Brick as a building material has been known for a very long time. Mention of it can be found in the Bible, in stories about the times after the Great Flood.

The construction of brick houses is deeply rooted in history; in any country there are many such buildings, which are decades old. There are long-lived houses built 150, or even 200 years ago. Brick always remains the most sought after and popular building material in the world.

Why did builders love this material so much? Here we can highlight several clear advantages.

Strength

In construction they use M100, M125, M150, M175. The digital index after the letter indicates strength and indicates that this type withstands loads of 100, 125, 150, 175 kg/cm2. Brand M100 is suitable for building a house with a height of 3 floors.

Durability

The house that good thickness brick built from quality material and according to all the rules of house construction, it can last for more than a century.

Environmental friendliness

The brick contains natural substances that do not contain harmful impurities - clay, sand, water. It also allows air to pass through, “breathes” and does not rot.

Versatility, aesthetics

And the styling technology brings to life the most daring architectural projects. Individual style brick house will give it originality and uniqueness.

Frost resistance

Extensive experience in using bricks in construction and testing them in different climatic zones confirm that this material has high frost resistance, which is designated F25, F35, F50.

The digital index indicates the amount of freezing and thawing of a brick in a water-saturated state, after which irreversible changes begin in it.

Fire safety

Brick is a fire-resistant material that meets all fire extinguishing standards and rules, and the thickness of the walls is brick house will not allow the fire to spread from room to room.

Soundproofing

Brick is a good insulating material, much better than wood and reinforced concrete panels. in a brick house it protects well from street noise.

Minimum wall thickness

One of the main characteristics of a brick house is the thickness of the walls. Regular size ceramic bricks is 250x120x65 mm. Building codes and regulations accept a value that is a multiple of 12 (the length of half a brick) to determine the thickness of walls.

It turns out that the thickness of the wall is:

• half a brick - 120 mm;
• in one brick - 250 mm;
• one and a half bricks - 380 mm (10 mm is added to the thickness of the seam between the bricks);
• in two bricks - 510 mm (10 mm per seam);
• two and a half bricks - 640 mm.

The same building codes clearly define minimum thickness brick wall. It should be in the range from 1/20 to 1/25 of the floor height. A simple calculation shows that if it is 3 meters, then the walls should be at least 150 mm thick. A brick wall with a thickness of less than 150 mm is suitable for simple internal partitions.

External load-bearing brick walls

The strength and stability of the entire building is ensured by the external walls. They are called load-bearing because they distribute the entire load acting on the building. They bear the weight of floors, higher walls, roofing, operational load (furniture, things, people) and snow.

The starting point for any masonry is the corners of the building. A beacon is made on each of them (a corner is made of bricks, aligned vertically and with the axes of the building). Corner masonry rises 6-8 rows. It is recommended to reinforce the corners of external walls with a metal mesh made of wire with a diameter of 6 mm. Then, twine is stretched between the beacons at the level of the top brick along the edge of the wall, which marks the outer axis of the structure. Brickwork is carried out from one lighthouse to another, the thickness of the walls consists of an outer part, an inner part and a middle part, which is filled with insulation or filled with other material. Bricks are placed on the wall with a bandage; after three or five spoon rows, one bond row is required. There are many brick laying schemes. Depending on the chosen scheme, the order of placement of the spoon and butt rows may differ. The same applies to seams; they should not be located on top of each other. Using halves and quarters, the brick can be easily moved to the side relative to the bottom row. After laying several rows, the verticality of the wall is checked with a level to avoid various curvatures of the plane, which could spoil the aesthetic appearance of the building.

The thickness of the brick load-bearing wall is selected based on the characteristics environment and your own capabilities. But for any calculations, it should not be less than 380 mm (laying “one and a half bricks”). IN northern regions the thickness is usually increased to 510 mm, or even up to 640 mm.

To reduce the load of the walls on the foundation and lighten the structure, the outer walls are laid from hollow bricks. It is unprofitable to make continuous masonry; it is expensive and reduces the thermal protection of the building.

Wall insulation

Often they use a technology in which masonry is carried out with the construction of wells. It consists of two walls, 140-270 mm apart from each other, with obligatory ligation of rows every 650-1200 mm. The wells between the masonry are filled with insulation with mandatory compaction. This can be lightweight concrete, slag, expanded clay, sawdust, etc. When using them, the thermal protection of the building increases by 10-15%.

The most effective insulation is polystyrene foam. Its use allows you to reduce the thickness of the walls to 290 mm (brick 120 mm + foam plastic 50 mm + brick 120 mm). And if you leave a well 100 mm wide (for two layers of foam plastic laid with overlapping seams), then such a wall in terms of thermal conductivity will be equivalent to solid masonry 640 mm thick. A brick wall, the thickness of which is 290 mm, must be additionally reinforced with mesh every 5 rows.

To make housing even more comfortable, they arrange additional insulation from outside or inside the building. Polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam, mineral wool and other soft or hard materials. With them you can increase it up to 100%.

Internal load-bearing walls

Buildings with a length or width of more than five and a half meters are separated along the long side by internal load-bearing walls. They are used for end support of the ceilings or coverings of the structure.

