Finishing using ventilated facade systems begins with the installation of a frame subsystem. Errors at this stage are fraught with improper performance of the lining of its functions and even complete destruction of the finish. Let's talk about frames for independent ventilated facades and the features of their installation and assembly.

Functions of the facade frame

The hinged ventilated facade conceptually comes from the remote glazing systems of high-rise buildings, from where it inherits its technological complexity. The high versatility of such a finish is achieved due to a very specific mounting subsystem that performs a number of targeted functions.

Of these, the main one is the distance of the facing panels from the bearing wall and the insulating layer to obtain a space in which outdoor air circulates freely. This is one of the most effective ways to protect insulation with high hygroscopicity. For half a century of active implementation, this method has proven itself only from the best side. Due to the remote cladding, the temperature exchange of the structure is normalized: in summer the sun heats the walls less, and in winter the air gap prevents the diffusion outflow of heat.

1 - protection of the building from heating; 2 - protection of the insulation and structure from precipitation; 3 - ventilated facade subsystem; 4 - vapor-permeable membrane; 5 - insulation; 6 - removal of moisture from the room

On first acquaintance, the system demonstrates obvious complexity and creates the illusion of unreliability. From here follows the second key function of the frame - to protect the insulation and the supporting structure without compromising the integrity of the cladding and its appearance. This becomes possible due to the high resistance of individual frame elements to mechanical stress and proper load distribution.

It can be concluded that such high manufacturability is very expensive both in terms of economic availability and in terms of installation complexity. Therefore, the third task that is set for the frames of independent ventilated facades is a high degree of unification of the components. This not only makes it possible to complete the work as quickly as possible with a high degree of involvement of expensive industrial mountaineering. The framework for ventilated facades can be adapted to even very complex architectures, including surfaces with deviations from the vertical.

Types of subsystems for ventilated facades

Today there is a very wide range of frame systems for ventilated facades, each of which is designed to work in specific conditions object with a specific type finishing material. To classify them, two key features should be noted.

The first is the frame material:

1. Cink Steel. Optimal for facade systems without claiming durability in favor of cost savings. Most often used in the construction of inexpensive aluminum and polyurethane facade claddings with a view to replacing them.
2. Stainless steel. Frames made of it are the most durable and are used when facing high-rise buildings using heavy panels (once and for a long time).
3. Aluminum substructure. It is used in projects for the restoration and insulation of old buildings, where the permissible load on load-bearing walls cannot be exceeded. The disadvantage is low fire safety; aluminum subsystems are not used in high-rise construction.
4. Hydrophobic wood. Used as rack elements in low-rise construction and regions with a mild climate.

The second distinguishing feature is the manufacturer of the frame system. Elements of different brands are not comparable with each other (with very rare exceptions), so their delivery is always complete. The choice in favor of a particular manufacturer is determined mainly by the convenience and manufacturability of installation. This is almost not important for a private developer, but with the involvement of industrial climbers at large-scale facilities, the need for additional drilling or cutting results in dozens of extra man-hours.

Frame configuration for a curtain wall

The third key difference is the form factor of the finished frame system. It depends entirely on the format of the cladding used, and every self-respecting manufacturer considers it a duty to support all three types in its range. In addition, if the manufacturer of the cladding materials provides a guarantee for them, installation should only be carried out on the recommended type of subsystem. According to the form factor, frame systems are divided into:

• vertical orientation: for horizontal siding and continuous preparatory lathing with slab materials;
• horizontal orientation: for vertical siding, magnesite and polyurethane panels;
• cross type: for marble, brick, porcelain stoneware and other heavy panels.

Before proceeding with the installation, it is studied routing and an album of technical solutions for a specific product. The goal is to establish the assembly order and operation of the connecting nodes. Fortunately, almost all manufacturers have the same comparison scheme and package contents. They have stationary brackets that are directly attached to the wall, and a movable profile that together with the first element forms the base console. The movable bar has a standard method of connection with rack elements of the frame, plus connectors for rack extension, corner and cross connectors can be included in the kit.

Beginning of installation: we prepare the wall and fix the consoles

Installation begins with the preparation of the walls: removing the remnants of the destroyed finish and antiseptic treatment if there are signs of mold damage. Installation of consoles starts from the top row, installing them with a step normalized by the type and weight of the cladding. Installation is carried out on a plastic lining, which excludes heat migration between the wall and the frame, fastening is carried out with anchor bolts, and in the case of loose and hollow bases - chemical anchors or special types of dowels (KAT, KBT). Then a plumb line is thrown from each bracket along the wall, along which holes are drilled and the remaining elements of the vertical row are installed.

Many manufacturers distribute the mounting holes in the consoles so that they can be mounted as an assembly, which greatly speeds up the work. After fixing, the movable planks of the upper row consoles are aligned in a common line according to the curvature of the wall plane. Then the plumb line is hung on the edge of the upper console and the remaining sliding parts are adjusted and fixed in this way. To fix the retractable bar can be used as bolted connections, and pull rivets.

If the subsystem is assembled with the rack elements horizontal, the method of aligning the consoles remains the same, but the brackets are rotated in a different direction. Thus, the extreme vertical rows are first installed, along the elements of which a fishing line is then pulled to align the intermediate brackets of the horizontal row.

