]

I would like to tell you about telecommunications and their developing.

We can not deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in the information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange that is why all types of telecommunication are under the permanent developing.

Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means. Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets you use working time more effectively. Considering that the main service of a mobile connection operator is providing high quality connection, much attention in the telecommunication market is paid to the spectrum of services that cell network subscriber may receive.

Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone or to take a picture or to take a short movie, using our video cell phone.

Late in the nineteenth century, communication facilities were augmented by a new invention - telephone. In the USA its use expanded slowly and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company controlled 855,000 telephones.

After 1900, telephone installations extended much more rapidly in all the wealthier countries. The number of telephones in use in the world grew at almost 100 per cent per decade. But long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with telegraphic business. A greater contribution to long-range communication came with the development of wireless technology.

Before the outbreak of the First World War, wireless telegraphy was established as a means of regular communication with ships at sea and provided a valuable supplement to existing telegraph lines. In the next few years the telephone systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by radio. Far more immediate was the influence that radio had through broadcasting and by television, which followed it at an interval of about twenty-five years.

Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure of our society as roads or electricity, and competition will make them cheaper. Losses from lower prices will be countered by higher usage. Most important of all, by cutting out the need to install costly cables and microwave transmitters, the new telephones could be a boon to the remote and poor regions of the earth. Even today, half the world's population lives more than two hours away from a telephone.

Satellite phones are not going to deliver all their benefits at once.

Lots of other new communication services — on-line film libraries, personal computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily as they can be used for writing letters, terrestrial mobile-telephone systems cheap enough to replace old sets — are already technically possible.

Text translation: Developing of Telecommunications - Development of telecommunications

I would like to tell you about telecommunications and its development.

We cannot deny the role of telecommunications in our lives. The Internet, telephone, telegraph, cell phone, radio, television - all these are means of communication. We currently live in the information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange, which is why all types of telecommunications are in the process of constant development.

Currently, hundreds of millions of people use wireless communications. The cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige, but has become a tool that allows you to use your work time more efficiently. Taking into account the fact that the operator mobile communications provides high-quality communications, the telecommunications market is now paying more attention to the range of services provided that a network client can receive.

Today, using our cell video phone, we can easily connect to the Internet, take photos or make a short film.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the means of communication were replenished with a new invention - the telephone. In the US, development of the telephone was slow, and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company operated 855,000 telephones.

After 1900, telephone installation progressed rapidly in all rich countries. The number of telephones used grew by almost 100% every ten years. Long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with the telegraph business. The development of radio made a great contribution to the development of long-distance telephone communications.

Before the outbreak of World War I, radiotelegraph became a regular means of communication between ships at sea and a significant addition to already existing telegraph lines. Over the next few years, the telephone systems of all world powers were connected to each other by radio. Radio had a much stronger influence through radio broadcasting and television, which came about twenty-five years after the advent of radio.

Phones are as much a part of our society's infrastructure as roads or electricity, and competition makes them cheaper. Losses due to low tariffs will be compensated by a larger number of users. Most importantly, by eliminating the need for expensive cable and microwave transmitters, the new telephones were a "great boon" to remote and poor areas. Even today, half of all people on the planet live more than two hours from the nearest telephone.

All the benefits of using satellite phones will not appear immediately.

A large number of other new communication services, such as online movie libraries, personal computers that can send video clips and sound files as easily as typing letters, earthly mobile phone systems cheap enough to replace older systems - all are already technically possible.

Used literature:
1. 100 topics of English oral (Kaverina V., Boyko V., Zhidkikh N.) 2002
2. English for schoolchildren and those entering universities. Oral examination. Topics. Texts for reading. Exam questions. (Tsvetkova I.V., Klepalchenko I.A., Myltseva N.A.)
3. English, 120 Topics. English language, 120 conversation topics. (Sergeev S.P.)

Communicating over long distances has been a challenge throughout history. In ancient times, runners were used to carry important between messages rulers or other important people. Other forms of long-distance communication included smoke signals, chains of searchlights and flags to send a message from one tower to another, carrier pigeons, and horses. Modern telecommunications began with the discovery that electricity can be used to transmit a signal. For the first time, a signal could be sent faster than any other mode of transportation. The first practical telecommunications device to make use of this discovery was the telegraph.

