How and with what to cover the cellar? How to cover a cellar: types of floors, monolithic and prefabricated monolithic slabs, wooden structures, with load-bearing beams, insulation of the basement ceiling. Ceiling of a cellar in a garage, reinforcement diameter.
A buried cellar is built below the ground level. This design is good because it does not take up the free space of your plot of land.
Such a cellar does not freeze even during the most severe winter cold. That is why it is very important to know how to cover the cellar correctly so that it becomes a reliable storage for food, seams and other things.
When the basement pit is filled, and its floor and walls are equipped, it’s time to think about how to cover the cellar? What materials are used for this and what is the price of these materials?
To understand how much the ceiling will cost you, you need to understand what types of ceilings exist.
Monolithic slab
One of the flooring options is to use a monolithic slab. Such a floor slab for a cellar is made using a reinforcement frame and concrete ().
The instructions for creating a concrete monolithic slab consist of the following steps:
- The ceiling must have such parameters that when installed it is located on the walls of the room. These very walls will serve as support.
- It is necessary to install special support beams for the formwork. They will help maintain the integrity of the structure during concrete pouring and while it hardens.
- The formwork boards must be well sealed before pouring to avoid mortar leakage during pouring.
- Only after the formwork has been completely installed should you begin knitting the reinforcement mesh frame. During the construction of the reinforcing mesh, it is important to observe correct distance between the rods, which should be about 20 cm. The resulting iron frame should protrude along the edges of the slab by 4 cm on each side.
- Once the mesh is ready, you can proceed directly to concreting. The height of the monolithic slab should be about 20 cm.
- Concrete should be poured evenly and continuously until the entire product is formed.
- To avoid the occurrence of internal cavities, the liquid solution should be subjected to vibration. This is done using special equipment or ordinary timber.
Advice: One layer of reinforcing mesh will be quite enough, but for greater reliability of the structure it is better to make double reinforcement.
After the pouring process is completed, the concrete should be allowed to harden and dry. This process usually takes about a month.
When asked what is the best way to cover a cellar, many professionals will answer that it is a monolithic concrete slab, because this solution is the most reliable, practical and highly durable. The surface of this floor can be used as a foundation for the construction of various buildings.
Prefabricated monolithic slabs
Using prefabricated monolithic slabs, you can also create a ceiling in the cellar. But when constructing such a structure, it is imperative to take into account the need to use a crane () during the construction process.
Installation of a prefabricated monolithic ceiling is carried out using a crane. This process takes a little time.
But there is one sad drawback to this technology. The slabs are made in standard sizes, and in a particular case they may simply not be suitable.
The maximum length of a prefabricated monolithic slab is 9-12 m. Before you begin installation using these products, you need to make sure that the structure has suitable parameters.
Pay attention! The width of the basement should not exceed the width of the mounted slab.
If all parameters agree, installation is carried out using a crane.
- Prefabricated monolithic slabs are connected to each other using steel beams.
- The hollow parts of such connections are filled with heat-insulating material. Thermal insulation allows you to keep warm air indoors.
- After insulation, the joints are filled with concrete;
- A layer of waterproofing (roofing felt on bitumen mastic).
Prefabricated monolithic slabs are considered the best material to create a cellar ceiling in the garage. This design has the shortest construction time and the price of the material is not high.
Wooden ceiling
You can cover the cellar with your own hands using wooden beams.
To do this, the following instructions must be followed:
- Install wooden beams on the surface of the basement walls.
- Attach small blocks to the side of the beams to create support for the rolling boards.
- Lay the wooden bevel using self-tapping screws.
- Create a vapor barrier layer, which is covered with a layer of thermal insulation on top.
- Sew plywood onto the resulting structure. Plywood is treated with specialized antiseptics.
- Coat the structure with mastic or cover it with roofing felt and cover it with earth on top if it is not planned to erect any structure above the basement.
Pay attention! Wood as a material for construction has one very significant disadvantage- wood can rot.
Floor with load-bearing beams
How to properly cover a cellar using the design of load-bearing beams? Conventional railway rails are best suited for this purpose.
You can buy such rails at a scrap metal collection point. You can also order similar steel products in specialized workshops.
To install beams in the walls of your basement, special beds must be provided, which are created for reliable fixation steel structure. Steel beams must be tightly fixed in the walls and not pop out when any load occurs. For steel beams, the walls become a kind of foundation.