The thickness of internal brick walls is made smaller than external ones, because insulation is not required here, but not less than 250 mm (brick laying). All load-bearing walls, both external and internal, are interconnected and, along with the foundation and roof, form a single structure - the skeleton of the building. All loads acting on the structure are evenly distributed over its area. The junctions of the external and internal walls are reinforced with meshes or separate reinforcement through 5 rows of masonry. The walls are made at least 510 mm wide and they are also reinforced. If it is necessary to install pillars as load-bearing supports, then the cross-section of the structures must be at least 380x380 mm (one and a half brick masonry). They are also reinforced with 3-6 mm wire every 5 rows along the height of the masonry.

Partitions

These walls make a zonal division of the space of large rooms. Since the partitions are not load-bearing, and they are not subject to any load other than their own weight, here you can choose which brick wall thickness is most suitable for a given room.

Partitions 120 mm thick (half-brick masonry) are installed mainly between rooms and bathrooms. If you need to separate a small room such as a storage room, then it is possible to lay out a wall 65 mm thick (on-edge masonry). But such a partition must be reinforced with 3 mm wire every 2-3 rows of masonry in height, if its length is more than one and a half meters.

To lighten the weight and reduce the load on the floor, partitions are made of hollow or porous ceramic bricks.

Masonry mortar

If external masonry The walls are being “under jointing”, then how aesthetically pleasing the brick wall will look depends on the quality, composition and correct application of the mortar. The thickness of the seams must be the same everywhere, and they must be filled completely; voids are not allowed. The solution must be prepared before starting work and applied within two hours. For plasticity, clay, lime or marble pulp is added to it.

For horizontal seams, a thickness of 10 to 15 mm is used, for vertical seams - from 8 to 10 mm.

When constructing a brick building, you need to know that any deviation from the project can subsequently lead to unpredictable consequences. The stability and strength of brick load-bearing walls can be easily reduced if:

• reduce their thickness;
• increase their height;
• increase the area or number of openings;
• reduce the width of the walls between the openings;
• arrange additional niches or channels in the walls;
• use heavier floors.

A brick wall whose thickness is less than the design thickness must be additionally reinforced.

All changes to the project must be made by specialists; this cannot be done independently.

Brick buildings have obvious advantages that put them one step above houses made of any other materials. Made according to original designs, they have their own style and charm. And also this good option for investing funds and transferring real estate to descendants by inheritance.

With the rhythm modern life More and more people are moving from stuffy city apartments to their own for weekends, and often for permanent residence. country houses and dachas. It’s good if this house has already been built and you don’t need to know what walls are. But most often, owners build and equip their holiday home themselves.

Brick houses are considered the warmest and most durable in operation, although such construction is not cheap.

You can build a lightweight prefabricated slatted house or similar structures and enjoy nature all summer long. But this option is definitely not suitable for winter.

If you are going to visit country house year-round or live there permanently, then the ideal design for the external walls of your home will be.

Types of materials

Brickwork is done using two materials: mortar and brick. Bricks are usually silicate or ceramic. Silicate has the following parameters: 250 x 120 x 88 mm. Ceramic (clay) has other parameters: 250 x 120 x 65 mm. All brick faces have separate names:

• spoon - edge 250 x 65 mm;
• poke - edge 120 x 65 mm;
• bed - with edge 250-120 mm.

The grade is the main indicator of the strength of a brick; it indicates its strength under compression. For the construction of external walls of a small structure, a country house or a private house, brick grade 100 or 75 is suitable. Clay (ceramic) material is used to make the walls of the basement, basement, external walls and internal partitions of the building, as well as furnaces. Silicate material is used more often to make external walls of domestic and commercial structures.

Between the load-bearing brick wall and the outer layer it is necessary to provide space for insulation. The thickness of the load-bearing brick wall depends on climatic conditions and design features buildings.

Before you begin to build the first row, it is necessary to correctly calculate the thickness of the external walls, taking into account the number of floors and structure of the building and climatic conditions region. The thickness of external walls is a multiple of half the length of one face of the brick plus the thickness masonry joints:

• wall thickness 250 mm - 1 brick masonry;
• wall thickness 380 mm - 1.5 bricks;
• wall thickness 510 mm - 2 bricks;
• wall thickness 640 mm - 2.5 bricks.

Depending on the chosen masonry design, the material consumption is approximately equal to 1 sq.m.; 50-55 pcs. The wall will turn out beautiful if the material is of the correct shape, without cracks, with straight edges and has no other defects. To increase thermal performance and reduce the weight of the external wall structure, lightweight hollow bricks are used, the weight of which is 20% less than solid bricks.

Mortars for brickwork

There are three types:

• cement-based;
• on limestone;
• on cement-lime.

Cement-based mortars are prepared from cement and sand in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:6, depending on the required grade of cement for the construction of the structure. To do this, mix the dry mixture in the required ratio, mix thoroughly, add water and stir until smooth. It is more convenient to use a concrete mixer.

The mortar for laying bricks must be mixed before use so that it does not lose its plasticity.

It is necessary to take into account that the masonry of external walls laid on cement mortar is cold. Besides this, it is quite tough.

Lime mortar is warm, but its strength is inferior to cement mortar. Based on the rules, to prepare the lime mixture, you need to strain the milk of lime through a sieve and add sifted fine sand.

The mixture should be thoroughly mixed and water should be added in small portions. The thickness depends on the amount of water. It is recommended to add no more than 2-3 parts of sand to 1 part slaked lime. To increase the strength of the mortar, you can add a small portion of clay or cement to it. The construction of external walls for a residential building using such a solution is rarely used; this mixture is more suitable for laying stoves.