1. The Telegraph

Beginning in the mid-1800s, the telegraph delivered the first inter-city, transcontinental, and transoceanic messages in the world. The telegraph revolutionized the way people communicated by providing messages faster than any other means provided at the time. American art professor Samuel F.B. Morse pursued an interest in electromagnetism to create a practical electromagnetic telegraph in 1837. Morse partnered with Alfred Vail and was able to commercialize the technology with financial support from the U.S. government. In 1843 Morse built a demonstration telegraph link between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland. On May 24, 1844, the network was inaugurated for commercial use with the message, "What hath God wrought!"

Telegraph use quickly spread; the first transcontinental link was completed in 1861 between San Francisco, California, and Washington, D.C. Railroad companies and newspapers were the first major telegraphy users. Telegraph lines were constructed parallel to railroad beds. Telegraphy helped the railroads manage traffic and allowed news organizations to distribute stories quickly to local newspapers. Within a few years, several telegraph companies were in operation, each with its own network of telegraph wires. Consolidation occurred in the telegraph industry (as it has in numerous telecommunications industries), and by the 1870s the Western Union Telegraph Company emerged as the dominant operator.

2. Commercial Growth of the Telephone

In 1876 American inventor Alexander Graham Bell ushered in a new era of voice and sound telecommunication when he uttered to his assistant the words, "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you," using a prototype telephone. Bell received the patent for the first telephone, but he had to fight numerous legal challenges to his patent from other inventors with similar devices. Bell was able to make his prototype telephone work and attract financial backers, and his company grew. The telephone was a vast improvement over the telegraph system, which could only transmit coded words and numbers, not the sound of a human voice. Telegraph messages had to be deciphered by trained operators, written down, and then delivered by hand to the receiving party, all of which took time. The telephone transmitted actual sound messages and made telecommunication immediate. Improved switching technology (the technology used to transfer calls from one local network to another) meant individual telephones could be connected for personal conversations.

The first commercial telephone line was installed in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1877. Early telephones required direct connections to other telephones, but this problem was solved with telephone exchange switches, the first of which was installed in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1878. A telephone exchange linked telephones in a given area together, so a connection between the telephone and the exchange was all that was needed. Telephones were much more convenient and personal than telegrams, and their use quickly spread. By 1913 telephone lines from New York City to San Francisco had been established, and by 1930 radio signals could transmit telephone calls between New York and London, England. Eventually, long-distance telephone service in the United States was consolidated into one company, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now known as AT&T Corp.), which was a regulated monopoly.

Developing of Telecommunications

I would like to tell you about telecommunications and their developing.

We can not deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in the information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange that is why all types of telecommunication are under the permanent developing.

Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means. Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets you use working time more effectively. Considering that the main service of a mobile connection operator is providing high quality connection, much attention in the telecommunication market is paid to the spectrum of services that cell network subscriber may receive.

Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone or to take a picture or to take a short movie, using our video cell phone.

Late in the nineteenth century, communication facilities were augmented by a new invention - telephone. In the USA its use expanded slowly and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company controlled 855,000 telephones.

After 1900, telephone installations extended much more rapidly in all the wealthier countries. The number of telephones in use in the world grew at almost 100 per cent per decade. But long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with telegraphic business. A greater contribution to long-range communication came with the development of wireless technology.

Before the outbreak of the First World War, wireless telegraphy was established as a means of regular communication with ships at sea and provided a valuable supplement to existing telegraph lines. In the next few years the telephone systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by radio. Far more immediate was the influence that radio had through broadcasting and by television, which followed it at an interval of about twenty-five years.

Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure of our society as roads or electricity, and competition will make them cheaper. Losses from lower prices will be countered by higher usage. Most important of all, by cutting out the need to install costly cables and microwave transmitters, the new telephones could be a boon to the remote and poor regions of the earth. Even today, half the world's population lives more than two hours away from a telephone.

Satellite phones are not going to deliver all their benefits at once.