The instructions for creating a floor with load-bearing beams read as follows:
- Iron reinforcement bars are laid between the steel beams and secured to the beams using tying wire.
- After creating the reinforcing mesh between the beams, they begin to create wooden formwork. A layer of waterproofing is laid on the formwork.
- Frames are installed under the formwork to hold the concrete mass.
- When the frame is ready, they begin to pour the structure with concrete.
- You can prepare concrete yourself, or order ready-made concrete from a construction organization.
- Filling is carried out continuously and evenly.
- The resulting ceiling for the cellar must be insulated. For insulation is suitable any insulation material, for example roofing felt.
Basement ceiling insulation
Parameters such as temperature and humidity in the basement directly depend on how the ceiling was insulated.
How and with what to cover the cellar?
A cellar is an indispensable building for owners of private houses, ensuring the preservation of food for a long time. It is a room located below the zero level and does not take up additional space on the site. The ceiling of the cellar, made in accordance with building codes, will ensure the strength of the structure and maintain a stable temperature throughout all year round and will not allow dampness to form.
Storage for food, canned goods, and vegetables, despite its apparent simplicity, will serve its purpose if you approach the work responsibly and properly seal the cellar.
You can do the work of covering the basement and cellar with your own hands.
Preparatory activities
To ensure that the room fully performs its assigned functions, before you start building a cellar with your own hands, pay attention to the following points:
- Implementation earthworks preceded by the development of a room layout, which you should think through to the smallest detail. This will help avoid unforeseen situations in the future.
- Assess the level of occurrence groundwater at the construction site. Ideal option if they are located low. If the storage floor is located below a water-saturated layer, take care that water does not penetrate the floor and walls.
Only after reliable protection from moisture, you can arrange a ceiling for the cellar. The task of waterproofing a building is one of the main ones, as it determines the comfortable conditions of the room. How to do it correctly?
Moisture protection
Reliable waterproofing in the cellar makes it difficult for moisture to penetrate and is carried out as follows:
- apply to side surfaces basement structure layer of plaster with the addition of liquid glass;
- stick 2-3 layers of roofing felt onto the wet cement mortar;
- erect brickwork, with which you press the waterproofing against the walls.
Before pouring concrete to create a basement, you need to install reinforcement and formwork
Floor protection is carried out in a similar way, involving the preparation of a “cushion” 20 cm thick from a mixture of crushed stone and sand.
When the box is prepared (the walls and floor are concreted and waterproofed), a ceiling for the basement is constructed. It is necessary to determine what is best to make the ceiling from? After answering this serious question, you can calculate the need for materials and begin work.
It is convenient when the basement is located in the room where it is stored vehicle. By doing all the work in the garage yourself, you can save financial resources, since you will not involve professional builders. To reduce costs, determine in advance necessary materials, find out the prices at which they can be purchased. This will allow you to assess the overall level of expenses.
What types of ceilings can be installed in a cellar?
Types of floors
To ensure the tightness of basements, they are used various designs, which use:
- solid reinforced concrete slabs;
- reinforced concrete monolithic prefabricated elements;
The quality of pouring is improved by vibrating pouring
- wooden structures;
- load-bearing beams.
Let's take a closer look at their differences and the specifics of their arrangement.
Features of installing a monolithic block
If you are thinking about how to make a cellar ceiling so that it is practical and reliable, then we recommend a common option - a monolithic reinforced concrete block, which is a reinforcement frame filled with concrete.
The process of creating a solid reinforced base requires following the recommendations:
- It is necessary to determine the dimensions of the monolithic block and prepare the formwork.
- Install strong supports to support the formwork, which will ensure the integrity of the mass when pouring the mortar and during hardening.
- Check the tightness of the formwork boards.
- Carry out mesh reinforcement and knitting of the frame after the installation of the formwork is completed. Build a reinforcement mesh, ensure the interval between the rods is 20 cm and the steel frame protrudes beyond the edges of the slab by 4 cm.
Cellar diagram with insulation and water drainage
- When the formwork and frame are ready, you can start pouring the mortar.
- Concrete continuously, evenly applying the mixture until the formation of the mass is completed.
- Remove air from the internal cavities of the liquid mixture using deep vibrators or conventional fittings.
