The procedure for calculating heating in the housing stock depends on the availability of metering devices and on the way in which the house is equipped with them. There are several options for equipping multi-apartment residential buildings with meters, and according to which thermal energy is calculated:

1. the presence of a common house meter, while the apartment and non-residential premises are not equipped with metering devices.
2. Heating costs are controlled by a common house meter, and all or some rooms are equipped with metering devices.
3. There is no general device for recording the consumption and consumption of thermal energy.

Before calculating the number of gigacalories spent, it is necessary to find out the presence or absence of controllers in the house and in each individual room, including non-residential ones. Let's consider all three options for calculating thermal energy, for each of which a specific formula has been developed (posted on the website of state authorized bodies).

Option 1

So the house is equipped control device, and some rooms were left without it. Here it is necessary to take into account two positions: calculating Gcal for heating an apartment, the cost of thermal energy for general house needs (GCA).

In this case, formula No. 3 is used, which is based on the readings of the general metering device, the area of ​​the house and the footage of the apartment.

Calculation example

Let's assume that the controller has recorded the house's heating costs at 300 Gcal/month (this information can be found from the receipt or by contacting management company). For example, total area house, which consists of the sum of the areas of all premises (residential and non-residential), is 8000 m² (you can also find out this figure from the receipt or from the management company).

Let’s take an apartment area of ​​70 m² (indicated in the registration certificate, rental agreement or registration certificate). The last figure on which the calculation of payment for consumed heat depends is the tariff established by the authorized bodies of the Russian Federation (indicated in the receipt or find out from the house management company). Today the heating tariff is 1,400 rubles/gcal.

Substituting the data into formula No. 3, we get the following result: 300 x 70 / 8,000 x 1,400 = 1,875 rubles.

Now you can move on to the second stage of accounting for heating costs spent on the general needs of the house. Here you will need two formulas: searching for the volume of service (No. 14) and payment for the consumption of gigacalories in rubles (No. 10).

To correctly determine the volume of heating in this case, you will need to sum up the area of ​​all apartments and premises provided for public use(information provided by the management company).

For example, we have a total area of ​​7000 m² (including apartments, offices, retail premises.).

Let's start calculating the payment for thermal energy consumption using formula No. 14: 300 x (1 – 7,000 / 8,000) x 70 / 7,000 = 0.375 Gcal.

Using formula No. 10, we get: 0.375 x 1,400 = 525, where:

• 0.375 – volume of service for heat supply;
• 1400 rub. – tariff;
• 525 rub. – payment amount.

We sum up the results (1875 + 525) and find out that the payment for heat consumption will be 2350 rubles.

Option 2

Now we will calculate payments in conditions where the house is equipped with a common heating meter, and some of the apartments are also equipped with individual meters. As in the previous case, the calculation will be carried out according to two positions (thermal energy consumption for housing and ODN).

We will need formula No. 1 and No. 2 (accrual rules according to controller readings or taking into account heat consumption standards for residential premises in Gcal). Calculations will be carried out relative to the area of ​​the residential building and apartment from the previous version.

• 1.3 gigacalories – individual meter readings;
• RUR 1,1820 – approved tariff.

• 0.025 Gcal – standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of area in an apartment;
• 70 m² – apartment footage;
• 1,400 rub. – tariff for thermal energy.

As it becomes clear, with this option, the payment amount will depend on the availability of a metering device in your apartment.

Formula No. 13: (300 – 12 – 7,000 x 0.025 – 9 – 30) x 75 / 8,000 = 1.425 gcal, where:

• 300 gcal – readings of the common house meter;
• 12 Gcal – the amount of thermal energy used to heat non-residential premises;
• 6,000 m² – the sum of the area of ​​all residential premises;
• 0.025 – standard (heat energy consumption for apartments);
• 9 Gcal – the sum of indicators from the meters of all apartments that are equipped with metering devices;
• 35 Gcal – the amount of heat spent on supply hot water in the absence of its centralized supply;
• 70 m² – apartment area;
• 8,000 m² – total area (all residential and non-residential premises in the house).