Lots of other new communication services - on-line film libraries, personal computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily as they can be used for writing letters, terrestrial mobile-telephone systems cheap enough to replace old sets - are already technically possible.

Telecommunications development

I would like to tell you about telecommunications and its development.

We cannot deny the role of telecommunications in our lives. Internet, telephone, telegraph, cell phone, radio, television - all these are means of communication. We currently live in the information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange, which is why all types of telecommunications are in the process of constant development.

Currently, hundreds of millions of people use wireless communications. The cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige, but has become a tool that allows you to use your work time more efficiently. Taking into account the fact that the mobile operator provides high quality communications, the telecommunications market is now paying more attention to the range of services provided that a network client can receive.

Today, using our cell video phone, we can easily connect to the Internet, take photos or make a short film.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the means of communication were replenished with a new invention - the telephone. In the US, development of the telephone was slow, and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company operated 855,000 telephones.

After 1900, telephone installation progressed rapidly in all rich countries. The number of telephones used grew by almost 100% every ten years. Long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with the telegraph business. The development of radio made a great contribution to the development of long-distance telephone communications.

Before the outbreak of World War I, radiotelegraph became a regular means of communication between ships at sea and a significant addition to already existing telegraph lines. Over the next few years, the telephone systems of all world powers were connected to each other by radio. Radio had a much stronger influence through radio broadcasting and television, which came about twenty-five years after the advent of radio.

Phones are as much a part of our society's infrastructure as roads or electricity, and competition makes them cheaper. Losses due to low tariffs will be compensated by a larger number of users. Most importantly, by eliminating the need for expensive cable and microwave transmitters, the new telephones were a "great boon" to remote and poor areas. Even today, half of all people on the planet live more than two hours from the nearest telephone.

All the benefits of using satellite phones will not appear immediately.

A large number of other new communication services, such as online movie libraries, personal computers that can send video clips and sound files as easily as typing letters, earthly mobile phone systems cheap enough to replace older systems - all are already technically possible.

Questions:

1. What means of telecommunication do you know?
2. Why do we try to develop all types of telecommunication?
3. Can we connect to the Internet using our cell phone today?
4. What was invented late in the nineteenth century?
5. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?
6. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the outbreak of the First World War?
7. What new telecommunication services do you know?

Vocabulary:
telecommunication - telecommunication, long-distance communication; telephone, telegraph, radio
to develop - to develop, improve
to deny - deny, refuse.
cell phone - mobile phone
exchange - exchange
permanent - permanent
tool - tool
effectively - effectively
to consider - consider, believe
operator - operator
to provide - provide, supply
network - network, system
subscriber - subscriber, client
to receive - to receive, accept, perceive
facility - equipment, apparatus, devices
to augment - increase, add
invention - invention
to expand - expand, increase
installation - installation, placement
to extend - to distribute, expand
to grow (past grew, p.p. grown) - grow, increase
gradually - gradually, little by little
to compete - compete, compete
contribution - assistance, contribution
wireless - wireless, remote
outbreak - (z) sudden onset
to establish - establish, create
valuable - valuable, useful
supplement - addition, addition
immediate - sudden, urgent, immediate
influence - impact, influence
to broadcast (past broadcast, p.p. broadcast) - broadcast, broadcast
interval - interval, interval
infrastructure - infrastructure
electricity - electricity
microwave - microwave
transmitter - transmitter
boon - benefit, gift; advantage, convenience
remote - distant, distant
benefits - services, benefits, privileges
terrestrial - earthly, terrestrial

By David Goddy (Associate Editor, Scholastic Update)

The public"s right to know is one of the central principles of American society. The men who wrote the Constitution of the United States resented the strict control that the American colonies" British rulers had imposed over ideas and information they did not like. Instead, these men are determined, that the power of knowledge should be placed in the hands of the people.

"Knowledge will forever govern ignorance," asserted James Madison, the fourth president and an early proponent of press freedom. "And a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives."

THE FIRST AMENDMENT

To assure a healthy and uninhibited flow of information, the framers of the new government included press freedom among the basic human rights protected in the new nation"s Bill of Rights. These first 10 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States became law in 1791 . The First Amendment says, in part, that "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press..."