A basement in the garage is convenient, practical and allows you to do professional repairs auto. How to cover a cellar in a garage and make it reliable reinforced concrete floor yourself.
The choice of floor slab depends on the size of the garage, the properties of the soil and the characteristics of the foundation of the building. The number and weight of the cars that are planned to be stored in the garage are important. The ceiling must withstand the expected loads (with a margin).
You can make two options for the ceiling in the garage cellar:
- flooring of hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs - for such slabs the foundation is the walls of the garage, which must be strong, since they are subject to loads from above and from the ground on the sides;
- if the garage has already been built and there is a foundation, then the cellar ceiling is poured separately - this is a more labor-intensive process.
To build a cellar in any garage, you need to carry out certain preliminary work.
What you need to do before you start digging a cellar inside the garage:
- you need to find out what kind of soil is on the site - weak and clay soils, which are characterized by high heaving, the walls of the cellar need to be additionally reinforced to prevent soil pressure;
- it is necessary to find out whether there are deep communications (electricity, plumbing) at the site of the cellar;
- if the site has high humidity and the garage is in the way of seasonal waste water, then before laying heavy floor slabs, you need to make a reliable circular drainage system to prevent sagging of the slabs and large shrinkage of the foundation;
- it is necessary to find out at what height the groundwater lies, since in spring and autumn there may be knee-deep water in the cellar. If the groundwater flow is high, it is necessary to arrange internal and external drainage.
When all the preliminary work on drainage of groundwater and seasonal waters has been completed and the walls and floor of the cellar are reliably waterproofed, you can begin installing the ceiling, which will also be the floor of our garage.
Floor slab - how to choose the right size and install it
The garage floor slab can be made of concrete or reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete slabs are produced solid and hollow. The mass of a solid slab is much higher, so the loads on the walls of the cellar are very high. For garage floors, it is better to choose hollow reinforced concrete slabs; they are cheaper than monolithic ones.
Hollow slabs, due to the air that is inside the slab, provide better thermal insulation for the floor in the garage and basement.
Reinforced concrete beams can also be used as garage floors, but in this case you will need to carefully seal and strengthen the joints (concreting) - a floor slab above the basement is more reliable.
No need to choose for the garage ribbed slabs, since, firstly, all these products are of standard length and it is difficult to choose the material according to size, as well as the ribs along the edges will cause problems with finishing the floor in the garage.
The rigidity and resistance to high loads of the floor slab depends on the reinforcement used and the brand concrete mixture. When choosing a material, you must remember that for brick wall In the basement, the width of the support for the floor must be at least 15 cm, and for concrete - 10 cm.
The weight of the reinforced concrete slab is large, so you immediately need to find out the capabilities of the hired lifting equipment. Will the hired crane be able to withstand the given weight of the load with the boom lowered?
It is mandatory to calculate the loads on the basement walls. Because general loads per slab is up to 3 tons (walls, car, coating, roofing), then in addition it is necessary to install welded I-beams or rails as a holding frame for the heavy slab.
Installation of reinforced concrete slabs
Rules for laying reinforced concrete floors:
- floor slabs are laid on the already erected basement walls using a truck crane;
- installation is carried out using medium-thick cement mortar. The setting time for this solution is approximately 20 minutes. It is possible to level the slab and install it evenly and correctly;
- The floor slab must extend onto the walls by at least 15 cm.
Important. After installing the slabs on the walls, you need to seal the ends to prevent the wall from freezing.
How to insulate and isolate the ends of slabs from moisture:
- fill all the voids at the ends of the reinforced concrete panels with a layer of mineral wool - the thickness of such a layer inward is 30 cm;
- cemented with concrete mortar - the depth of laying the mortar is 20 - 30 cm;
- You can additionally insulate the voids at the ends broken brick and cement.
Ends of slabs – weak point, through which the ceiling can constantly freeze and become icy. When the garage is heated, the dew point in the uninsulated joint moves inward, and the floor slab begins to “sweat”—the humidity in the basement and in the garage increases.
If such a problem with the floor slab already exists, then it can be corrected. It is necessary to drill holes in places where condensation forms in the slab, as close to the wall as possible. Now you need to insert tubes directed outward into these holes and pump them into them. polyurethane foam. This creates a plug that protects the slab from freezing.