Assembly of the fastening profile system

Sometimes it is recommended to fix the consoles after fixing the racks of the frame system. If that's the manufacturer's recommendation, it's perfectly acceptable. However, plumb alignment is considered the preferred method if there are no additional installation requirements.

The profile usually has regular means of preliminary fastening, represented by grooves and latches. After fixing at the installation site, the rack elements are fixed along the inner shelf to the console retractable bar using bolts, rivets or non-hardened self-tapping screws.

Most "proprietary" systems involve the installation of mounting profiles after the installation of insulation and windproof membrane / film. However, it is possible to lay thermal insulation mats not only under the crate, but also between the racks. In this case, a windproof film is rolled out over the profiles and a system of spacer rails with a vertical or two-layer cross orientation is assembled.

At the end of our review, we note that the basement and facade parts of the wall are separated by a horizontal tide bar. This addition is designed to limit the flow of moisture-saturated air from the foundation into the space of the main air duct and prevent the ingress of water - condensate and slanting rain - into basement. Thus, air convection in the two zones occurs separately.

Not so long ago, nothing was known about hinged ventilated facade systems, but today these structures are increasingly used in the construction of new buildings and the decoration of external walls of buildings that have already served their purpose. Technologies for ventilated facades are widely used by both large construction companies and private developers.

Figure 1. Scheme of heat exchange of a wall with a ventilated facade.

The thing is that modern finishing methods can improve the efficiency of energy saving in a building, and when building its walls, a lighter and lighter one can already be used. cheap material. Thanks to the systems of hinged ventilated facades, old houses become not only warmer, but also much more attractive in appearance. It should be added that by facing facades it is possible to achieve a unified architectural style of entire quarters.

Advantages of ventilated facade systems

Figure 2. The device of a ventilated facade.

But not only with its design and heat-saving characteristics, the construction of a ventilated facade attracts builders, because one of its main functions is to protect the house from the effects of the external environment. Others have done this before Construction Materials, but their disadvantage was the same " effective protection» from the removal of condensate from the premises. Perhaps the most good example unsuccessful finishing of external walls can be cladding with air-tight materials (roofing felt or metal sheets) wooden or clay buildings, used quite often in past years.

Protecting the house from moisture from the outside, the owners of the houses doomed the walls to accelerated destruction due to condensate, which could not be discharged through them from the inside. Systems of ventilated facades are just arranged in such a way as to provide between them and bearing wall air circulation, necessary for the effective removal of internal moisture and creating an additional air cushion to keep the heat in the house. The principle of operation of a ventilated facade is clearly shown in the figure.

Figure 3. Suspension design for a ventilated facade.

"Breathing" the wall provides a gap between it or the insulation and the facing material. Without this gap, the removal of vapors would be difficult, since many modern linings (made of PVC or metal, for example) cannot pass air. The width of the gap depends on the cladding material and external walls, performance characteristics buildings, climatic conditions. The gap width range is 20-120mm. All of the above factors also affect the overall thickness of the "pie" of the ventilated facade.

Depending on climatic conditions, on how thick the walls are and what material they are made of, the necessary heat insulator is selected. Its thickness is 50-150 mm. To the thickness of the "pie" you need to add the transverse dimensions of the crate and cladding panels.

Disadvantages of timber framing

It is worth talking in more detail about the crate itself. For laying insulation and installing a ventilated facade, 2 types of material are used - wooden bars and metal profile. True, the use of wood bars is limited by certain conditions. So, they should not be used when lining plinths (high humidity), creating a system with a heater thicker than 50 mm (unjustified cash costs for timber, the overall severity of the structure). In addition, when choosing wood for the crate, you need to pay attention to how dry it is. Insufficiently dried beams can subsequently cause deformation of the finishing layer of the ventilated facade. On the other hand, the lathing of the bars is ideal for ventilated facades in wooden houses.

How does a ventilated "pie" work?

Now it's time to find out what the device of a ventilated facade is. On this fig. 1 shows the design without insulation.

Everything is quite simple here: on a profile or bars attached to outer wall, panels are hung. The step of the crate should not exceed 600 mm. Such cladding of buildings suggests that they do not require additional insulation, and its entire role is reduced to external design building and its protection from external influences. To such a finish, one could add the need to hang a vapor-permeable membrane on the wall under the frame - a film that will become an additional obstacle to external moisture, but will freely remove internal vapors.

Much more layered is the design of the ventilated facade, where the walls were pre-insulated. On fig. 2 shows the device of this "pie".

A crate is attached to the wall for laying a heat insulator (rolled or sheet mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, etc.). For better waterproofing, it is necessary to hang a vapor-permeable film with the smooth side outward even before installing the first layer of profiles. In addition, the membrane webs on the surface are joined in horizontal overlap(the edge of the upper strip overlaps the edge of the lower one). After the insulator is laid, a membrane is hung on it, which is attached to the crate with self-tapping screws or a stapler.

Additionally, dish-shaped dowels are driven into the wall through the film, which will securely fix the heat insulator to the surface. A water-repellent composition is applied to their hats, and the fastenings of the membrane to the profile are closed with adhesive tape or foil tape. After that, a second layer of the crate is installed, the thickness of which will provide a gap for air circulation, and facing panels are already attached to it.

Scheme of the plinth of a ventilated facade with various attachment points.