Please note that this option only includes the actual volumes of energy consumed and if your home is equipped with a centralized hot water supply, then the amount of heat expended for hot water supply needs is not taken into account. The same applies to non-residential premises: if they are not in the house, then they will not be included in the calculation.

• 1.425 gcal – amount of heat (AT);

1. 1820 + 1995 = 3,815 rubles. - With individual counter.
2. 2,450 + 1995 = 4,445 rubles. - without an individual device.

Option 3

We have one last option left, during which we will consider the situation when there is no heat meter on the house. The calculation, as in previous cases, will be carried out according to two categories (thermal energy consumption per apartment and ADN).

We will calculate the amount for heating using formulas No. 1 and No. 2 (rules on the procedure for calculating thermal energy, taking into account the readings of individual metering devices or according to established standards for residential premises in Gcal).

Formula No. 1: 1.3 x 1,400 = 1,820 rubles, where:

• 1.3 Gcal – individual meter readings;
• 1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

Formula No. 2: 0.025 x 70 x 1,400 = 2,450 rubles, where:

• 1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

As in the second option, the payment will depend on whether your home is equipped with an individual heat meter. Now it is necessary to find out the amount of heat energy that was spent on general house needs, and this must be done according to formula No. 15 (volume of services for one-room service) and No. 10 (amount for heating).

Formula No. 15: 0.025 x 150 x 70 / 7000 = 0.0375 gcal, where:

• 0.025 Gcal – standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of living space;
• 100 m² – the sum of the area of ​​premises intended for general house needs;
• 70 m² – total area of ​​the apartment;
• 7,000 m² – total area (all residential and non-residential premises).

Formula No. 10: 0.0375 x 1,400 = 52.5 rubles, where:

• 0.0375 – volume of heat (VH);
• 1400 rub. – approved tariff.

As a result of the calculations, we found out that the full payment for heating will be:

1. 1820 + 52.5 = 1872.5 rub. – with an individual counter.
2. 2450 + 52.5 = 2,502.5 rub. – without an individual meter.

In the above calculations of heating payments, data on the footage of the apartment, house, as well as meter readings were used, which may differ significantly from those that you have. All you need to do is plug in your values ​​into the formula and make the final calculation.

The question of calculating the amount of payment for heating is very important, since consumers often receive quite impressive amounts for this utility service, at the same time having no idea how the calculation was made.

Since 2012, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354 “On the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings” came into force, the procedure for calculating the amount of heating fees has undergone a number of changes.

Calculation methods changed several times, heating provided for general house needs appeared, which was calculated separately from heating provided in residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises, but then, in 2013, heating again began to be calculated as a single utility service without splitting the fee.

The calculation of the heating fee has changed since 2017, and in 2019 the calculation procedure changed again; new formulas for calculating the heating fee have appeared, which are not so easy for an ordinary consumer to understand.

So, let's sort it out in order.

In order to calculate the heating fee for your apartment and choose the necessary calculation formula, you must first know:

1. Does your house have a centralized heating system?

This means whether thermal energy for heating needs in your apartment building ready-made using centralized systems, or thermal energy for your home is produced independently using the equipment included in common property owners of premises in apartment building.

2. Is your apartment building equipped with a common building (collective) metering device and are there individual heat energy metering devices in the residential and non-residential premises of your building?

The presence or absence of a common house (collective) metering device in the house and individual metering devices in the premises of your home significantly affects the method of calculating the amount of heating fees.

3. How are you charged for heating – during the heating period or evenly throughout the calendar year?

The method of payment for utility heating services is accepted by the state authorities of the constituent entities Russian Federation. That is, in different regions In our country, heating fees can be charged differently - throughout the year or only during the heating season, when the service is actually provided.

4. Are there any rooms in your house that do not have heating devices (radiators, radiators), or that have their own sources of thermal energy?