Taking these rules as a basis, the cement-lime mortar is mixed in the same way as lime mortar, but clean sand is replaced with a dry mixture of cement and sand in the required proportion. The excellent plasticity of cement-lime mortar is suitable for almost all types of brickwork. A device of this design will be reliable and warm.

Methods and types of masonry

The following masonry methods exist:

• end to end;
• end-to-end with trimming;
• half-sitting (forgetful);
• press it.

When choosing a method, it is necessary to take into account the plasticity of the solution, the humidity of the material, the time of year, as well as the requirements for appearance facade. Each has its own characteristics and rules.

The sequence of actions when laying by the end-to-end method: a – spoon row; b – butt row.

When using the back-to-back method, a layer of cement-sand mixture is laid out evenly, approximately 3 cm thick, leaving a small ridge at the edge of the wall to fill the vertical joints. In order to do end-to-end laying, you should take 2 bricks and lay them flat at a slight angle at a distance of 10 cm from the already laid bricks. Carefully turning, move the bricks towards the already laid ones. When moving with the front edge, a ridge of mortar is obtained, filling the vertical and horizontal joints.

The device of brickwork with trimming is used when completely filling masonry joints with their subsequent jointing. The cement-sand mixture is laid out with an indentation of 10-15 cm, and the brick is laid using the same technology as end-to-end. Excess solution is removed. For this type of cement mortar, it is necessary to be quite rigid, since the more plastic cement-sand mixture is difficult to quickly remove when installing bricks. A row of this design turns out smooth and beautiful.

Laying bricks against each other takes a lot of time, but makes the structure more durable.

By laying out a row using pressed masonry, based on the rules, bonded and tongue bricks are laid. The mortar is leveled at once for a large number of bricks (5 studs or 3 studs). When laying a row, you should maintain a distance of 10-15 cm from the wall. To lay out the first row, you need to level the cement-sand mixture with one hand and take a brick with the other. Collect a small part of the lying mortar and press it with a trowel to the edge of the laid brick. Next new brick, making up this row, is laid and slightly moved towards the installed one. The excess mixture of cement and sand is removed. The process is quite labor-intensive, but this design is the most durable.

The half-fill brick laying device has a different design. The solution is laid out between the inner and outer mileposts. A verst is the outer or inner edge of a wall. It is leveled and done in a hurry. Zabutka is the gap between the inner and outer mileposts. Both and spoon ones would be appropriate. Design features allow for the simultaneous laying of two bricks.

There are several ways to bind brickwork: a – chain; b – wild; c – cross; g – Gothic; d – Brandenburg; e – spoon.

The transverse seams of the structure should be filled completely. If you end up with a row where the vertical joints are not completely filled, then they need to be filled when laying the next rows. Types of masonry include:

• spoon - on the front side, the bricks are laid out only with the spoon side, sometimes offset by 1/2 and 1/4 of the part;
• Gothic - alternating spoon and butt bricks;
• cross - alternating spoon and butt rows;
• chaotic - random alternation of spoon and butt bricks, etc.

Ordering technology and tools

The rules for constructing external walls imply the use of the following tools:

• trowel (trowel);
• hammer-pick;
• jointing for masonry joints;
• a plumb line to check the verticality of the walls being built;
• level;
• lace.

The necessary tools and materials should be at hand so that you don’t have to waste time looking for the right item. Materials:

• bricks;
• solution;
• masonry mesh.

Before you start laying out the first row, you should prepare the base of the future wall and mark the contours on it. Experienced builders mark the contours with string.

To ensure that each row is even, the bricks must be laid out along a pre-tensioned cord.

Laying is done from the corners of the house to the end of the wall. First lay on cement mortar guides or outer bricks, which should be connected with a cord along which the rest of the row is laid out. The lace determines both the height of the row and the correct location of the bricks. When working with a thickness of up to 30 cm, the lace is pulled on one side, and when laying thicker walls - on both sides. When the lace is stretched, lay out a mixture of cement and sand with a trowel and distribute it so that you get a layer 1.5 - 1.8 cm thick.

The cement mortar is laid out at a distance of 2 cm from the front surface of the masonry (outer mile). Fulfilling this condition will ensure that the mortar does not leak out of the joints, and, as a result, significant efforts will not be required to clean the masonry. Try to lay out the first row as best as possible. Check horizontal and vertical edges for level. After all, the entire wall will be based on this row.

Usually the row leads from left to right. Starting a new row, bricks are laid on the mortar so as to cover the connecting seams of the lower layer. Lightly press the material and tap it with the handle of a trowel. The solution leaking from the seams is carefully removed with a trowel and dumped into a jar. After laying a new row, you should check the horizontal position of the rows and the verticality of the outer surface of the wall. For this purpose, a construction plumb line is usually used.

For greater structural strength, after covering the forgetting with a row of spoons, it is recommended to lay masonry mesh with a cell of 5x5 cm. Properly laid brick walls will protect and warm you and your family for many years.

Specialists from Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering have convincingly proven that in terms of price/quality ratio, VELOX technology is superior to all others known technologies construction of low-rise housing.