In general, the construction of a ventilated facade structure is not particularly difficult. But in order for the house not to look rickety after finishing, and the heat insulator to be securely fixed to the wall and, therefore, to perform its functions properly, one must not brush aside the recommendations, which at first may seem insignificant. Any work begins with a preparatory stage. Preparing for the installation of a ventilated facade, you need:

• clean the walls from dust, dirt, paint, crumbling fragments of plaster and parts protruding from the surface;
• door and window openings are freed from ebbs, slopes of platbands;
• depressions and cracks on the surface are sealed with mortar;
• the wall is treated with a primer;
• the crate is installed according to the level and plumb to ensure an ideal plane (it is better to create a system of sags stretched along the perimeter of the wall through steel bars of threads driven into its corners and connected by transverse cords).

Remember!

1. If the insulation will be made with mineral wool, then the distance between the guide profiles should be slightly less than the width of the insulation sheet.
2. Before laying the insulator, level starting bar, which should correspond to its thickness.
3. Start warming in those places where the use of whole pieces of insulation is required, lay the fragments last.
4. Avoid gaps between adjacent sheets of insulation.
5. The glue that will hold the insulation on the surface will not be able to cope with the task on its own, so additionally fasten the insulation with dish-shaped dowels (the method of fastening is described above).

Not every wall can boast of a perfect vertical or flat surface. Based on this, it is often not worth wasting cubic meters of solution to level it, because the costs will turn out to be “space”. After rough preparation of the wall, a vertical plane can be built from the profile using U-shaped fasteners. This is where the sling system comes in handy. Focusing on the threads, attach a bar or profile to the U-suspension. You can use the factory hanger (fig. 3) or make it yourself.

The main thing is to ensure its reliable fastening to the wall with dowel-nails. The step between the U-shaped elements should not exceed 400 mm.

Everything is not as difficult as it seems

In addition to the difficulties, this process has its own pleasant “little things”:

• the second crate does not require the construction of a plane if the first one was set correctly;
• work on creating a ventilated facade system can be done by one person.

After the final finishing, your home will not only be better kept warm during the cold season, but also protected from heat during the hot season.

You will feel the benefits of a ventilated facade almost immediately, as soon as you approach the electricity or gas meters to take readings for payment.

To maintain the desired temperature in the house, the heating system or air conditioning system can already work with less intensity.

A ventilated facade is a special type of hinged ventilated structure, which consists of special facing materials. Such a facade is mounted on a stainless, steel or aluminum frame to a wall or to bearing floor. Air freely passes and circulates between the layer facing material and wall, which ensures the absence of moisture and condensation on the surface of the building.

Such a facade device system helps to keep heat in the house, eliminates dampness in the room. Due to the air gap, the heat transfer of the object is reduced.

Installing a ventilated facade significantly reduces the amount of building material needed for the building. That significantly saves financial resources for the construction of walls. Also, the installation of a ventilated facade greatly facilitates the entire structure, so that more floors can be built. And the possibility of installing various facade cladding panels helps to create classic and modern architectural designs.

Types of ventilated facades

Today in the construction market there is a huge variety of types of hinged ventilated facades.

The most popular are the following options:

• . This is one of the strongest and most durable materials used in this field. Porcelain stoneware is highly resistant to atmospheric precipitation and sunlight. The service life of the building is significantly increased.

• Ventilated facades from HPL panels. Extremely popular finish. HPL panels are made from compressed laminated paper. Each layer is pressed under very high pressure. Thanks to this, the panel becomes very durable, which is also used as an anti-vandal material.

• Terracotta façades. They are made from specially processed pure terracotta. Basically, this material is used in the decoration of premium buildings.

• . In their production, typical Russian raw materials are used - cement, mineral aggregates, cellulose. This material gives the facade an ultra-modern look. Provides good heat and sound insulation.

• . One of the best options for facing. Metal cassettes are absolutely non-combustible.

• . Most often, granite is used for these purposes. Quite a complex and expensive type of finish. When processing stone, chips often occur on the panels, which is unacceptable when installing a ventilated curtain wall. Since chips nullify the bearing capacity of the attachment areas. Attached stone in a hidden way. At the ends of the plates, special cuts are made into which clamps (clamps) or fastening strips are inserted. Fasteners must be made of aluminum or steel (stainless).

• . Such glazing allows to achieve high heat and sound insulation properties, as well as aesthetic beauty. Translucent systems are extremely popular all over the world.

• Ventilated facades from glass panels. The glass used in the production is durable tempered glass, which has high performance.

• . The panels have a multi-layer structure: a homogeneous filler between two sheets of aluminum. For fixing the filler, a heavy-duty adhesive composition is used.

• Planken ventilated facades. Planken is a facade board. This facade looks very nice. In addition, wood is an environmentally friendly material. When creating a board, wood of various species is used: larch, merbau, ash, meranti, sucupira, American thermal oak. Planken is often used for finishing country cottages.

• Ventilated facades from copper panels. Such panels are very strong, plastic and durable. They are resistant to various types damage. In Russia, such ventilation facades are quite popular.