It was from 2019, in connection with court decisions, the trials of which took place in 2018, that the calculation began to include premises in which there are no heating devices (radiators, radiators), which is provided for technical documentation per house, or residential and non-residential premises, the reconstruction of which, providing for the installation of individual sources of thermal energy, was carried out in accordance with the requirements for reconstruction established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in force at the time of such reconstruction. Let us recall that previously the methods for calculating the amount of heating fees did not provide for a separate calculation for such premises, so the fees were calculated on a general basis.

In order to make the information on calculating the heating fee more understandable, we will consider each method of charging separately, using one or another calculation formula using a specific example.

When choosing a calculation option, you must pay attention to all the components that determine the calculation methodology.

Below are various calculation options, taking into account individual factors that determine the choice of calculating the heating fee:

Calculation No. 1: Amount of heating fee in residential/non-residential premises during the heating season.

Calculation No. 2: Amount of heating fee in residential/non-residential premises, there is no administrative budget for an apartment building, the fee is calculated during the calendar year(12 months).
Read about the procedure and example of calculation →

Calculation No. 3: Amount of heating fee in residential/non-residential premises, an ODPU is installed on an apartment building, There are no individual metering devices in all residential/non-residential premises.

What is it - specific heat consumption for heating? In what quantities is the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a building measured and, most importantly, where do its values ​​come from for calculations? In this article we are going to get acquainted with one of the basic concepts of heating engineering, and at the same time study several related concepts. So, let's go.

What is it

Definition

The definition of specific heat consumption is given in SP 23-101-2000. According to the document, this is the name for the amount of heat required to maintain a normal temperature in a building, related to a unit of area or volume and to another parameter - the degree-day of the heating period.

What is this parameter used for? First of all, to assess the energy efficiency of a building (or, what is the same, the quality of its insulation) and plan heat costs.

Actually, SNiP 02/23/2003 directly states: specific (per square or cubic meter) the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building should not exceed the given values.
The better the thermal insulation, the less energy heating requires.

Degree-day

At least one of the terms used needs clarification. What is a degree day?

This concept directly refers to the amount of heat required to maintain a comfortable climate inside a heated room in winter time. It is calculated using the formula GSOP=Dt*Z, where:

• GSOP is the desired value;
• Dt is the difference between the normalized internal temperature of the building (according to current SNiP it should be from +18 to +22 C) and average temperature the coldest five days of winter.
• Z - length heating season(in days).

As you might guess, the value of the parameter is determined by the climatic zone and for the territory of Russia varies from 2000 (Crimea, Krasnodar Territory) to 12000 (Chukchi Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia).

Units of measurement

In what quantities is the parameter of interest to us measured?

• SNiP 02/23/2003 uses kJ/(m2*S*day) and, in parallel with the first value, kJ/(m3*S*day).
• Along with the kilojoule, other units of heat measurement can be used - kilocalories (Kcal), gigacalories (Gcal) and kilowatt-hours (KWh).

How are they related?

• 1 gigacalorie = 1,000,000 kilocalories.
• 1 gigacalorie = 4,184,000 kilojoules.
• 1 gigacalorie = 1162.2222 kilowatt-hours.

The photo shows a heat meter. Heat metering devices can use any of the listed units of measurement.

Normalized parameters

For single-family, one-story detached houses

For apartment buildings, dormitories and hotels

Please note: as the number of floors increases, the heat consumption rate decreases.
The reason is simple and obvious: the larger an object of a simple geometric shape, the greater the ratio of its volume to surface area.
For the same reason, specific heating costs country house decrease with increasing heated area.

Computations

It is almost impossible to calculate the exact value of heat loss for an arbitrary building. However, methods for approximate calculations have long been developed that give fairly accurate average results within the limits of statistics. These calculation schemes are often referred to as calculations based on aggregated indicators (meters).

Along with thermal power, there is often a need to calculate daily, hourly, annual thermal energy consumption or average power consumption. How to do this? Let's give a few examples.

Hourly heat consumption for heating using enlarged meters is calculated using the formula Qot=q*a*k*(tin-tno)*V, where:

• Qot - the desired value in kilocalories.
• q is the specific heating value of the house in kcal/(m3*S*hour). It is looked up in directories for each type of building.