The ends of the floor slab must be insulated both inside and outside - this will eliminate moisture in the cellar and garage. Often, garage owners are faced with the problem of humidity in the basement precisely because of the end joints of the slabs, which were not insulated and insulated, hence the constant humidity in the cellar.
How to cut a hole in a reinforced concrete slab
Standard hollow core slabs made from the M200 cement grade have a strength of 800 kg/m2, but the dimensions of the hatch hole must correspond to the length and width of the slab so as not to reduce its strength.
For slabs 1.2 m wide - a hatch measuring 90 x 90 cm, no more.
How to punch a hole in a reinforced concrete panel for a cellar hatch:
- we cut the slabs only at the joints, calculating so that there are same sizes in width and length. For example, with a hole size of 90 x 90 cm, 45 x 90 cm for one slab and 45 x 90 cm for the other. Thus, we evenly distribute the load on each floor;
- horizontally you need to make a cut along the line of voids;
- It is impossible to cut reinforcement vertically with a grinder. Since the reinforcement rod is firmly fixed in the concrete, the angle grinder circle may simply jam. First, the rod needs to be sawed, and then broken with a crowbar or hammer.
After installing the slabs, you can make a beautiful metal frame from the corner, hiding all the unevenness of the trim.
The joints between the slabs (rusts) must be concreted in order to give rigidity to the entire structure and securely fasten the slabs together.
Slabs for garage floors significantly speed up all construction processes, but such materials are not cheap, plus you need to rent lifting equipment. Therefore, many people pour the floor slab themselves - it is much cheaper.
How to make a floor slab in a garage
How to fill a monolithic base above a basement in a garage:
- According to the size of the basement, we make formwork from old boards or plywood. We fasten such formwork from below with vertical posts or from the side with horizontal rails or a channel, in steps of a meter, one and a half;
- the slab of such a floor should be 20 cm wider than the perimeter of the basement on each side;
- We seal the formwork joints so that the concrete sets securely and the laitance does not leak out.
- We place the reinforcement cage on the laid formwork (reinforcement diameter 10-12 mm). Frame mesh pitch – 15 cm;
- All reinforcement connections must be tied with wire;
- Along the perimeter of the hatch, you must immediately weld a frame from a corner (45x45 mm);
- for such an overlap it is more reliable to use concrete grade M500;
- concrete layer thickness – not less than 20 cm;
- When installing such a floor over a basement in a garage, when pouring concrete, it is necessary to pour the screed with vibration so that the mixture is distributed as evenly as possible and fills all the voids.
Important. Such a screed can be loaded only after the concrete has completely hardened - no earlier than after 20 days.
If you use ready-made concrete with anti-frost and strengthening additives, you can be confident in the reliability and strength of the floor slab.
Floor slab repair
Most often, deformation of floors occurs due to soil shrinkage. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the location of the soil subsidence and raise the slab using the technology of lifting and repairing reinforced concrete foundations.
Small cracks and chips in the slabs simply need to be cleaned and cemented. If the crack is large, then horizontal reinforcement is performed and a concrete screed is poured over it.
Wooden floors - advantages and disadvantages
This is the most inexpensive option ceiling installations in the garage cellar, which you can do yourself. If the load on the floor in the garage is small, then you can use a floor frame made of wooden beams.
Sequence of work:
- We place the beams on the basement walls, step 70 cm - 1 meter, depending on the selected beam diameter. The load-bearing beams of the wooden floor should be aligned not along the length of the room, but across it. How smaller step between wooden beams, the more reliable the foundation of the garage floor;
- Before installation, be sure to treat wooden beams with antiseptic and moisture-proof impregnation, wrap the ends of the wooden beams with two layers of roofing material or tar them.
Compared to a reinforced concrete screed, such a ceiling in a cellar, if it is installed in a garage, is less reliable and durable, since bearing capacity coverage is significantly lower.
Insulation and waterproofing
Insulation of the ceiling in the basement is carried out from below on wooden or metal lathing or on top, on top cement screed. As insulation from budget materials will do mineral wool or foam boards.
In addition to insulation, it is imperative to pay attention to reliable waterproofing of the basement. The most common options for waterproofing a cellar:
- coating with resin in two layers of the upper floor slabs;
- covering with several layers of roofing felt;
- applying water-repellent mastic to all floor joints.
