPO in the early 1990s. The stream of superheated steam quickly evaporated and turned into a stream of steam with a temperature of about 70 ° C, which transferred a stream of condensed fine droplets over a considerable distance.

Now fire extinguishing modules with finely sprayed water and special sprayers have been developed, the principle of operation of which is similar to the previous ones, but without the use of superheated water. Delivery of water droplets to the fire is usually carried out by propellant gas from the module.

3.1. Purpose and design of installations

According to NPB 88-2001, fire extinguishing installations with finely sprayed water (UPTRV) are used for surface and local extinguishing of fires of classes A and B. These installations are used in premises of categories A, B, B1-B3, as well as in archive rooms of museums, offices, retail and warehouse premises, that is, in cases where it is important not to cause harm material values fire retardant solutions. Typically such installations are modular in design.

For extinguishing both ordinary solid materials (plastics, wood, textiles, etc.) and more dangerous materials such as foam rubber;

Combustible and flammable liquids (in the latter case, use a fine spray of water);
- electrical equipment, for example, transformers, electrical switches, rotating motors, etc.;

Gas jet fires.

We have already mentioned that the use of water fog greatly increases the chances of saving people from a flammable room and simplifies evacuation. The use of water fog is very effective when extinguishing aviation fuel spills, because it significantly reduces the heat flow.

The general requirements applicable in the United States to specified fire extinguishing installations are given in NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems.

3.2. To obtain finely atomized water They use special sprinklers called sprayers.

Spray- a sprinkler designed for spraying water and aqueous solutions, the average diameter of the droplets in the flow is less than 150 microns, but does not exceed 250 microns.

Spray sprinklers are installed in the installation at a relatively low pressure in the pipeline. If the pressure exceeds 1 MPa, then a simple rosette sprayer can be used as sprayers.

If the diameter of the sprayer socket is larger than the outlet, then the socket is mounted outside the arms; if the diameter is small, then between the arms. The jet can also be crushed on a ball. To protect against contamination, the outlet of deluge nozzles is covered with a protective cap. When water is supplied, the cap is thrown off, but its loss is prevented by a flexible connection with the body (wire or chain).

Nozzle designs: a - AM 4 type nozzle; b - sprayer type AM 25;
1 - body; 2 - arms; 3 - socket; 4 - fairing; 5 - filter; 6 - calibrated outlet (nozzle); 7 - protective cap; 8 - centering cap; 9 - elastic membrane; 10 - thermoflask; 11 - adjusting screw.

3.3. As a rule, UPRVs are modular designs. Modules for UPRV are subject to mandatory certification for compliance with the requirements of NPB 80-99.

The propellant gas used in the modular sprinkler is air or other inert gases (for example, carbon dioxide or nitrogen), as well as pyrotechnic gas-generating elements recommended for use in fire fighting equipment. No parts of gas-generating elements should get into the fire extinguishing agent; this should be provided for by the design of the installation.

In this case, the propellant gas can be contained both in one cylinder with OTV (injection type modules) and in a separate cylinder with an individual shut-off and starting device (ZPU).

Operating principle of modular UPTV.

As soon as the premises is checked in fire alarm extreme temperature, a control pulse is generated. It enters the gas generator or squib cartridge of the cylinder, the latter contains a propellant gas or OTV (for injection-type modules). A gas-liquid flow is formed in the cylinder with fire extinguishing agent. It is transported through a network of pipelines to sprayers, through which it is dispersed in the form of a finely dispersed droplet medium into the protected room. The installation can be activated manually from the trigger element (handle, button). Typically, the modules are equipped with a pressure alarm, which is designed to transmit a signal about the operation of the installation.

For clarity, we present to you several UPRV modules:

General view of the module for the fire extinguishing installation with finely sprayed water MUPTV "Typhoon" (NPO "Plamya")

Fire extinguishing installation module for finely sprayed water MPV (Moscow Experimental Plant Spetsavtomatika JSC):
a - general view; b - locking and starting device

Basic technical specifications domestic modular UPTRV are given in the tables below:

Technical characteristics of modular water mist fire extinguishing installations MUPTV "Typhoon".

Indicators	Indicator value
	MUPTV 60GV	MUPTV 60GVD
Fire extinguishing capacity, m2, no more: class A fire fire class B flammable liquids with flash point vapors up to 40 °C fire class B flammable liquids with flash point vapors 40 °C and above
Duration of action, s
Average consumption of fire extinguishing agent, kg/s
Weight, kg, and type of fire protection equipment: Drinking water according to GOST 2874 water with additives
Mass of propellant gas (liquid carbon dioxide according to GOST 8050), kg
Volume in the propellant cylinder, l
Module capacity, l
Working pressure, MPa

Technical characteristics of modular fire extinguishing installations with finely sprayed water MUPTV NPF "Safety"

Technical characteristics of modular water mist fire extinguishing installations MPV

Much attention in regulatory documents is paid to ways to reduce foreign impurities in water. For this reason, filters are installed in front of the nozzles, and anti-corrosion measures are taken for modules, pipelines and UPRV nozzles (the pipelines are made of galvanized or stainless steel). These measures are extremely important because The flow sections of the UPTRV nozzles are small.