Advantages of this design

Ventilated hinged facades have the following advantages:

• This design can be quickly and easily mounted at any time of the year.
• Systems of ventilated facades are resistant to any weather conditions: sun, snow, rain, hail.
• Ventilated facades have high soundproofing and heat-insulating characteristics.
• During construction, any architectural and design ideas can be implemented and a wide range of materials for cladding can be used: composite, brick, porcelain stoneware, planken (wooden facade board), aluminum sheet, natural stone, lath profile, fiber cement and asbestos cement sheets.
• Reducing the financial costs of heating the facility.
• Possibility of using a wide range of color combinations.
• When using a heater, the "dew point" is taken out of the limit of the bearing wall of the object.
• This design is durable. For 50 years, a ventilated facade can not be repaired (if everything was correctly installed during construction).

Device of a ventilated hinged facade (structure)

The ventilated facade consists of several layers, like a pie. The system can be installed with or without insulation. If it is necessary to additionally insulate the walls, then mineral wool insulation is attached to the surface of the house.

For the base, a heater based on expanded polystyrene (extrusion) is more often used, it does not absorb moisture and does not let it through. The gap between the surface of the insulation and the facade must be at least 40 mm. In some
cases, it is possible to set a gap of 20 or 50 mm, but this depends on the region and the type of facade. Thanks to this gap, the air with its ascending flows dries up the moisture that has fallen on the surface of the mineral wool or expanded polystyrene.

In order to prevent the blowing of warm air from the insulation layer, it can be covered with a special film - a vapor-tight, windproof membrane.

Regardless of the presence of insulation, the first system that holds the entire structure is attached to the wall. Next, a heater is attached (if necessary). Then it is important to correctly observe the ventilation gap and install outer layer facings made of porcelain stoneware, panels, glass, etc.

Installation of a system of hinged ventilated facades

• Install the brackets first. They are attached to the wall with dowels or anchors. They are selected based on the size and weight of the structure. To exclude the possibility of "cold bridges" between the metal and the wall, special gaskets are installed (most often made of paronite or plastic).

• Further, a heater is attached to the wall with the help of flexible ties or dish-shaped dowels. A windproof film is installed on top. Some types of heaters are produced directly with such a membrane. Which makes the job much easier.

• Now, after observing the air gap, the guides are fixed. The frame consists of horizontal lintels and vertical posts. Guides must be level. Connect the frame with special rivets. The step between the guides depends on the size of the cladding panel.

• Next, the cladding panel is installed. The gap between them can be different, depending on the design and project of the building. Installation of facing material depends on the type of construction. Panels can be installed on special corners, clamps, skids.

Video instruction of the ventilation facade installation technology.

To hinged ventilated facade, consisting of an aluminum subsystem and a set of rectangular decorative segments, riveted the attention of most design and construction organizations. The ventilated suspended facade as a method of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings was discovered more than 20 years ago. During this period, manufacturers of facade components have worked out dozens of techniques for applying technologies in aggressive environmental conditions.

Finishing methods

decorative trim is a method of forming architectural style. Several utilitarian functions are assigned to the decorative layer. Exactly outer cladding must:

• determine the price of the ventilation facade;
• provide reliable protection walls from adverse effects;
• visually decorate an inconspicuous, at first glance, building.

To form a clear understanding of the advantages of different types of finishes, it is necessary to consider each of them separately.

Porcelain cladding

Artificial material. For the manufacture of ceramic granite are used:

• a mixture of two types of clay;
• dyes;
• product of screening of milky-white quartz and rock-forming minerals from the class of silicates.

Tiles are formed from the obtained raw materials, which are pressed onto hydraulic presses and fired in specialized kilns at a temperature of about 1300 ° C.

Porcelain stoneware has a strong, durable structure. Plates are used in construction, decoration of structures, for interior finishing work.

Composite panels

The composite is flexible enough to create rounded corners and curved shapes. The panel itself is a heterogeneous product with many layers in structure. Panel production technology different materials involves the preparation of aluminum and components (rectified aluminum is subjected to chemical synthesis), painting, priming, thermal bonding and pressing. The process of joining metal, polymers and mineral materials is carried out under the influence of high temperatures.

Composite panels- Looks stylish and modern way arrangement of the outer layer of walls. Their surface does not contain an electrifying component, and therefore dirt and dust are washed off during the first precipitation. The panels are resistant to corrosion, wind, ice loads, are not afraid of sudden temperature fluctuations. Purposes of use:

• decor architectural elements houses;
• building restoration;
• setting up billboards.

Natural or artificial stone

Facades made of natural stone are recognized as the most practical. IAF made of stone is still the same multilayer system, including a heater, a windproof membrane, a frame base, a finishing layer.

According to the technical characteristics, the ventilated stone facade complies with the standards for the design of buildings of any purpose. Facing made of granite, sandstone, and other rocks is used to make a structure:

• unique;
• "expensive";
• with high status.

Fiber cement panels

Textured fiber cement boards paintwork - a prime example quality design of the exterior of the object. The structure and chemical composition of fiber cement make it possible to mount a decorative layer regardless of the season, climate, or air temperature.

Fiber cement parts perform a heat-saving, decorative function. The material is durable, not affected by flames, does not corrode over time. Mounted in a horizontal, longitudinal way.

Facade cassettes

Facade decorations, called metal cassettes, are flat metal parts with edges bent inward around the perimeter. The manufacturing process of metal cassettes involves the use of composites or thin metal (brass, aluminum, copper) sheets, with or without a protective coating.