• a is the ventilation correction factor (usually 1.05 - 1.1).
• k is the correction factor for the climatic zone (0.8 - 2.0 for different climatic zones).
• tin - internal temperature in the room (+18 - +22 C).
• tno — outside temperature.
• V is the volume of the building together with the enclosing structures.

To calculate the approximate annual heat consumption for heating in a building with a specific consumption of 125 kJ/(m2*S*day) and an area of ​​100 m2, located in climatic zone with the GSOP=6000 parameter, you just need to multiply 125 by 100 (house area) and by 6000 (degree days of the heating period). 125 * 100 * 6000 = 75,000,000 kJ, or approximately 18 gigacalories, or 20,800 kilowatt-hours.

To convert the annual consumption into average heat, it is enough to divide it by the length of the heating season in hours. If it lasts 200 days, the average thermal power heating in the above case will be 20800/200/24 ​​= 4.33 kW.

Energy

How to calculate energy costs with your own hands, knowing the heat consumption?

It is enough to know the calorific value of the corresponding fuel.

The easiest way is to calculate the energy consumption for heating a house: it is exactly equal to the amount of heat produced by direct heating.

Whether it is an industrial building or a residential building, you need to carry out competent calculations and draw up a circuit diagram heating system. At this stage, experts recommend paying special attention to calculating the possible thermal load on the heating circuit, as well as the volume of fuel consumed and heat generated.

Thermal load: what is it?

This term refers to the amount of heat given off. A preliminary calculation of the thermal load will allow you to avoid unnecessary costs for the purchase of heating system components and their installation. Also, this calculation will help to correctly distribute the amount of heat generated economically and evenly throughout the building.

There are many nuances involved in these calculations. For example, the material from which the building is built, thermal insulation, region, etc. Experts try to take into account as many factors and characteristics as possible to obtain a more accurate result.

Calculation of heat load with errors and inaccuracies leads to inefficient operation of the heating system. It even happens that you have to redo sections of an already working structure, which inevitably leads to unplanned expenses. And housing and communal services organizations calculate the cost of services based on data on heat load.

Main Factors

An ideally designed and designed heating system should support set temperature indoors and compensate for the resulting heat losses. When calculating the heat load on the heating system in a building, you need to take into account:

Purpose of the building: residential or industrial.

Characteristics structural elements buildings. These are windows, walls, doors, roof and ventilation system.

Dimensions of the home. The larger it is, the more powerful the heating system should be. The area must be taken into account window openings, doors, external walls and the volume of each internal room.

Availability of rooms special purpose(bath, sauna, etc.).

Degree of equipment with technical devices. That is, the availability of hot water supply, ventilation system, air conditioning and type of heating system.

For a separate room. For example, in rooms intended for storage, it is not necessary to maintain a temperature that is comfortable for humans.

Number of hot water supply points. The more there are, the more the system is loaded.

Area of ​​glazed surfaces. Rooms with French windows lose a significant amount of heat.

Additional terms and conditions. In residential buildings this may be the number of rooms, balconies and loggias and bathrooms. In industrial - the number of working days in calendar year, shifts, technological chain production process etc.

Climatic conditions of the region. When calculating heat loss, street temperatures are taken into account. If the differences are insignificant, then a small amount of energy will be spent on compensation. While at -40 o C outside the window it will require significant expenses.

Features of existing methods

The parameters included in the calculation of the thermal load are found in SNiPs and GOSTs. They also have special heat transfer coefficients. From the passports of the equipment included in the heating system, we take digital specifications, relating to a specific heating radiator, boiler, etc. And also traditionally:

Heat consumption, taken to the maximum per hour of operation of the heating system,

The maximum heat flow emanating from one radiator is

Total heat consumption in a certain period (most often a season); if hourly load calculation is required heating network, then the calculation must be carried out taking into account the temperature difference during the day.