ANNOTATION article “Commercially available resource-saving low-rise building. Comparison of indicators of external fences", TGASU, 2008.
Authors: A.I. Gnyrya, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; S.V. Korobkov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, R.A. Zharkoy, graduate student

The authors compare the following construction technologies used at construction sites in Tomsk:

1. Brick wall 510 thick with insulation with 100 mm thick slabs
2. Cellular concrete "Sibit" with external insulation with a mini-slab 100 mm thick
3. Expanded polystyrene concrete with external insulation with expanded polystyrene 100 mm thick
4. Wooden beam 150 mm with external insulation with a mini-slab 100 mm thick
5. Wooden frame 150 mm, filled with 150 mm thick mini-slabs
6. Beam 150 mm insulated with brick lining 120 mm thick
7. Permanent formwork “Izodom” 150 mm thick with heavy concrete
8. Fixed formwork "Velox" (VELOX) with polystyrene foam 100 mm with heavy concrete
9. Fixed formwork "Velox" (VELOX) with lightweight concrete 400 mm thick
10. Expanded clay concrete blocks “Teplosten” insulated with 150 mm polystyrene foam

By the following parameters:

• wall thickness
• heat transfer resistance
• Thermal energy requirement for heating a house per month
• duration of construction
• cost of 1 sq. m of external fencing and the estimated cost of the house box
• fire safety

Based on the calculation results, a summary comparative table of indicators of external enclosing structures was compiled.

Then structures 4, 5 and 6 were excluded from the comparison as they did not meet the fire safety standards of buildings and structures (SNIP 21-01-97), noting the possibility of using these materials for the construction of dachas intended for seasonal or year-round use.

Next, the authors, having determined the average cost of a building “box,” excluded from the comparative table structures whose price exceeded this average cost, as the most expensive and energy-consuming materials. These are designs 1, 2, 3, 9.

As a result, as " people's house» the authors confidently chose monolithic construction technology in fixed formwork VELOX listed the following advantages:

• ease of installation and increased accuracy of wall geometry control
• highest thermal efficiency
• versatility for walls of any design and applicability of concrete of any grade
• low cost
• no need to use heavy-duty equipment
• high pace of construction
• seismic resistance and reliability
• microclimate in the room, like that of a wooden house.
• simplicity of finishing,

without noting any obvious shortcomings.
“Silver” is given to structures made using the “Izodom” technology, and “bronze” to “Teplosten” structures.

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCE-ENERGY SAVING
LOW-RISE HOUSE.
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF EXTERNAL FENCES.

A.I. Gnyrya Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, St. Korobkov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, R.A. Zharkoy, graduate student.
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

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The advantages of low-rise, high-density urban residential development compared to multi-storey buildings, regardless of the type of buildings (panel, brick, monolithic, etc.), are obvious to users, as well as to investors, architects, builders, housing and communal services specialists and normal society as a whole.

First and original functional advantage- creating a healthy living environment. Only a family home, an apartment close to the ground, is capable of developing physically and mentally healthy children and citizens, as well as helping them find the right spiritual and moral guidelines. The manifestation of alienation, aggressiveness, and lostness of people in our society, as studies by psychologists show, are largely associated with varying degrees of discomfort of their permanent residence in multi-story buildings.

Low-rise buildings sharply reduce the safety of living in the event of natural disasters, fires, emergency circumstances etc. The conditions for maintenance, maintenance, repair, reconstruction are simplified, and in case of complete physical deterioration, reconstruction, demolition and disposal of buildings.

Thermal protection, noise protection, insolation and resistance to overheating in the summer, as well as the temperature and humidity conditions of the premises can be significantly improved. Application of new systems engineering equipment will improve the reliability, efficiency, and quality of use of heat supply systems, water supply and sewerage, ventilation, etc. A special place will be occupied by the development and implementation of so-called local and autonomous life support systems. The guiding principle here is the idea of ​​building environmentally clean home with low thermal energy consumption.

According to the results of an April survey conducted by the Foundation public opinion(residents of 110 settlements in Russia were surveyed), almost 60% of citizens prefer apartments own house. Moreover, many would like to live outside the city.

The Government of the Russian Federation supports the development of individual housing construction in Russia. The country's president calls for more individual houses to be built - for one or more families.

During a meeting of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Implementation of National Projects, held on April 2, 2008, the President set the task of building from 500 thousand to 1 million individual houses in Russia annually. According to him, these should be houses with a total area of ​​70 to 120 m2 costing about 20 thousand rubles per 1 m2. The President proposed creating a Federal Fund for the Promotion of Housing Construction, to which all inefficiently used lands of ministries and departments, state-owned enterprises and institutions will be transferred. “If we fully implement the ambitious project of individual housing construction, then, without exaggeration, we will live in a qualitatively different country, with a different standard of living and psychology of people who have turned from inhabitants of communal apartments into owners of their own land,” the President commented on his initiative.

So, there is hope that every Russian family will have the opportunity to acquire individual, inexpensive housing. But the question is, what should this “people's house” be like? Perhaps it will be classic brick or lightweight concrete, or maybe using wood? It is difficult to immediately answer these questions; research and comparison are required to determine which technology is more preferable. But in any case, the main indicator for any home is compliance with current regulatory documents on heating engineering, fire safety standards and sanitary requirements so that the house is warm, fireproof and made of reliable environmentally friendly building materials.

If you imagine a house in large components, it turns out that it consists of a foundation, walls and a roof. The design of the roof differs little when using one or another construction technology; the foundation also remains virtually unchanged. It turns out that by “construction technology” we mean only a fairly narrow segment of the house, which is called “walls”. This means that in order to find a “people’s house” it is necessary to compare various options walls and choose the optimal one. We will not try to compare interior and exterior decoration, nor engineering communications, because the cost of these materials can vary widely. We will make the choice from the point of view of a private developer who needs to build an individual one-story house with an attic total area of ​​128 m according to an existing project; we will try on the same house different walls. To objectively evaluate this or that design, let’s forget for a while such concepts as aesthetics, prestige, durability, etc.