That protection from control by the federal government meant that anyone - rich or poor, regardless of his political or religious belief - could generally publish what he wished. The result, Madison declared, was that the power to decide what was harmful behavior "is in the people over the Government and not in the Government over the people."

Ever since, the First Amendment has served as the conscience and shield of all Americans who reported the news, who wished to make their opinions public, or who desired to influence public opinion. Over the past two centuries, however, the means of communication - what we now call the "media" - have grown immensely more complex. In Madison's day, the media, created by printing presses, were few and simple - newspapers, pamphlets and books. Today the media also include television, radio, films and cable TV. The term "the press" has expanded to refer now to any news operation in any media, not just print. These various organizations are also commonly called the "news media."

This media explosion has created an intricate and instantaneous nerve system shaping the values ​​and culture of American society. News and entertainment are beamed from one end of the American continent to another. The result is that the United States has been tied together more tightly, and the media have helped to reduce regional differences and customs. People all over the country watch the same shows often at the same time. The media bring the American people a common and shared experience - the same news, the same entertainment, the same advertising.

Indeed, Americans are surrounded by information from the time they wake in the morning until the time they sleep at night. A typical office worker, for instance, is awakened by music from an alarm-clock radio. During breakfast, he reads the local newspaper and watches an early morning news show on TV. If he drives to work, he listens to news, music and traffic reports on his car"s radio. At his office, he reads business papers and magazines to check on industry developments. Perhaps he helps plan an advertising campaign for his company"s product. At home, after dinner, he watches the evening news on TV. Then he flips through the over 20 channels offered by cable TV to find his favorite show or a ballgame or a recent Hollywood movie. In bed, he reads himself to sleep with a magazine or a book.

Our typical office worker, like most Americans, takes all this for granted. Yet this dizzying array of media choices is the product of nearly 300 years of continual information revolution. Technological advances have speeded up the way information is gathered and distributed. Court cases have gradually expanded the media's legal protections. And, because the news media in the United States have been businesses which depend on advertising and sales, owners have always stressed appealing to the widest possible audiences.

Our world is becoming an increasingly complex place in which, we are very dependent on other people and organizations. An event in some distant part of the globe can rapidly and significantly affect the quality of life in our home country.

This increasing dependence, on both a national and international scale, forced us to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers, enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken. These systems are operating all around us in military, civil, commercial and industrial fields.

A worldwide system of satellites has been created and it is possible to transmit signals around the globe by bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station and then to another satellite and soon.

Originally designed to carry voice messages, they are able to carry hundreds of thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are being adopted to provide for business communications, including the transmission of voice and facsimile messages, data and video data.

It is probable that future wide use of satellites in the area of ​​telecommunications will provide a great variety of information services to transmit directly into our homes, possibly including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is at the heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is not less important- There will be a further convergence between the technologies of computing and telecommunications. The change of this kind will lead us to the database culture, the cashless society, the office at home, the gigabit-per-second data network.

One cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of these concepts will be very significant. Already, advanced systems of communication are affecting both the layman and the technician.

The new global satellite-communication systems offer three kinds of service.

The first one is voice messages. Satellite telephones are able to make calls from anywhere on the? Earth to anywhere else. That makes them especially useful to use in remote, third-world villages (some of which already use stationary satellite telephones), for explorers. Today's mobile phones depend on earth-bound transmitters, whose technical standards vary from country to country. Satellite telephones can solve this problem, but it is not a cheap service.

The second service is messaging. Satellite messages have the same global coverage as satellite telephones, but carry text alone, which is extremely useful for those with laptop computers. As we see, the Internet works in space too. The only problem for ordinary users is one-way transmissions. This problem is solved by using combine transmissions, when you make a call using land communications and receive ordered information through your plate satellite.

The third service is tracking. Voice and messaging systems also tell their users where they are to within a few hundred meters. Combined with the messaging service, the location service could help rescue teams, to find lost adventurers, the police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the progress of cargoes and so on. Satellite systems provide better positioning information to anyone who has a receiver for their signals.