The calculations made are compared with the heat transfer area of ​​the entire system. The indicator turns out to be quite accurate. Some deviations do occur. For example, for industrial buildings it will be necessary to take into account the reduction in thermal energy consumption on weekends and holidays, and in residential premises - at night.

Methods for calculating heating systems have several degrees of accuracy. To reduce the error to a minimum, it is necessary to use rather complex calculations. Less accurate schemes are used if the goal is not to optimize the costs of the heating system.

Basic calculation methods

Today, the calculation of the heat load for heating a building can be carried out using one of the following methods.

Three main

1. For calculations, aggregated indicators are taken.
2. The indicators of the structural elements of the building are taken as the basis. Here, the calculation of the internal volume of air used for heating will also be important.
3. All objects included in the heating system are calculated and summed up.

One example

There is also a fourth option. It has a fairly large error, because the indicators taken are very average, or there are not enough of them. This formula is Q from = q 0 * a * V H * (t EN - t NRO), where:

• q 0 - specific thermal performance buildings (most often determined by the coldest period),
• a - correction factor (depends on the region and is taken from ready-made tables),
• V H is the volume calculated along the external planes.

Example of a simple calculation

For a building with standard parameters(ceiling heights, room sizes and good thermal insulation characteristics) you can apply a simple ratio of parameters, adjusted for a coefficient depending on the region.

Let's assume that a residential building is located in the Arkhangelsk region, and its area is 170 square meters. m. The heat load will be equal to 17 * 1.6 = 27.2 kW/h.

This definition of thermal loads does not take into account many important factors. For example, design features buildings, temperatures, number of walls, ratio of wall areas to window openings, etc. Therefore, such calculations are not suitable for serious heating system projects.

It depends on the material from which they are made. The most commonly used today are bimetallic, aluminum, steel, much less often cast iron radiators. Each of them has its own heat transfer (thermal power) indicator. Bimetallic radiators with a distance between the axes of 500 mm, on average they have 180 - 190 W. Aluminum radiators have almost the same performance.

The heat transfer of the described radiators is calculated per section. Steel plate radiators are non-separable. Therefore, their heat transfer is determined based on the size of the entire device. For example, the thermal power of a double-row radiator with a width of 1,100 mm and a height of 200 mm will be 1,010 W, and panel radiator made of steel with a width of 500 mm and a height of 220 mm will amount to 1,644 W.

The calculation of a heating radiator by area includes the following basic parameters:

Ceiling height (standard - 2.7 m),

Thermal power (per sq. m - 100 W),

One external wall.

These calculations show that for every 10 sq. m requires 1,000 W of thermal power. This result is divided by the thermal output of one section. The answer is the required number of radiator sections.

For the southern regions of our country, as well as for the northern ones, decreasing and increasing coefficients have been developed.

Average calculation and accurate

Taking into account the described factors, the average calculation is carried out according to the following scheme. If per 1 sq. m requires 100 W of heat flow, then a room of 20 sq. m should receive 2,000 watts. A radiator (popular bimetallic or aluminum) of eight sections produces about Divide 2,000 by 150, we get 13 sections. But this is a rather enlarged calculation of the thermal load.

The exact one looks a little scary. Nothing complicated really. Here's the formula:

Q t = 100 W/m 2 × S(room)m 2 × q 1 × q 2 × q 3 × q 4 × q 5 × q 6 × q 7, Where:

• q 1 - type of glazing (regular = 1.27, double = 1.0, triple = 0.85);
• q 2 - wall insulation (weak or absent = 1.27, wall laid with 2 bricks = 1.0, modern, high = 0.85);
• q 3 - the ratio of the total area of ​​window openings to the floor area (40% = 1.2, 30% = 1.1, 20% - 0.9, 10% = 0.8);
• q 4 - street temperature (the minimum value is taken: -35 o C = 1.5, -25 o C = 1.3, -20 o C = 1.1, -15 o C = 0.9, -10 o C = 0.7);
• q 5 - number of external walls in the room (all four = 1.4, three = 1.3, corner room= 1.2, one = 1.2);
• q 6 - type of calculation room above the calculation room (cold attic = 1.0, warm attic = 0.9, heated residential room = 0.8);
• q 7 - ceiling height (4.5 m = 1.2, 4.0 m = 1.15, 3.5 m = 1.1, 3.0 m = 1.05, 2.5 m = 1.3).