Having analyzed the designs of already built individual houses in the city of Tomsk, we received two dozen wall options, each of which is included in a separate group:

1. brick (with and without insulation);
2. concrete (light concrete, heavy concrete);
3. wooden (timber, log);
4. frame (type “Canadian house”);
5. from combined materials.

From each group, a wall was selected whose heat transfer resistance met the current heat saving requirements. So, 10 walls participating in the experiment:

1. Brick wall 510 mm with insulation with mineral wool slabs 100 mm thick in the wall. The outer layer is 120mm facing brick, the interior layer is 20mm plaster;

2. "Sibit" 400 mm with external insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and siding cladding; indoors - plaster layer 10mm;

3. Expanded polystyrene concrete 400 mm with external insulation with 100mm polystyrene foam and external polymer plaster, inner surface Ostu-Turen walls 20mm cement-sand mortar;

4. Beam 150 mm with insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and siding cladding, with lining inside.

5. Wooden frame 150 mm, filled with 150mm mineral wool boards, plasterboard inside, OSB board and siding outside.

6. Beam 150 mm with insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and cladding face brick, inside - lining.

7. Izodom system- permanent polystyrene foam formwork: polystyrene foam insulation 150mm (75+75), reinforced concrete 150mm, inside two layers of gypsum board (fire-resistant plasterboard) 25mm per metal frame, outside polymer plaster 10mm.

8. VELOX system classic- permanent chip-cement formwork 70mm (35+35), reinforced concrete 150mm, polystyrene foam insulation 150mm, inside cement-sand plaster, exterior façade plaster.

9. VELOX system on lightweight concrete 400mm, siding outside, plaster inside.

10. Block "Teplosten"- inner layer of expanded clay concrete 60mm, outer layer of expanded clay concrete 100mm, inside the wall - expanded polystyrene 150mm, interior finishing with a plaster layer.

Technical and economic indicators of low-rise buildings (Table 1):

• A wall thickness of more than 500mm is uneconomical for several reasons, one of which is the width of the foundation blocks; the greater the thickness of the wall, the smaller the volume of the room, therefore, the smaller the total area;
• Heat transfer resistance is an indicator of compliance or non-compliance with building standards for thermal characteristics, namely TSN 23-316-2000 “Thermal protection of residential and public buildings in the Tomsk region”;
• Thermal energy demand for the heating period - important characteristic heat loss from the building, as well as an important component of the cost of operating a residential building;
• Duration of construction of the building in days;
• Price square meter external fencing is a determining factor in the cost of the entire structure and the cost of m total area, expressed in rubles.

Note to table 1:

The calculation of heat transfer resistance was determined in accordance with SNiP 02/23/2003 “Thermal protection of buildings” for the city of Tomsk.

The need for thermal energy was determined according to TSN 23-316-2000 of the Tomsk region. An individual energy passport was compiled for each option.

The cost of thermal energy per kWh is 60 kopecks.

The duration of construction of the box was determined according to Unified standards and prices (ENiR).

The total cost of 1 m of external fencing is the sum of the materials and the cost of the work expended. This value is determined according to the quarterly magazine “Construction Price List” No. 4/2008.

The cost of the box is the cost of the walls from the top of the foundation to the bottom of the mauerlat, excluding the costs of the floor and foundation.

Indicators of enclosing structures of individual residential buildings with an attic
Table 1

№	Design outer wall	Thickness				Heating cost per month					Cost of a "box" of a house
		mm	m 2 ?C/W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
1		760	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	666 356	10 412	1,00
II	Concrete
2		570	3,6	25 293	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	535 760	8 371	0,8
3		530	4,35	23 812	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 901	525 602	8 213	0,79
III	Tree
4	150mm timber with 100mm insulation and siding, lining inside	320	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	53	1 331	580	1 911	330 176	5 159	0,50
IV	Frame
5	Wooden frame 150mm inside 150 min. cotton wool, plasterboard inside, OSB** outside and siding (element-by-element assembly)	200	3,85	24 735	3 144	1 887	27	1 211	325	1 536	258 004	4 031	0,39
V	Combined materials
6	Beam 150 insulated 100mm and brick facing 120mm, lining inside	400	3,7	25 061	3 186	1 911	51	1 898	751	2 649	445 033	6 954	0,67
7		360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8		420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
9		520	2,2	30 759	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	520 577	8 134	0,78
10		310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Note:
* EPS - polystyrene foam
** OSB - plywood with oriented chips
*** GKLO - fire-resistant plasterboard sheet
**** ShchCP - chain-cement board

According to SNiP 21-01-97 “Fire safety of buildings and structures”, wall structures numbered 4, 5, and 6 are fire hazardous, so we will exclude them (Table 2). At the same time, we will determine the average cost of the “box” of the building, this value is equal to RUB 498,535. Let's exclude the most expensive walls numbered 1, 2, 3, 9 (Table 3). An expensive material, as a rule, is a material that takes large number energy, so-called energy-consuming materials. If their total number in the house is reduced to a minimum, we will get a “people's house”.