To my thinking, satellite method of communication is the future for all kind of telecommunications.

Satellites and telecommunications

Our world is becoming an increasingly complex place in which we are highly dependent on other people and organizations. An incident in some remote place on the globe can immediately and significantly affect the standard of living of people in our home country.

This increasing dependence at the national and international level has forced us to create rapid response systems that decide what measures to take, defensive or offensive. These systems operate around us in military, civil, commercial and industrial fields.

A worldwide system of satellites was created and now signals can be sent around the world, transmitting them from a satellite to the ground, from here to another satellite, etc.

Originally designed to transmit voice messages, they are capable of transmitting hundreds of thousands of individual, simultaneous requests. These systems are used to support business communications, including voice or fax messages, data and video.

It is likely that the widespread use of satellites in telecommunications in the future will provide a huge variety of services to transmit information directly to our homes, including perhaps personal email. The electronic computer is the heart of many systems of this kind, but the role of telecommunications is no less important. The convergence of computer and telecommunications technologies will continue in the future. Changes of this kind will lead us to an information culture, to a society in which there will be no cash, to an office at home, to gigabit data transmission channels.

There is no doubt that the economic and social impact of these concepts will be very significant. Already now, advanced communication systems are affecting both the average person and those with a technical background. Complex functions are performed by people using state-of-the-art terminals that are designed to be as convenient as a regular telephone.

New global satellite communications systems offer three types of services.

The first is voice messages. Satellite phones are capable of establishing communication from anywhere on Earth. This makes them particularly useful for use in remote settlements in third world countries (some of which already use landline satellite phones) and for researchers. Today's mobile phones rely on terrestrial transmitters, the technical standards of which vary from country to country. Satellite phones can solve this problem, but the service is not cheap.

The second type of service is sending messages. Satellite messages have the same global coverage as satellite phones but carry text only, which is extremely useful for laptop and desktop users. The only problem

for ordinary users - one-way transfers. This problem is solved by using a combined method, when you make a request using Earth's terrestrial communications, and receive the ordered information through your satellite dish.

The third type of service is tracking. Voice and messaging systems also transmit their location to their users with an accuracy of several hundred meters. The system's voice and alert service also informs its users of their location with an accuracy of several hundred meters. Satellite positioning services can help rescue teams find lost travelers, police find stolen cars, and exporters track the progress of their cargo. For those who have receivers to receive satellite signals, satellite positioning systems provide the most accurate location information.

In my opinion, satellite communication is the future of all types of telecommunications.

Questions:

1. Can some events in some distant part of the globe rapidly and significantly affect the quality of life in our home country?

2. Why are we forced to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers, enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken nowadays?

3. Has a worldwide system of satellites been already created?

4. What does a worldwide system of satellites provide?

5. What services do the new global satellite-communication systems of fer?

Vocabulary:

increasingly - more and more

complex - complex

dependent - subordinate, dependent

the globe - world, globe

to affect - to influence

scale - scale

to force - force, coerce

to respond - respond, react

immediately - immediately, immediately

to enable - to give the opportunity or right to smth.

appropriate - suitable, appropriate

offensive - aggressive, offensive

worldwide system - worldwide system

to transmit - transmit, broadcast

to bounce - building pass along the chain

to design - to develop, intend

separate - separate

simultaneous - simultaneous

facsimile message - facsimile message, fax

convergence - convergence, convergence at one point

to lead (past led, p.p. led) - lead, guide, lead

network - system, network

to doubt - to doubt

impact - push, blow, impulse

concept

significant - significant, important, substantial

layman - non-professional, amateur

to offer - to offer

to make (past made, p.p. made) call - call

remote - distant, distant; remote

explorer - researcher

to depend on - depend on

transmitter - transmitter

to vary - change, change, diversify

to solve - solve

coverage - coverage, coverage area, coverage

laptop - laptop, small portable computer

one-way transmission - one-way transmission

tracking - tracking, tracking

within - within, within

rescue - rescue

adventurer - adventurer, traveler

stolen - stolen

receiver - receiver