The use of galvanized metal cassettes in tandem with a galvanized subsystem allows you to decorate the facade inexpensive materials. Steel cassettes are lightweight, non-flammable, easy to repair, and sound-proof.

Technical details

Ventilated facades occupy a large segment of the building materials market. The design of the façade has several advantages:

• Fire resistance. Of the finishing materials developed for the decoration of the facade parts of buildings, only those that do not support combustion are used;
• Heat preservation. Due to the properties of the insulator, inner space buildings maintain a comfortable temperature for humans;
• Natural soundproofing. The function of protection against the penetration of extraneous noise into the building is performed by a layer of thermal insulation;
• No condensation. air gap between wall and decorative coating does not allow vapors to form. Because of this, moisture is removed from the insulation, leaving it dry. m;
• Saving money when preparing walls.The system is mounted on a substructure, helps to hide construction defects. Therefore, it is not necessary to spend money on plastering in order to equalize dimensional deviations;
• Corrosion resistance. Panels, which include anti-corrosion materials, protect load-bearing walls from changes in air temperature, chemical influences from the outside;
• Implementation of any design idea. A large selection of textures, colors, shapes, types of finishes, allows you to play with shadows, combine colors;
• Minimum substructure weight. The NVF system is lightweight and easy to install. Works on construction sites carried out even in the winter months.

Types and characteristic qualities of heaters

1. 
   Mineral wool (stone wool).

   Mineral wool is called thermal insulationyator, created from molten rocks of minerals. Advantages of insulating material:

   • universal application;
   • good insulating qualities;
   • good specifications.

   Among the shortcomings of heaters indicate the appearance of a "cold bridge" (technological joints), a relatively high price, and the formation of mineral dust.
   Characteristics of stone wool:

   • Maintains temperature without destruction - 1000 hail.;
   • Shrinkage 5%;
   
   
   • Density - from 30 to 100 kg/m³;
2. Cotton wool with a basalt component.
   • thermal conductivity - from 0.032 to 0.048 W / mK;
   • density - 30-100 kg / m3;
   • does not burn.

   Of the shortcomings:

   • does not tolerate moisture;
   • price.
3. 
   

   Thermal insulator obtained by chemical means - extruded polystyrene foam- has mass positive qualities:

   • high insulating qualities;
   • ability to repel moisture;
   • resistance to the chemical environment;
   • does not shrink, does not deform.

   Of the shortcomings - flammability, toxicity of combustion products. Also for installation it is necessary to use an adhesive composition.
   Characteristics:

   • closed pores no more than 0.2 mm;
   • thermal conductivity - 028 - 0.03 W / mK.

   The material withstands more than 1000 freezing cycles!

4. 
   Glass wool.

   Inexpensive and often found in the sale of insulation - glass wool, a traditional insulation material, both in private homes and industrial premises. Of the shortcomings - fragility of fibers, harmful dust. Glass wool is made from glass waste.

   Characteristics:

   • thermal conductivity - 0.039-0.047 W / mK;
   • sound absorption - 35 to 40 dB;
   • density - 11-25 kg meter cubic.

Design scope

Ventilated facades can increasingly be found as a decorative design for the following construction projects:

• Private housing construction. Building materials for the organization of ventilation facades are environmentally friendly, they provide everyday comfort, the safety of the residents of the house. Mounted systems are widespread in multi-storey housing construction. Simple installation allows you to periodically update the architectural image of a multi-storey building, ensure its fire safety;
• Commercial building. When building from scratch and restoring commercial facilities, ventilated facades solve many problems;
• Industrial engineering. Increased requirements are put forward for the lining of industrial facilities. Multilayer ventilation facade neutralizes noise, vibrations;
• Registration of structures of the architectural and planning organization. The versatility of the device of the hinged system allows you to design structures adjacent to buildings, fences. Building materials for facades give small architectural forms a modern look, increase the service life.

Types and variants of subsystems (structures)

A subsystem for ventilated facades is called a set mounting accessories used to securely fasten the panels to the walls of the building. The mounting system consists of guide profile segments used for fastening the decorative layer, brackets and additional fasteners (anchors, dowels, rivets, clips, clamps, self-tapping screws).

Vertical subsystem

A vertical subsystem is used for horizontal layout of the material selected for facing work. The method of fixation is often used for facing buildings, structures facade panels, siding, profiled sheet. In this version of the subsystem, anchor angles of different heights are used, which depend on the required thickness of the decor used for insulation. Along with this, cold-bent corners of the required height are also used in order to neutralize distortions and irregularities in the structure.

Vertical-horizontal subsystem

For the arrangement of the crate, horizontal and vertical guide profiles are used. The vertical-horizontal system increases the rigidity of the structure due to the even distribution of the weight of the facing layer.

The main technological difference of one subsystem from another is the direction, the location of the profiles, which is set on the basis of the dimensions, characteristic differences in the material used for facing. Apply a horizontal, vertical or cross method, forming cells. The best result is obtained by combining vertical, horizontal guides. This is how plates of any material are fixed.

There are several options for such subsystems: aluminum, steel and galvanized. The main task of the ventilated facade is to insulate the building while simultaneously performing a decorative function. Steel, galvanized, aluminum subsystems also cope with this. Each of the options has pros and cons.