Table 2

№	Exterior wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance R	Thermal energy demand during the heating period	Heat energy demand per month	Heating cost per month	Relative duration of construction of box walls	Cost of 1 m 2 of external fencing, rub.			Cost of a "box" of a house	Relative cost of 1 m 2 of total area	Present value factor
		mm	m 2 ?C/W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
1	Brick wall 510mm thick with insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and 120mm brick lining, plaster inside	760	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	666 356	10 412	1,00
II	Concrete
2	Sibit 400 with external insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and siding cladding	570	3,6	25 293	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	535 760	8 371	0,8
3	Expanded polystyrene 400mm, plastered inside, outside EPS*, 100mm and facade plaster	530	4,35	23 812	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 901	525 602	8 213	0,79
III	Tree
IV	Frame
V	Combined materials
7	System "Izodom", Reinforced concrete 150 mm, PPS insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO*** 25 mm per met. frame, outside polymer plaster	360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8	Velox system, TsPS**** 70mm, PPS 150mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, façade plaster inside and outside	420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
9	Velox system on lightweight concrete 400mm, 70mm shchtsp, siding on the outside, plaster on the inside	520	2,2	30 759	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	520 577	8 134	0,78
10	Block "Teplosten". Expanded clay concrete 60mm, PPS 150mm, expanded clay concrete 100mm, clay turf inside	310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Average cost per box: RUB 498,535

Despite the fact that some walls do not meet fire requirements or are expensive, we highlight their advantages and disadvantages:

Wooden walls (timber, log):

Advantages:
Wooden walls have low thermal conductivity, so if the house is not heated in winter, it can be warmed up to comfortable conditions in a few hours; create a healthy microclimate in the house; remove excess moisture from the room; relatively light and resistant to deformation; can be built on simple columnar foundation; can withstand a large number of “freezing-thawing” cycles, their service life is about 100 years.

Flaws:
Highly flammable and susceptible to insect pests and rotting; after completing the felling of wooden walls, at least a year must pass before finishing them begins (settlement up to 10%); When dry, they become deformed and crack. Caulk timber walls- a complex and expensive procedure.

Frame walls:

Advantages:
They have low thermal conductivity; the lightest of all those considered and resistant to deformation; can be built on a columnar foundation or a floating column foundation; the cost of money, effort and time for the construction of frame walls is minimal; There is no need to wait for the house to settle before finishing.

Flaws:
Highly flammable and susceptible to insect pests and rotting; the design of the walls does not provide confidence in the construction; an increase in the size of the house leads to a significant complication of the frame and a decrease in reliability; It is advisable to use it in the construction of summer cottages intended for seasonal or year-round use.

Indicators of enclosing structures of individual residential buildings with an attic (fire hazardous walls excluded)
Table 2

№	Exterior wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance R	Thermal energy demand during the heating period	Heat energy demand per month	Heating cost per month	Relative duration of construction of box walls	Cost of 1 m 2 of external fencing, rub.			Cost of a "box" of a house	Relative cost of 1 m 2 of total area	Present value factor
		mm	m 2 ?C/W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
II	Concrete
III	Tree
IV	Frame
V	Combined materials
7	System "Izodom", Reinforced concrete 150 mm, PPS insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO*** 25 mm per met. frame, outside polymer plaster	360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8	Velox system, TsPS**** 70mm, PPS 150mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, façade plaster inside and outside	420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
10	Block "Teplosten". Expanded clay concrete 60mm, PPS 150mm, expanded clay concrete 100mm, clay turf inside	310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Average cost per box: RUB 498,535

Advantages and disadvantages of expensive walls.

Brick walls:

Advantages:

Brick walls are very strong, fireproof, durable; allow you to use reinforced concrete slabs floors; allow you to build walls of complex configurations, lay out decorative elements facade.

Flaws:

They have high thermal conductivity; absorb moisture due to capillary suction and freeze in winter, which leads (during seasonal operation) to destruction; relatively heavy and do not tolerate deformation. In this case, a strong foundation is required. To ensure thermal insulation, brick walls are large; after completing the laying of the walls, a year must pass before finishing them begins; the walls must “settle” before finishing begins; the main disadvantage is high cost.

Lightweight concrete (foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, polystyrene concrete):

Advantages:

Relatively fireproof, durable; the relatively small size of the blocks and the ease of their processing make it possible to build walls of complex configurations from them; the thickness of such walls can be half that of brick ones; laying walls from blocks is much simpler and cheaper than brickwork; due to low density cellular concrete the entire wall structure is 2-3 times lighter, which simplifies the construction of the foundation.

Flaws:

Due to the high porosity of the product have increased moisture absorption, therefore, after the construction of the walls is completed, the façade of the building must be covered with compounds that create a moisture-proof, vapor-permeable film on the surface; walls do not tolerate deformation; before finishing them, the walls must “settle”; cracks may form during settlement; relative to the road.

Walls that take place in the “people's house”:

Izodom system:

Advantages:

The ease of assembling walls from blocks allows you to achieve high speed construction; due to thermal efficiency construction of enclosing structures can be carried out in winter conditions- the concrete is in a warm formwork; reliability and seismic resistance of the structure - the load-bearing element of the walls is reinforced monolithic concrete; relatively low construction cost; lack of heavy lifting equipment.

Flaws:

High fire hazard building until the end of the internal and exterior finishing; the difficulty of maintaining the “geometry” of the walls at the time of construction - polystyrene foam “floats” in the concrete; plastering the facade requires special expensive materials intended only for expanded polystyrene; fire regulations require two layers of fire-resistant plasterboard 2x12.5mm on a metal frame as interior finishing, which is naturally expensive; the resulting air gap between the interior decoration and the wall is an attractive place for rodents, as well as difficulty in attaching cabinets and other equipment; It is not allowed to use materials heavier than 16 kg per square meter of exterior wall finishing.