Using any of the described methods, you can calculate the thermal load apartment building.

Approximate calculation

The conditions are as follows. The minimum temperature in the cold season is -20 o C. Room 25 sq. m. m with triple glazing, double-hung windows, ceiling height of 3.0 m, two-brick walls and an unheated attic. The calculation will be as follows:

Q = 100 W/m 2 × 25 m 2 × 0.85 × 1 × 0.8(12%) × 1.1 × 1.2 × 1 × 1.05.

The result, 2,356.20, is divided by 150. As a result, it turns out that 16 sections need to be installed in a room with the specified parameters.

If calculation in gigacalories is required

If there is no thermal energy meter on the open heating circuit calculation of the heat load for heating a building is calculated using the formula Q = V * (T 1 - T 2) / 1000, where:

• V - the amount of water consumed by the heating system, calculated in tons or m 3,
• T 1 - a number indicating the temperature of hot water, measured in o C and for calculations the temperature corresponding to a certain pressure in the system is taken. This indicator has its own name - enthalpy. If it is not possible to take temperature readings in a practical way, they resort to an averaged reading. It is within 60-65 o C.
• T 2 - temperature cold water. It is quite difficult to measure it in the system, so constant indicators have been developed that depend on temperature regime on the street. For example, in one of the regions, in the cold season this indicator is taken equal to 5, in the summer - 15.
• 1,000 is the coefficient for obtaining the result immediately in gigacalories.

In the case of a closed circuit, the heat load (gcal/hour) is calculated differently:

Q from = α * q o * V * (t in - t n.r.) * (1 + K n.r.) * 0.000001, Where

The calculation of the heat load turns out to be somewhat enlarged, but this is the formula given in the technical literature.

Increasingly, in order to increase the efficiency of the heating system, they are resorting to buildings.

This work is carried out in the dark. For a more accurate result, you need to observe the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors: it should be at least 15 o. Fluorescent and incandescent lamps turn off. It is advisable to remove carpets and furniture as much as possible; they knock down the device, causing some error.

The survey is carried out slowly and data is recorded carefully. The scheme is simple.

The first stage of work takes place indoors. The device is moved gradually from doors to windows, paying attention special attention corners and other joints.

The second stage - inspection with a thermal imager external walls buildings. The joints are still carefully examined, especially the connection with the roof.

The third stage is data processing. First, the device does this, then the readings are transferred to the computer, where the corresponding programs complete the processing and produce the result.

If the survey was carried out by a licensed organization, it will issue a report with mandatory recommendations based on the results of the work. If the work was carried out in person, then you need to rely on your knowledge and, possibly, the help of the Internet.

What is it - specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a building? Is it possible to calculate the hourly heat consumption for heating in a cottage with your own hands? We will devote this article to terminology and general principles calculating the need for thermal energy.

The basis of new building projects is energy efficiency.

Terminology

What is it - specific heat consumption for heating?

We are talking about the amount of thermal energy that needs to be supplied inside the building in terms of each square or cubic meter in order to maintain normal parameters in it that are comfortable for work and living.

Usually, a preliminary calculation of heat loss is carried out using aggregated meters, that is, based on the average thermal resistance of the walls, the approximate temperature in the building and its total volume.

Factors

What affects the annual heat consumption for heating?

• Duration of the heating season (). It, in turn, is determined by the dates when the average daily outside temperature over the last five days falls below (and rises above) 8 degrees Celsius.

Useful: in practice, when planning to start and stop heating, the weather forecast is taken into account. Long thaws also occur in winter, and frosts can strike as early as September.

• Average temperatures of winter months. Typically, when designing a heating system, the following is taken as a guideline: average monthly temperature the coldest month is January. It is clear that the colder it is outside, the more heat the building loses through the building envelope.