It is important not to forget about insulating the floor in the cellar. Such insulation can be done using quite accessible materials:
- a cushion of sand and gravel, followed by a layer of expanded clay or broken red brick, then a cement screed;
- insulation with a layer of clay mixed with sawdust (layer thickness at least 20 cm), but only on soils where there is no high humidity;
- insulation with ordinary sheet polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam.
Mineral wool should not be used as insulation for cellar floors - when wet, this material completely loses all its thermal insulation characteristics, so high-quality, expensive waterproofing will be necessary.
The most reliable option for insulation + waterproofing is sprayed polyurethane foam. The material creates a reliable and durable waterproof film that maintains an ideal microclimate in the cellar.
The simplest option is annual lime whitewashing.
No amount of insulation or waterproofing will help get rid of dampness in the basement if high-quality ventilation of the room is not provided.
Ventilation of the basement in the garage
Natural ventilation is inexpensive, but depends on many weather factors, so it is not reliable. If you plan to store vegetables in the garage cellar, it is better to use forced ventilation.
Important rules for installing ventilation in the garage basement:
- one end of the natural ventilation supply pipe is mounted 20 - 50 cm from the cellar floor level, and the second - 30 cm above the ground level;
- Be sure to close the outer hole of the pipe protective net and a top cover to prevent water from entering the cellar;
- the second outlet pipe is installed half a meter above the garage roof and at a level of 10 cm from the cellar ceiling level;
- forced ventilation is easy to do - just install it in the outlet pipe household fan, which can be enabled as needed.
Basement ventilation is mainly necessary in the summer, when the sharpest temperature changes are observed.
Most car owners prefer to have a garage with a concrete block basement. In such a garage you can store food, spare parts and equipment. In order to feel safe while in the garage, some basic conditions should be observed when constructing a cellar. When arranging a basement, the main attention should be paid to the design of the ceiling of the cellar. It can be varied and depend on the size of the garage, the size of the basement and the number of cars left in the garage. It is best to include a basement in the plan before starting construction of the garage. Then, during the organization of the work sequence, all design requirements can be optimally fulfilled. When arranging a cellar after the garage is built, inconveniences arise that require time and effort.
Scheme of a cellar in a garage.
The main focus should be on the strength of the concrete slabs above the basement. Its strength is greatly influenced by the support of this floor. When constructing a complex garage with a basement, standard concrete slabs are most often used as a floor. In this embodiment, the walls of the cellar are load-bearing foundation for the entire garage and at the same time a support on which the ceiling is placed. During operation, horizontal forces from the surrounding soil begin to act on the basement walls. These forces tend to deform the basement walls. Therefore, the thickness of the walls should increase in proportion to the depth of the basement. The bottom of the dug pit is covered with a layer of crushed stone 10 cm and sand 5 cm. Then strip foundation. The garage, the walls of the cellar and the ceiling will act on this foundation with all its weight. It is better to construct the basement walls from concrete blocks. But if this is a bit expensive, then instead of concrete blocks you can make the walls concrete using sliding formwork.
Layout of the cellar in the garage.
If everything is done properly, then you need to order survey work at the construction site. This will allow you to find out if there are underground communications below, for example, an electric or telephone cable, or nearby groundwater. If the garage is located on soil saturated with moisture, then you need to make a circular drainage system to remove moisture from the area adjacent to the garage. In any case, you need to waterproof the foundation and basement blocks from the outside. If the construction is on dry ground, then coating the outside of the blocks with hot bitumen in two layers is sufficient. If the soil is wet, then the blocks need to be covered with roofing felt on bitumen mastic. Expanded polystyrene is a good insulating and at the same time waterproof material. This material is highly resistant to mold and rot. Installation of such insulation is done by simply gluing the blocks on the outside. The size of the plates must be carefully adjusted to each other. The joints are also taped.
Basement layout.
If the basement is being built in a built garage, then it is impossible to use standard concrete slabs as a floor, because they are installed by a crane. The overlap is done by laying load-bearing beams. It is best to use I-beams. Motorists use pieces of railway rails purchased at scrap metal collection points for this purpose. The mine rails for the load-bearing beam will be rather weak. They can be used as cross members, laid perpendicular to the load-bearing beams. For the ends of the load-bearing beams, beds are provided on the basement walls. In general, the basement walls serve as the foundation for the entire garage. Reinforcement is placed in the space between the load-bearing beams. The lower formwork is installed on which the concrete is laid. It turns out homemade iron concrete slab.