Subsystems made of aluminum

Advantages:

• due to their lower weight compared to metal subsystems, they are used in high-rise construction;
• minimum load on the load-bearing walls of the building (it is possible to clad buildings with a 20-30-year period of use);
• resistant to UV radiation, humidity and climatic features of the area;
• easy to use.

Flaws:

• have low temperature melting, which has a negative impact on the degree of fire safety.

Subsystems made of galvanized steel

Advantages:

• least expensive option;
• easy to install, effectively mask the irregularities of the bearing walls of the building;
• used for cladding made of natural stone, porcelain stoneware and fiber cement panels, as well as metal cassettes and matching materials;
• have a long time of use (over 50 years);
• environmentally friendly, highly durable, non-flammable.

Flaws:

• are susceptible to corrosion, but by painting and applying a layer of polymers, this problem can be partially solved.

Subsystems made of stainless alloys

Advantages:

• resistant to frost, temperature extremes;
• can be successfully used for high-rise construction (carried out at a height exceeding 50 m);
• environmentally friendly, resist corrosion;
• durable in use (the service life of such subsystems is more than 70 years);
• have the highest fire safety index in comparison with the rest.

Flaws:

• high price.

Stainless steel is chosen for mounting the ventilation facade subsystem. The steel profile is not subject to rotting, and the time of use of steel subsystems is commensurate with the life of the building.

Mounting device

During the design of the facade of the building, it is necessary to carry out a systematic quality control of the execution of work at the facility. The sequence of installation of ventilation facades looks like this:

• Installation of brackets. Cantilever support parts are mounted on dowels or anchor bolts. The type of fastener is chosen, taking into account the configuration, the weight of the structure. Experienced installers additionally install paronite or plastic gaskets between the wall of the building and the metal, which eliminates the risk of a thermal bridge;
• Insulation lining. The next step in the installation of the outer part of the building involves fixing the thermal insulation. Mushroom-shaped dowels, composite flexible connections are used for fasteners. A membrane is installed on top of the thermal insulation. Some species modern heaters are equipped with protection film at the factory;
• Mounting guides. The frame base, consisting of vertical posts and horizontal jumpers, is built after observing the clearance parameters. Connect the frame elements with cylindrical rods. The configuration of the threshold between the guides depends on the parameters of the decor;
• Installation of facing panels. The air gap between the lining is different in size. Its value depends on the design and project of the object. Panels are installed on mounting slides, metal brackets, corners.

Construction cost per m2

Section 1. Design and preparatory work
No. p.p.	Name	Unit Change
1.1	Carrying out testing work bearing capacity walls (pull-out anchor), static calculation of the load on the building	set	0,00
1.2	Geodetic works, formation of the scheme of facades	m2	25,00
1.3	Design work, preparation of a working project for the installation of a ventilated facade	m2	65,00
	Total for section 1, including VAT 18%:		90,00
Section 2. IAG materials
No. p.p.	Name	Unit Change	Price per unit of measure, ₽.
2.1	ESTIMA porcelain stoneware slabs, taking into account cutting costs 6%	m2	730,00
2.2	Galvanized steel substructure kit (vertical version).	m2	740,00
2.3	Plates Rockwool insulation VentiButts H 100 mm. (coefficient of expenses 1.06)	m2	406,00
2.4	Insulation plates Pen-roll Techno Nicole 100 mm. ( upper layer, coefficient Expenditure 1.06)	m2	238,00
2.5	Facade dowel for fixing insulation boards 100 mm.	PCS	6,90
2.6	Facade dowel for fixing insulation boards, pen-roll Techno Nicole 100 mm	PCS	6,90
2.7	Window frames (sills and slopes) made of galvanized steel 0.5 mm, painted according to the RAL catalog	m.p.	310,00
2,10	Parapet covers made of 0.7 mm galvanized steel, up to 900 mm in size, painted according to RAL	m.p.	780,00
2,11	Substructure for parapet covers (set with fasteners)	m.p.	280,00
2,12	Delivery of materials to the object (%)	%
	Total for section 2, including VAT 18%:		2114,00
Section 3. Scaffolding, expendable materials for the production of works
No. p.p.	Name	Unit Change	Price per unit of measure, ₽.
3.1.	Rental of construction cradles ZLP-630	months	180 000,00
3.2	Depreciation of hand equipment	m2	60,00
	Total for section 3, including VAT 18%:		180 060,00
Section 4 Installation work
No. p.p.	Name	Unit Change	Price per unit of measure, ₽.
4.1	Installation and dismantling of building cradles	m2	80,00
4.2	Marking, mounting brackets	m2	210,00
4.3	Installation of insulation boards	m2	290,00
4.4	Installation and adjustment of the system guides	m2	430,00
4.5	Installation of window frames (window sills and slopes made of galvanized steel).	m.p.	280,00
4.7	Adjustment and installation of porcelain stoneware slabs	m2	510,00
4.8	Installation of parapet covers on the subsystem	m.p.	680,00
	Total for section 4, including VAT 18%:		1520,00
TOTAL PER m2 (Without slopes):			3 957,36
TOTAL per m2, taking into account slopes and low tides:			4 247,07

Due to the regular increase in the cost of energy, people are constantly forced to come up with something that could make their homes warmer and at the same time reduce heating costs. One of these very useful solutions are hinged ventilated facades. The multilayer external structure of the walls improves their thermal efficiency and extends the service life, and the use of different textures and color scheme decorative materials allows you to achieve improved aesthetics of the building as a whole.