• The degree of thermal insulation of the building greatly influences what the norm of thermal power for it will be. An insulated facade can reduce the heat demand by half compared to a wall made of concrete slabs or brick.
• Building glazing coefficient. Even when using multi-chamber double-glazed windows and energy-saving spraying, noticeably more heat is lost through windows than through walls. The larger part of the facade is glazed, the greater the need for heat.
• The level of illumination of the building. On a sunny day, the surface is oriented perpendicularly sun rays, is capable of absorbing up to a kilowatt of heat per square meter.

Clarification: in practice, accurately calculating the amount of solar heat absorbed will be extremely difficult. The same glass facades that lose heat in cloudy weather will serve as heating in sunny weather. The orientation of the building, the slope of the roof, and even the color of the walls will all affect the ability to absorb solar heat.

Calculations

Theory is theory, but how are heating costs for a country house calculated in practice? Is it possible to estimate the expected costs without plunging into the abyss of complex heating engineering formulas?

Consumption of the required amount of thermal energy

Instructions for calculating the approximate quantity required heat relatively simple. The key phrase is approximate quantity: for the sake of simplifying calculations, we sacrifice accuracy, ignoring a number of factors.

• The basic value of the amount of thermal energy is 40 watts per cubic meter of cottage volume.
• Add 100 watts per window and 200 watts per door in exterior walls to the base value.

• Next, the obtained value is multiplied by a coefficient, which is determined by the average amount of heat loss through the external contour of the building. For apartments in the center of an apartment building, a coefficient equal to one is taken: only losses through the facade are noticeable. Three of the four walls of the apartment's outline border on warm rooms.

For corner and end apartments, a coefficient of 1.2 - 1.3 is taken, depending on the material of the walls. The reasons are obvious: two or even three walls become external.

Finally, in a private house the street is not only around the perimeter, but also below and above. In this case, a coefficient of 1.5 is applied.

Please note: for apartments on the extreme floors, if the basement and attic are not insulated, it is also quite logical to use a coefficient of 1.3 in the middle of the house and 1.4 at the end.

• Finally, the resulting thermal power is multiplied by a regional coefficient: 0.7 for Anapa or Krasnodar, 1.3 for St. Petersburg, 1.5 for Khabarovsk and 2.0 for Yakutia.

In cold climate zones there are special heating requirements.

Let's calculate how much heat a cottage measuring 10x10x3 meters needs in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Territory.

The volume of the building is 10*10*3=300 m3.

Multiplying the volume by 40 watts/cube will give 300*40=12000 watts.

Six windows and one door is another 6*100+200=800 watts. 1200+800=12800.

Private house. Coefficient 1.5. 12800*1.5=19200.

Khabarovsk region. We multiply the need for heat by another one and a half times: 19200*1.5=28800. In total, at the peak of frost we will need approximately a 30-kilowatt boiler.

Calculation of heating costs

The easiest way is to calculate the energy consumption for heating: when using an electric boiler, it is exactly equal to the cost of thermal power. With continuous consumption of 30 kilowatts per hour, we will spend 30 * 4 rubles (approximate current price of a kilowatt-hour of electricity) = 120 rubles.

Fortunately, the reality is not so terrible: as practice shows, the average heat demand is approximately half the calculated one.

• Firewood - 0.4 kg/kW/h. Thus, the approximate rates of firewood consumption for heating in our case will be equal to 30/2 (the nominal power, as we remember, can be divided in half) * 0.4 = 6 kilograms per hour.
• Brown coal consumption per kilowatt of heat is 0.2 kg. Coal consumption rates for heating are calculated in our case as 30/2*0.2=3 kg/hour.

Brown coal is a relatively inexpensive heat source.

• For firewood - 3 rubles (cost per kilogram) * 720 (hours per month) * 6 (hourly consumption) = 12960 rubles.
• For coal - 2 rubles * 720 * 3 = 4320 rubles (read others).

Conclusion

As usual, you can find additional information about cost calculation methods in the video attached to the article. Warm winters!