If the size of the cellar in plan is small compared to the area of the garage, then there may be another option for covering the basement. If the car is placed in a place where there is no basement, then only an inspection ditch is installed at the place where it is installed. The basement will be located in a place where there is no load from the weight of the car and its ceiling can be made lighter. In all cases, the ceiling above the basement requires insulation. Insulation ensures the absence of wet condensation and therefore directly affects the protection metal structures from corrosion. Great value To avoid humidity, ventilation of the cellar and garage is allocated. Insulation and ventilation need to be considered in more detail.
Insulation of ceilings, walls and blocks
Cellar floor insulation scheme.
The ceiling of the cellar can be insulated in several ways. One of them is that pipes with a diameter of 25 mm are installed horizontally 15 cm from the ceiling with a fastening pitch of about 60 cm. These pipes can be attached to the walls or the ceiling. Reinforcing bars made of wire with a diameter of 8-10 mm are attached perpendicular to the pipes. They are secured with soft wire. It is better to paint the entire structure with chromium oxide, red lead or other waterproof paint. Polyethylene bags are placed in the space between the ceiling and the resulting structure. First, forest moss or chopped straw is placed in the bags and sealed with an iron. The bags are placed without a gap on top of each other and tightly together. Galvanized iron sheets, waterproof plywood or plastic film. They are used as an umbrella, from which condensate should flow through pre-arranged grooves into a bucket or some other container.
Can be used for ceiling insulation mortar with the addition of cement and sawdust. The layer of such a solution can reach 20 cm. After complete drying, a plaster solution is applied in a few days. The same method can be used to insulate basement walls. The floor is insulated using glass wool or other insulation placed between the joists under the finishing coating. If the groundwater level is high, then a drainage system should be installed around the garage. The bottom of the cellar is deepened 30 cm from the expected floor level. A layer of crushed stone of about 10 cm is poured onto the leveled soil. Sand is poured onto the crushed stone in a layer of 5 cm. All layers are compacted. The cover of the entrance to the basement is made with a lattice or mesh so that ventilation is better and small animals cannot enter. For the winter, the lid is closed with insulation.
Cellar insulation scheme.
The best insulation for floors, walls and ceilings is polyurethane foam. It is applied by spraying directly onto the insulation surface. Foam is blown all over inner surface basement The insulation fills all the cracks, penetrating into inaccessible places. Upon rapid hardening, it forms flat surface without seams or voids. Polyurethane foam has very low thermal conductivity. It is practically weightless, so it will not add additional load load-bearing structures. Using this method, the basement is insulated very quickly, and the only drawback is the high price of the material.
Space ventilation
Scheme of ventilation of the cellar and garage space.
Proper ventilation is a guarantee that moisture will not be retained in the basement. With good ventilation, dampness will not damage food supplies. Knowing how dangerous exhaust fumes can be in a garage, ventilation should be high and in the main area of the garage. In most cases it is used natural ventilation, in which air movement is carried out due to the difference in temperature of the incoming air and that available inside. If the air change is not done in sufficient volume, then it makes sense to install a fan. At this time of year, when the air temperature outside and inside the cellar is equalized, ventilation stops. There will be no ventilation even when the outside air temperature is higher than in the basement. Artificial and natural ventilation can be carried out through one channel. Artificial ventilation may have one hole.
Garage ventilation not only protects food and wall surfaces, but also the vehicle itself. When you park your car in the garage in winter, snow remains on the wheels and body. After thawing, the air becomes very humid, which increases the likelihood of corrosion of metal parts.
Working conditions
Ventilation diagram for cellar and garage.
The opening of the supply pipe is located at a distance of 10-15 cm from the cellar floor. The suction hole should be at a height of 30-40 cm above the ground. It is equipped with a mesh to prevent the penetration of small animals. The hole must be protected by a so-called deflector. This device consists of a sheet bent in an arc and attached like a mushroom to the suction hole. The deflector is designed to protect against precipitation.
For natural ventilation to work, there must be a difference in height between the suction and outlet openings in the ventilation pipes. The minimum value of such a difference to ensure a pressure drop is 3 meters.
The supply pipe should be positioned so that it is constantly exposed to wind. Lack of natural ventilation manifests itself in severe frosts when the pipe may become blocked with frost. To prevent this drawback, it is necessary to insulate the pipelines. Periodically, pipes should be cleared of snow and frost.