When using water with additives that precipitate or form a phase separation during long-term storage, the installations provide devices for mixing them.

All methods for checking the irrigated area are described in detail in the technical specifications and technical documentation for each product.

In accordance with NPB 80-99, the fire extinguishing efficiency of using modules with a set of sprayers is checked during fire tests, where model fires are used:
- class B, cylindrical baking sheets with an internal diameter of 180 mm and a height of 70 mm, flammable liquid - n-heptane or A-76 gasoline in the amount of 630 ml. Free burning time of flammable liquid is 1 min;

- class A, stacks of five rows of bars, folded in the form of a well, forming a square in horizontal section and fastened together. Three bars are laid in each row, having a square cross section measuring 39 mm and a length of 150 mm. The middle bar is laid in the center parallel to the side edges. The stack is placed on two steel angles mounted on concrete blocks or rigid metal supports so that the distance from the base of the stack to the floor is 100 mm. A metal tray measuring (150x150) mm with gasoline is placed under the stack to set the wood on fire. Free burning time is about 6 minutes.

3.4. Design of UTPVR performed in accordance with Chapter 6 of NPB 88-2001. According to the amendment No. 1 to NPB 88-2001 "calculation and design of installations are carried out on the basis of regulatory and technical documentation of the installation manufacturer, agreed upon in in the prescribed manner".
The design of the UPRV must comply with the requirements of NPB 80-99. The placement of sprayers, the diagram of their connection to the piping, the maximum length and diameter of the pipeline, the height of its placement, fire class and protected area and other necessary information are usually indicated in the manufacturer's TD.

3.5. Installation of UPRV is carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's design and installation diagrams.

Observe the spatial orientation specified in the project and TD during installation of sprayers. Installation diagrams for AM 4 and AM 25 sprayers on the pipeline are presented below:

In order for the product to serve for a long time, it is necessary to carry out the necessary maintenance in a timely manner. renovation work and T.O. given in the manufacturer’s TD. Particular care should be taken to follow the schedule of measures to protect the nozzles from clogging, both external (dirt, intense dust, construction debris during repairs, etc.) and internal (rust, mounting sealing elements, sediment particles from water during storage, etc. .) elements.

4. INTERNAL FIRE-PROOF WATER PIPELINE

The ERW is used to deliver water to the fire hydrant of the premises and, as a rule, is included in the internal water supply system of the building.

Requirements for ERW are defined by SNiP 2.04.01-85 and GOST 12.4.009-83. The design of pipelines laid outside buildings to supply water for external fire extinguishing should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84. Requirements for ERW are defined by SNiP 2.04.01-85 and GOST 12.4.009-83. The design of pipelines laid outside buildings to supply water for external fire extinguishing should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84. General issues of using ERW are discussed in the work.

The list of residential, public, auxiliary, industrial and warehouse buildings that are equipped with ERW is presented in SNiP 2.04.01-85. The minimum required water flow for fire extinguishing and the number of simultaneously operating jets are determined. The consumption is affected by the height of the building and the fire resistance of building structures.

If the ERV cannot provide the required water pressure, it is necessary to install pumps that increase the pressure, and a pump start button is installed near the fire hydrant.

The minimum diameter of the sprinkler installation supply pipeline to which a fire hydrant can be connected is 65mm. Cranes are placed in accordance with SNiP 2.04.01-85. Indoor fire hydrants do not require a remote fire pump start button.

The methodology for hydraulic calculation of ERW is given in SNiP 2.04.01-85. In this case, the water consumption for using showers and watering the territory is not taken into account; the speed of water movement in pipelines should not exceed 3 m/s (except for water fire extinguishing installations, where a water speed of 10 m/s is allowed).

Water consumption, l/s	Water movement speed, m/s, with pipe diameter, mm

The hydrostatic head should not exceed:

In the system of a combined utility and fire-fighting water supply system, at the level of the lowest location of the sanitary fixture - 60 m;
- in a separate fire-fighting water supply system at the level of the lowest fire hydrant - 90 m.

If the pressure in front of the fire hydrant exceeds 40 m of water. Art., then a diaphragm is installed between the tap and the connecting head, which reduces the excess pressure. The pressure in the fire hydrant must be sufficient to create a jet that affects the most distant and highest parts of the room at any time of the day. The radius and height of the jets are also regulated.

The operating time of fire hydrants should be 3 hours, when supplying water from the building’s water tanks - 10 minutes.

Internal fire hydrants are installed, as a rule, at the entrance, on staircase landings, in the corridor. The main thing is that the place should be accessible, and the crane should not interfere with the evacuation of people in case of fire.

Fire hydrants are placed in wall boxes at a height of 1.35. The cabinet has openings for ventilation and inspection of the contents without opening.

Each tap must be equipped with a fire hose of the same diameter, 10, 15 or 20 m long, and a fire nozzle. The hose must be laid in a double roll or “accordion” and attached to the tap. The procedure for maintaining and servicing fire hoses must comply with the “Instructions for the operation and repair of fire hoses” approved by the Main Directorate for the Operation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Fire hydrants are inspected and tested for functionality by running water at least once every 6 months. The results of the check are recorded in a log.

The exterior design of fire lockers must include a red signal color. Lockers must be sealed.