"Velox" system:

Advantages:

High fire resistance; ease of installation and increased accuracy of wall geometry control; highest thermal efficiency; the ability to change the thickness of concrete and polystyrene foam due to the simple design of the screeds; low cost of materials; there is no need to use heavy-duty mechanisms; high pace of construction; it is possible to use lightweight concrete; high seismic resistance and reliability of the system due to monolithic reinforced concrete; the indoor microclimate is similar wooden house, since the formwork is made 95% of wood chips; simplicity of exterior and interior decoration.

Flaws:
Not found.

Technology "Teplosten":

Advantages:

Easy installation and low cost; high fire resistance; high pace of construction; saving the cost of materials; does not require external finishing when using mass-painted blocks.

Flaws:

Low bearing capacity; sensitivity to general deformations; for heavy floors, a separate frame made of metal or reinforced concrete is required as a load-bearing frame; lack of state-approved or state-certified technical solutions for the construction of houses.

Conclusions:
According to research and analysis of advantages and disadvantages different technologies construction of external fencing of low-rise buildings in the city of Tomsk, we can say with confidence that “ people's house"The technology of monolithic house construction in permanent chip-cement formwork Velox can rightfully be considered. Its positive thermal efficiency qualities, ease of installation, combined with high reliability and environmental friendliness put this technology to first place. The Izodom technology takes second place, and the Teplosten technology takes bronze.

This article is aimed at helping an individual developer in choosing a construction technology and the ability to quickly, efficiently and inexpensively solve the problem of building a house that meets all modern requirements.

A series of houses 1-510 were erected en masse in the capital and nearby populated areas from 1957 to 1968, in total there are about 1,100 such residential buildings in Moscow. Block buildings of the 1-510 series are considered more durable than panel buildings and have a longer service life. However, such buildings are now outdated, many are in disrepair, and therefore they are actively included in the lists of objects subject to demolition. Although in practice it turned out that this series is difficult to demolish due to the thick and durable external walls.

For the reconstruction of the “five-story buildings” 1-510, which it was decided not to demolish, MNIITEP was developed standard project with the addition of one or two levels without displacing the residents of the house. When implementing a project to add floors, as “compensation” to residents for the inconvenience associated with repair and construction work, planned repairs and replacement were carried out throughout the building utility networks, water supply systems and plumbing equipment.

Design features of the series and facade finishing

Design 1-510 is a block multi-sectional five-story building with end or row sections. Several 4-story buildings were erected according to the same project. In all cases, the first floor was residential.

The outer walls of the buildings in the series are made of slag expanded clay concrete blocks(40 cm); concrete panels were used for internal walls (27 cm); the partitions between the rooms of one apartment are made of gypsum concrete (8 cm); interfloor ceilings- these are slabs made of hollow-core reinforced concrete (22 cm). In series 1-510, load-bearing walls are all longitudinal external and inter-apartment panels. The joints of the slabs were filled with mineral wool. The significant thickness of the external walls provided good heat and sound insulation characteristics of the housing, but a number of houses had poor-quality tile joints, which led to a deterioration in these parameters.

Like other “Khrushchev” buildings, the 1-510 series does not have a garbage chute and an elevator. The roofs of the buildings of the 1-510 series differed depending on the period of construction of the buildings. At first, the roof was hipped with asbestos-cement slabs, and then in the project it was replaced with a gable roof, and roll waterproofing was added as a covering.

The facades of houses 1-510 were not covered, but painted in white or in other light shades. The houses of this series differ from other “Khrushchev” buildings by balconies located at the ends of the building in two rows; all utilities are located in the technical basement.

Features of apartment layouts

In series 1-510, only the rooms in the corner two-room apartments were isolated. A significant drawback Later houses in this series have a combined bath and toilet (even in 3-room apartments). In addition, the apartments of the 1-510 series have small kitchens and adjacent room layouts. However, in standard layout Apartments 1-510 can be made significant changes, making the housing more comfortable. Most often, during major renovations, the kitchen and one of the rooms are combined into a common room; equip openings in interior walls; make a small office or dressing room.

Specifications

Parameter	Meaning
Alternative name:	I-510
Construction regions:	Moscow: Fili, Presnya, Shchukino, Khovrino, Koptevo, Mikhalkovo, Degunino, Beskudnikovo, Ostankino, Butyrsky Khutor, Bogorodskoye, Sokolinaya Gora, Perovo, Nagatino, Tsaritsyno, Kapotnya, Zyuzino, etc.; Moscow region: Reutov, Lyubertsy, Dzerzhinsky, Khimki, Noginsk.
Construction technology:	block
By construction period:	Khrushchevka
Years of construction:	from 1957 to 1968
Demolition prospect:	Individual houses are being demolished. A standard reconstruction project for non-destructible buildings in the series has been developed.
Number of sections/entrances:	from 2
Number of floors:	4-5
Ceiling height:	2.48 m
Balconies/loggias:	In all apartments starting from the 2nd floor
Bathrooms:	In early buildings - separate, in later ones - combined. Standard baths
Stairs:	Without a common fire balcony, the width of the staircase is 2.60 m
Garbage chute:	No
Elevators:	No
Number of apartments per floor:	4
Apartment areas:	Shared/living/kitchen 1-room apartment 31-32/18-20/5-5,6 2-room apartment 41-45/26-31/5-5,6 3-room apartment 54-55/37-40 5,3
Ventilation:	Natural exhaust, blocks in the kitchen and bathroom
Walls and cladding:	Exterior walls– slag concrete blocks 40 cm thick Domestic– concrete blocks 39 cm thick; Partitions– gypsum slag concrete panels 8 cm thick Interfloor ceilings– concrete slabs with oval voids 22 cm thick
Roof type:	IN early houses- four-slope, in later ones - gable. Coverage – roll waterproofing, in early buildings there are asbestos-cement slabs (slate)
Manufacturer:	Precast concrete plant No. 2
Designers:	SAKB (Specialized Architectural Design Bureau), reconstruction project with superstructure - MNIITEP
Advantages:	Significant thickness of external walls, the presence of balconies, the possibility of installing openings in interior walls
Flaws:	Problem seams block walls, worsening the heat and sound insulation characteristics of houses; combined bathrooms in later versions; adjacent rooms in 2-room apartments (except end ones)