Cellar ventilation diagram.
It turns out that natural ventilation may have malfunctions and cannot cope with the work all year round. Therefore, a fan can be inserted into the exhaust pipe. It pushes exhaust air into the pipe and creates conditions for the influx of fresh air. The disadvantage is that during the cold season the basement and garage can get too cold. There are systems with fans at the inlet and outlet, and a two-speed fan is installed at the outlet. The ventilation control system is equipped with temperature and gas level sensors. When the garage is filled with exhaust gases, the second speed is switched on exhaust fan. Modern systems in European garages they are equipped with fans based on the need for optimal climate in the garage. All switching and fan speeds are controlled computer program. We consider the simplest devices and the ordinary garage of our domestic motorist so that the garage owner has a good understanding of the impact of ventilation and takes timely measures to eliminate failures.
Implementation results
Scheme of a garage with a cellar.
A garage with a cellar made of concrete blocks is enough reliable construction. No one denies the usefulness and functionality of such a structure. However, when installing a ceiling for a cellar in a garage, one should take into account all the nuances associated with the distribution of loads on walls made of concrete blocks, the influence of insulation and ventilation on the condition of the structure and atmosphere of the garage. When planning, you need to organize the sequence of work in such a way as to provide maximum convenience for their implementation. It is best to design a garage entirely with a concrete block basement to ensure the functionality of all devices. Neglecting insulation can damage the ceiling due to increased moisture condensation with subsequent corrosion of supporting structures.
Ventilation is also important to prevent unnecessary condensation. Insufficient waterproofing of walls and foundation, as well as lack of circular drainage system may lead to basement flooding. Such a garage will turn into a breeding ground for mosquitoes with a swampy smell.
For owners of private houses, a cellar is an indispensable building for storing food. long time. arranged below ground level.
This design has many advantages - space on the site remains free, stable temperature is maintained throughout the year. The ceiling of the cellar, made in accordance with building codes, must ensure the strength of the structure and maintain the required temperature and humidity conditions.
Before you start building a cellar with your own hands, you need to consider the following points:
- work begins with the layout of the room;
- determine the level of groundwater. Waterproofing the room is necessary if the groundwater level is higher than the cellar floor. For this purpose, as a rule, roofing felt and brick are used. – important point, which affects the temperature and humidity of the room.
Upon completion of the work related to the construction of walls and waterproofing of the room, the question arises - how to cover the cellar.
Types of floors
To ensure the tightness of cellars, various designs are used, which include:
- solid reinforced concrete slabs;
- reinforced concrete monolithic prefabricated elements;
- load-bearing beams;
- wooden structures;
- monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets.
A common option, practical and reliable, is a monolithic reinforced concrete block made of concrete and a reinforcement frame.
Monolithic ceiling
The cellar is covered with concrete after the construction of wooden formwork. The dimensions of the ceiling must exceed the dimensions of the room. Special supports must support the formwork structure after pouring it with concrete and during drying. The formwork is pre-sealed to prevent the solution from leaking out during pouring.
After installing the formwork, the frame of the concrete slab is tied. Reinforcement mesh the frame should protrude beyond the cellar walls by a few centimeters on all sides. The interval between the mesh rods is 20-25 cm. A single-layer reinforcement frame ensures reliability, but to increase strength it is recommended to perform two-layer reinforcement. 
Then the process of pouring the concrete composition begins, which forms the future slab; Usually, the height of the slab does not exceed 30 cm. Concrete is poured evenly, continuously, until the entire slab is formed.
During pouring, concrete is vibrated with a regular board or reinforcement to prevent the formation of air cavities. Correct filling composition will make the ceiling monolithic and durable, which will last for decades. After pouring, the concrete slab should stand for a month until it hardens completely.
According to experts, covering a cellar with your own hands is durable and effective. The high strength of the monolithic structure allows it to be used as a foundation for the construction of various buildings.
Plates
Floors made from prefabricated monolithic slabs can be used for various types cellars To carry out construction work It is required to hire special lifting equipment. In this case, the dimensions of the cellar are adjusted to the dimensions of the slab at the stage of developing the room.
Several slabs are laid on the cellar. A thermal insulation layer is placed in the hollow spaces of the slabs. The joints between the slabs are sealed with concrete. This method of construction significantly reduces the time required to complete the work.