Why is the facade system called ventilated? Yes, because in it top coat does not adjoin the wall closely, but is located at some distance. This gap is made for air circulation in order to prevent the formation of condensate.

The air layer is also a natural heat insulator, so even if the system is not insulated, the walls will not freeze as well as when performing plaster or adhesive lining.

What are the features of the system

Since this is a system, it means that it consists of a certain amount elements. If we consider it in essence, without taking into account possible nuances, then this is:

• substructure (framework, the structure of which we will consider a little later);
• heat-insulating plate material;
• hydrowind protection in the form of a membrane;
• air layer;
• decorative protective screen.

Note! There may not be thermal insulation in the illegal armed formation system, but even in this case, a ventilation gap is required. However, most often this system is designed for the purpose of external insulation, since wall insulation installed from the inside of the premises does not give the desired effect. Therefore, in the article we will discuss exactly the insulated facade.

In capital construction option exterior finish buildings are envisaged at the design stage. If a decision is made to clad according to the illegal armed formation system, then, depending on the type of attachment material(weight plays the main role), the calculation of the number and strength of the supporting elements of the frame is necessarily made.

Ventilated systems are already good because they can be installed not only on newly erected buildings, but also on those that have been in operation for a long time, in order to update their appearance and increase thermal efficiency. existing walls. The material from which they are built can be any, but its mechanical and physical properties should be taken into account.

For example, aerated concrete wall does not have the strength of a brick, and may not withstand a solid weight hinged structure. Special fasteners help solve the problem, but it also has its limits. Therefore, in multi-storey construction for such walls, it is more often not ventilated facades that are designed, but warm plaster systems.

But for low-rise buildings Today, an extensive selection of materials that are light and very beautiful in terms of textures is offered (for example, polymer siding). They imitate wood, brick or stone, plaster, and with a weight of 1 m² of cladding no more than 3 kg, they can be mounted anywhere.

Buildings made of solid brick or reinforced concrete benefit most from the installation of ventilated systems on the facade, since these walls are the coldest. As a result of such exterior finishing, the internal climate comfort in such buildings is significantly improved, not to mention their exterior.

Overview of subsystem elements

If in low-rise buildings the role of load-bearing elements of the ventilated facade is perfectly performed wooden blocks, then only steel subsystems are designed in official construction. Their completeness may vary depending on the type of decorative modules and the way they are attached, but in general it looks something like the one shown in the table.

Table 1. Varieties of subsystem elements.

Appearance and name of the element	Design features
	This is a detail due to which the guide is kept on the wall, and the necessary indentation is also provided. Most often, the bracket looks like a corner with a convex rib (it provides rigidity), but there may be other options. As you can see in the photo, the support bracket has two shelves: the first support is the one on which there are two mounting holes oval shape, the second is the carrier. Either an integral part of the bracket is attached to it, or the frame stand directly.
	The system may contain not only support (which are directly fixed to the wall), but also movable brackets. Connecting, they form a composite bearing element.
	An anchor is a type of fastener that provides reliable fixation of the brackets on the walls. The diameter, as a rule, is 8 mm, the length varies from 8 to 25 cm. When mounting the subsystem on dense concrete or brick surfaces, self-anchoring expansion bolts are used. On walls made of porous or hollow materials, expansion universal dowels with a pull-out force of 2.5 or more kilonewtons are used. Selection is carried out depending on the condition and type of foundation.
	One of the main elements of the ventilation facade is a guide, which in different systems can be in the form of a corner or the Latin letter Z. Depending on the configuration and position of the cladding modules, it can be mounted vertically, horizontally, or crosswise. Attaches to bracket shelves.
	The term "clamp" (or kleimer) refers to steel fasteners, through which facing plates or cassettes are fixed on the crate.
	There are many types of heaters, but for installation in a hinged subsystem, it is best suited mineral wool. Expanded polystyrene is vapor-tight, it does not allow steam accumulated in the room to go outside. As they say in such cases: "the wall does not breathe." For facades, plates with increased rigidity of the P-125 brand with a density of 75 kg / m³ are used. If necessary, they can be mounted in several layers, the total thickness of the thermal insulation is determined by the calculation.
	A diffusion membrane is installed on top of the insulation. Its task is to protect the insulation from weathering and getting wet from the outside, and to allow the steam to escape into the ventilated space. That is, the material is double-sided, and it is very important not to confuse during installation which side should face the insulation.
	A strong fit of the insulation is provided by the elements of the crate, but mechanical fixation is also required. For this purpose, plate-type dowels are used.
	The photo shows only one of the options for ventilated cladding - a metal cassette. They are most often decorated with buildings with a large area of ​​\u200b\u200bfacades. But in general, there are many options, and as a lining can be used: 1. Aluminum composite (Alucobond type). 2. Profiled steel sheet. 3. Heat treated wood. 4. WPC (composite of wood and polymer). 5. Thermal panels (two or three-layer modules made of insulation and small tiles). 6. Siding (long or modular panels with a locking connection). 7. High strength HPL plastic. 8. Porcelain tile. 9. Ceramic panels and tiles. 10. Panels made of fiber-reinforced concrete and artificial stone.