Before starting brick construction, you need to decide on the type of masonry and what type will be used for construction. Considering large selection bricks and various masonry methods, this question can confuse a novice builder.

What you should pay attention to when choosing the type of masonry and brick

When choosing the type of masonry, factors such as:

(this is primarily affected by the number of floors of the building).

Climate. In addition to the necessary strength, the walls must also provide acceptable thermal insulation.

Aesthetic component. Masonry made from a single brick looks much more elegant than masonry made from one-and-a-half or double bricks.

As for the wall thickness, it can vary from 12 to 64 cm:

• half-brick masonry (its thickness is 12 cm);
• 1 brick (25 cm);
• 1.5 bricks (38 cm);
• 2.0 bricks (51 cm);
• 2.5 bricks (64 cm).

With regard to load-bearing walls, it is worth noting that in temperate climates a thickness of 2.0 - 2.5 bricks is usually used. Since the brick itself conducts heat well, after construction it is recommended to additionally insulate it using, for example, mineral wool.

In terms of strength, in most cases a wall thickness of 38 cm is sufficient.

The thickness of external load-bearing brick walls usually ranges from 51 cm (2 bricks) to 64 cm (2.5 bricks). In multi-storey construction, it is allowed to reduce the thickness of load-bearing external walls in height. If at the level of the 1st floor the thickness of the wall is 2.5 bricks, then starting from the 5th - 6th floor its thickness decreases to 2.0 bricks. The increase in thermal conductivity is compensated by a larger layer of thermal insulation.

In low-rise construction, it is not recommended to install load-bearing walls less than 2.0 bricks thick. During the construction of private one-story outbuildings saving material and costs comes to the fore, so the thickness of load-bearing external walls can be reduced to 1.5 bricks or less.

Regarding internal load-bearing walls and partitions, the following recommendations exist:

• for load-bearing walls inside the house, as a rule, masonry with a thickness of at least 1 brick (25 cm) is used;
• In addition to internal load-bearing walls, there are also partitions - they do not experience loads from load-bearing elements, the main purpose of such structures is simply to divide the room into separate zones. In this case, a masonry of 0.5 bricks (12 cm) is used. As a result, the wall is not rigid enough; in order to eliminate this drawback, it is reinforced with ordinary wire, placing it in mortar joints.

Gas or foam concrete is often used for partitions in order to save money.

Brick thickness, which brick should be chosen for construction

In modern brick construction, single, one-and-a-half and double bricks are distinguished. The dimensions of a single ordinary brick are 250x12x65 mm; it was introduced into use back in the 1st half of the last century (in 1925 this standard size was fixed in regulatory documentation). A little later, one-and-a-half and double bricks began to be used; their sizes are 250x120x88 and 250x120x138. From a cost point of view, it is much more efficient to use double or one-and-a-half bricks for external walls.

For example, when laying 2.5 bricks, the optimal option would be to use double bricks to lay a wall of 2.0 bricks and facing bricks- for laying the remaining 0.5 bricks. If for the same volume of construction we use a conventional single brick, then the costs will be 25–35% higher.

Another important factor influencing the choice of brick type is its thermal conductivity. In this parameter, brick is inferior to many building materials, for example, a tree.

The thermal conductivity of an ordinary solid brick is about 0.6 - 0.7 W/m°C, this figure can be reduced by 2.5 - 3 times by using hollow bricks. In this case, the brick conducts heat much worse, but at the same time its strength decreases. Therefore, the use of hollow bricks for load-bearing walls is not possible in all cases.

Economically justified thickness of external brick wall

It is considered economically unfeasible to build walls more than 38 cm thick from solid brick. In order to keep the house warm, various insulation methods are used.

Quite often (especially in low-rise construction) lightweight masonry (like a well) is used. With this method of construction a short distance 2 are built from each other brick walls 0.5 bricks. The air gap between them plays the role of an excellent heat insulator, because air does not conduct heat well. The rigidity of such a structure is ensured by diaphragms connecting the walls.

With this method of construction, the walls must be connected with diaphragms.

The resulting cavity between the walls can be filled with foam concrete, expanded clay and other heat-insulating materials.

If so constructive solution combine with external and internal insulation walls, then brick construction becomes economically profitable.

When choosing the thickness of brick walls, you should remember that this material has excellent strength properties, but has great inertia. This means that brick is best suited for the construction of residential buildings; only minor daily temperature fluctuations will be observed during the day. If you plan to build from brick country house, in which periodic residence is planned winter time, then it will warm up slowly.