Using beams
Method of overlapping on load-bearing beams. How to cover the cellar? It is possible to use ordinary rails. I-beams also have high strength as load-bearing beams. 
Metal load-bearing beams can be used to cover the cellar. Ordinary rails, which can be purchased at metal depots or scrap metal collection points, are suitable for this purpose.
With this method of constructing the ceiling of the cellar, at the stage of building the walls, it is necessary to provide for the presence of special grooves for attaching load-bearing beams. A ceiling with beams will place significant loads on the walls, so the walls should be as strong as possible.
Work order:
- The load-bearing beams are placed in pre-prepared grooves in the wall. Beams can have significant weight, so it is more convenient to lay them together.
- Reinforcing bars fixed with wire are installed in the space between the beams.
- Wooden formwork is installed and applied to it. waterproofing layer. After installing the formwork, supports are installed that can withstand the load of cement mortar.
- The concrete solution is poured evenly into the formwork without interruptions. The solution is compacted with wooden tampers so that there are no voids in the thickness of the structure.
Thermal waterproofing of concrete floors
The ceiling requires high-quality thermal insulation. For this purpose you can use almost any thermal insulation material, from those on sale. Concrete floor made in this way can withstand heavy loads. After waterproofing work, the ceiling can be covered with soil on top or additionally protected from precipitation by a gable roof.
Wooden structures
Wooden beams are a time-tested material for flooring. Work order:
- treat all wooden parts of the structure with an antiseptic;
- wrap the supporting surfaces of the beams with two layers of roofing material;
- install wooden beams on top part cellar walls;
- use small strips to secure the end part of the beams, creating a basis for the rolling boards;
- lay the plank, securing it with self-tapping screws.
Before covering with wooden beams, waterproofing is laid
Cover with corrugated sheets
Monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets – modern way to cover the cellar. The technology does not require significant costs and reduces work time.
An I-beam is placed in the grooves on the cellar wall. A sheet of corrugated board is installed on the I-beam. The corrugation is oriented with its extension downwards. Fastening is done with self-tapping screws at the joints and at the junctions with the beams.
Longitudinal reinforcement is placed in each rib with a pitch of 190-200 mm and connected to a transverse rod placed on top of the sheet in vertical sections. Supports are evenly mounted between the beams to avoid deflection of the corrugated sheet. Concrete is poured. A month later, the supports are dismantled.
In another embodiment, corrugated sheeting is laid on the inner shelf of the I-beam. Laying is carried out along the length of the sheet, i.e. corrugations across the span of beams. The structure is fixed with self-tapping screws. Reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured over the entire thickness of the I-beam.
In the third option, corrugated sheeting is installed without supporting beams. Installation is carried out with the support of corrugated sheets and reinforcement on the walls with temporary supporting supports. The corrugated sheet is fixed on the embedded columns with a metal anchor. The reinforcement is welded to the embedded columns at all points of contact. It is recommended to fill the ceiling with concrete at one time.
Ventilation
When choosing options for how to cover the cellar, you need to think about installing ventilation in advance. At the stage of installing the ceiling, it is recommended to make holes for the subsequent installation of ventilation pipes.
The safety of food in storage largely depends on high-quality ventilation. Best ventilation will be provided by two pipes, one of which will be an exhaust pipe and the other a supply pipe. The pipes are placed diagonally in opposite corners, due to which the air circulation will be more intense.
One of the asbestos-cement pipes should be lowered almost to the basement floor and not reach 15-20 cm. The other pipe should be installed almost at the level of the basement ceiling and protrude no more than 5-7 cm.
Objects should not be located near the pipes so as not to interfere with air flow. To prevent precipitation, debris, insects and rodents from entering the cellar, above ventilation pipes caps are mounted, and a metal mesh is installed inside the pipe.
Floor insulation
Floor insulation - another one important stage construction along with waterproofing and thermal insulation of walls. The thermal insulation layer can be created with a cement mortar with wood sawdust approximately 4 cm thick.
High level of thermal insulation provides modern material polyurethane foam. The advantage of the material is ease of installation; it practically does not increase the weight of the insulated surface. Disadvantage: the material is expensive.
How to fill a ceiling in a cellar - the answer to the question depends on financial capabilities and individual preferences. The right choice will make the room functional and durable.