Prices for mineral wool

In addition to these elements, when installing a hinged system, accessories can be used to frame openings, decorate joints and transitions from one plane to another. But it already depends on what kind of material is chosen for the cladding.

Prices for dowels for insulation

Dowel umbrella

Curtain façade system - installation step by step

The correct calculation of the load-bearing elements and the overall thermal efficiency of the system is very important, but its high-quality installation plays an equally important role in the durability of the structure. Present to your attention step by step instructions, which tells you which technological operations, and in what order to produce.

Table 2. Installation of a hinged facade.

Steps, photo	Comment
	With the help of geodetic instruments and the level, the installation points of the brackets are determined, and markings are made. The first vertical row of the frame should be located at a distance of 10 cm from the corner. The step between the two belts depends on the configuration of the cladding elements, but on average it is 60cm.
	After marking, start drilling holes for installing dowels. When the ventilation façade is mounted on brick walls, it is very important to drill so that the fixing points do not coincide with the masonry seams. From the dowel to the horizontal seam (spoon) should be at least 2.5 cm, and to the vertical (butt) - 6 cm. On a note! When facing facades made of hollow bricks or blocks, special expansion fasteners or chemical anchors should be used.
	To obtain high-quality fasteners, it is very important to clean the holes from dust. For this, all means are good. Builders have special devices; at home, you can use a special nozzle on a vacuum cleaner.
	A dowel is driven into the cleaned hole, into which an anchor bolt will be installed a little later.
	In order to avoid the formation of cold bridges, shock-absorbing and heat-insulating layers in the form of paronite gaskets are installed at the junction of the brackets.
	The bracket is hung and fixed with an anchor, which is first hammered ...
	... and then tightened with a screwdriver. If it is supposed to do double insulation, an additional component is immediately mounted on the support brackets, which will provide the desired reach.
	Now you can proceed with the installation of thermal insulation. The plates are put on the brackets, for which they make slots corresponding in shape and location.
	The plate is put in a regular place, after which a pressure washer is put on over the protruding part of the bracket.
	Insulation is mounted from the bottom up, with a gap in the seams in the same way. brickwork. It is very important that there are no through seams more than 2 mm wide between the thermal insulation elements.
	It is possible to ensure the necessary shift of the seams by starting one row with the installation of a whole plate, and the next - from a half. They are easily cut with a knife and should not be broken or torn. Note! At the corners of the building, a jagged dressing of the seams should be observed when the end of one plate comes to the end of the other.
	Now the plates must be fixed mechanically, for which holes are drilled again - now under the dowels-fungi.
	Usually a slab measuring 1.2 * 0.6 m is attached at five points - at the corners, at a distance of 5 cm from the seams, and in the center. The half is fixed with four dowels.
	If it is supposed to mount a double layer of insulation, the plates are taken in different densities. Less dense ones go to the first layer, and they are fastened not with five, but with only two dowels - diagonally. The plates of the top layer will be more dense, and are fixed, as expected, in five places.
	This system provides for the installation of a sled - a U-shaped connecting element, and the bracket itself in this case has such a shape. Diagonally on the back of the profile there are two holes for fastening with rivets racks. Note! On systems from different manufacturers, this node may look slightly different.
	The next stage is the installation of load-bearing guides, which most often also have the letter “P” in cross section. This profile is attached to the bracket on the sides of the shelves, and through the back. Note! There are, of course, stainless steel systems, but they are very expensive. Most often, galvanized steel is used for the manufacture of profiles. She herself is not afraid of corrosion, but during installation, after all, it is necessary to cut the elements, drill them for rivets, as a result of which protective covering is violated. Private traders do not pay attention to such “little things”, and professionals immediately cover the places of cuts with paint.
	When end-joining profiles, a gap should be observed that compensates for the linear expansion of the metal, which is at least 8 mm.
	According to the format of the cladding modules, in right places fasteners are installed - clamps. They may look different, depending on the cladding option.
	The last stage is hanging decorative material. A gap of about 10 cm is provided between it and the insulation. More can not be done, because with a strong wind pressure such a facade will buzz a lot. With less moisture simply will not have time to be completely removed, and the insulation may rot.

If you noticed, our instructions skipped the stage of mounting the diffusion membrane. And that's why.

The membrane is not an obligatory element of the cake, its presence or absence depends only on the properties of the insulation. In this case, hydrophobized mineral wool was used for insulation - a basalt-based material impregnated with a water-repellent composition. Such cotton wool is not afraid of moisture, but at the same time it perfectly passes steam through itself, allowing it to freely penetrate into the ventilation gap.

Prices for composite panels

Composite panels

Conclusion

Curtain façade systems are by far the most best solution, helping to reduce construction costs by reducing the thickness of the walls. At the same time, the loads on the foundation are also reduced, and this, again, is savings. But most importantly - a high level of aesthetics modern coatings which retain their original appearance even after decades. That is why this option for arranging the facade, especially given the difficult climatic conditions in most of the territories of our country, is unlikely to ever lose its relevance.

If you choose a finish for the facade solely for reasons of practicality, you should pay attention to corrugated board. Strong, durable, not too expensive, this material is widely used in private construction. Read more about it in a special article.

Video - How a ventilated facade works

Video - Ventilated facade: installation of the insulation and cladding subsystem