Among the bush medicinal plants sea ​​buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), enjoys the most attention. The value of this plant was most fully realized only in the 20th century. The plant grows successfully in the temperate zone of Europe and Asia. It can be found from England in the West to eastern Transbaikalia in the East. On the territory of our country, sea buckthorn grows in Altai, Western and Eastern Sayan Mountains, Buryatia, Tuva, along the valleys of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Syrdarya, Amu Darya, Aksu, Tugai rivers in Central Asia. Sea buckthorn grows throughout the Tien Shan and Western Pamirs, rising to an altitude of 3500 m above sea level. Large natural thickets of sea buckthorn are found in Mongolia.

Sea buckthorn is a branched shrub or small tree 4-5 m high of the Sucker family. The root system is fibrous; in the second year of life, the growth of the main root is somewhat inhibited and intensive development of horizontal roots begins, at the ends of which, by the end of the growing season, the rudiments of adventitious shoots appear, giving rise to next year abundant growth, forming clumps. The root system is located within a radius of 10 m, penetrating the soil to a depth of 2 m. The crown of the bush consists of shoots of different ages. The branches are angular, ending in a thorn. Young shoots are densely covered with ribbed, light, and later rusty-brown scales. The buds are small, round or spherical: in female plants they are single, in male plants they are collected in small clusters. The leaves are simple, alternate, short-petiolate, narrowly lanceolate. The plant is dioecious, the flowers are small: females are yellowish, males are greenish. Blooms in April-May. The fruit is a spherical drupe of golden yellow, orange or red color, ripens in August-September. The seeds are brown, shiny, with a longitudinal groove. The plant is wind pollinated.

Small sea buckthorn fruits are truly a storehouse of vitamins and many biological active substances. Fruit juice contains up to 9.5% sugar, tannins and a large amount of organic acids. The berry juice contains vitamins C, A, E, K, P, B, B1, B9, B2, F, about 15 macro- and microelements (iron, boron, manganese, sulfur, magnesium, etc.). The fruit pulp of berries (together with seeds) contains up to 20% fatty oil, which contains unsaturated fatty acids. From sea ​​buckthorn oil prepare highly effective drugs for the treatment of burns, frostbite, cancer, some forms of eczema, senile cataracts, diabetes, anemia, gastritis, ulcers, hypertension, anemia, radiation sickness. Sea buckthorn bark is no less important than the berries. A substance called serotonin, which has anti-cancer activity, is isolated from it. Sea buckthorn leaves are rich in tannins, phytoncides, microelements, and the amount of vitamin C exceeds its content in black currant fruits several times. They are used to prepare vitamin teas, as well as to improve the taste of first courses. IN traditional medicine Sea buckthorn fruits are used as an antiscorbutic and analgesic. A decoction of the fruit, brewed with the leaves, is used in the treatment of gout and rheumatism; a decoction of fruits and branches - for baldness, a decoction of seeds - as a laxative; oil and juice are like an excellent cosmetic product. Concentrated vitamin juices are prepared from sea buckthorn berries, as in pure form, and with blackcurrant juice (for 1 liter of blackcurrant juice take 0.5 liters of sea buckthorn juice and 0.5 liters of 30% sugar syrup), carrot juice (for 1 liter of carrot juice add 0.5 liters of sea buckthorn juice and 0.5 liters of 30% sugar syrup), as well as jams, jelly and even wine (Kashcheev, 1991). The leaves contain many tannins and are used as dyes and tanning agents. Sea buckthorn is an excellent soil-building plant used in green building.

Sea buckthorn is a plant with great ecological plasticity. It places high demands on soil conditions, and to a lesser extent its productivity depends on the amount of precipitation and air temperature. The plant is light-loving and frost-resistant. Flower buds are formed on shortened, overgrowing growth shoots. Root nodules develop on the roots of the plant, which absorb atmospheric nitrogen from the air. Atmospheric nitrogen assimilated by the nodules provides normal height and plant development. Sea buckthorn grows well and bears fruit on loess deposits, on breathable pebble-gravel and light sandy loam, sandy soils, when root system constantly provided with flow groundwater with a high content of soluble oxygen. Sea buckthorn is propagated vegetatively - by seedlings grown from woody or green cuttings, as well as by seeds with mandatory subsequent grafting.

For cultivation in middle lane The following varieties are recommended in the country: Dar Katuni, Orange, Chuyskaya, Samorodok, Velikan. It's all dessert high-yielding varieties, from one bush of which you can collect from 11 to 25 kg of berries. The oil content in them reaches 7%. Oilseeds include the Maslichnaya variety, vitamin varieties include Vitaminnaya and Shcherbinka.

A sea buckthorn garden is laid out for a period of use of at least 20 years and therefore it is necessary to thoroughly prepare the soil. Sea buckthorn cannot withstand prolonged stagnation of water or flooding. In the area allocated for the garden, the soil surface is leveled in advance. They prefer areas with a groundwater level no closer than 1 m. Heavy sea buckthorn is not suitable for cultivation. clay soils. The culture is responsive to the content of nutrients in the soil. Slope exposure special significance does not have.

For planting a garden, it is best to set aside an area where they grew in the previous year. perennial herbs, or a year before planting sea buckthorn, sow green manure (lupine for green manure). The area with or without green fertilizer is dug up in the fall to a depth of 35-40 cm, adding an additional 1 sq.m. area of ​​10-12 kg of well-rotted manure, peat or compost and 40-60 g phosphate fertilizers. Best term for planting sea buckthorn seedlings - spring. It is necessary to plant only standard first and second class cuttings of one or two years old. According to the standard, sea buckthorn seedlings must meet following requirements: first grade planting material must have five skeletal roots 20 cm long, the height of the aboveground part of the plants is at least 5 cm, the diameter of the trunk at the root collar is at least 8 mm; second grade seedlings - three skeletal roots up to 20 cm long, the height of the above-ground part of the plant - 35 cm, the diameter of the trunk at the root collar is at least 6 mm.

Rooting of green cuttings of sea buckthorn is carried out in film greenhouses or warm greenhouses in a nutrient mixture consisting of sand and peat in a volume ratio of 1:3. Green cuttings from growth current year harvested in mid-June - early July, 15-18 cm long in the morning. Before planting, the cuttings are treated with a solution of heteroauxin - 100 mg per 1 liter of water for 12 hours at a temperature of 20-25 ° C or kept in water for 24 hours and planted to a depth of 3-4 cm with a feeding area of ​​5x3 cm. High survival rate of cuttings - in within 85-95% - achieved by maintaining high relative humidity air at least 85-90% and optimal temperature 22-25°C. To maintain optimal conditions, frequent watering or the use of a fogger and temperature control are necessary, especially in the first days. Rooting occurs 30-35 days after planting the cuttings. Caring for cuttings is usual. The amount of standard planting material in the first year increases if foliar feeding is carried out after rooting of seedlings with nitrogen mineral fertilizers in a concentration of 0.5-1%, zinc salts in a concentration of 0.06%. The yield of standard planting material can be 90%. The remaining non-standard cuttings in the spring of next year are planted for growing in a nursery with a feeding area of ​​15x70 cm.

Before digging planting holes, the area should be razed and loosened to a depth of 7-10 cm. Size landing pit 40x40 cm. Drainage is laid in the center at the bottom of the pit with a layer of up to 10 cm of crushed stone, broken bricks. If sea buckthorn is planted in an area with good soil, then by adding up to 1 kg of humus and 200 g of superphosphate to this soil per hole, you can fill the root system of the seedling with it. If the soil is heavy mechanical composition, it contains a lot of clay fractions, you should add river sand and peat in a 1:1 ratio, add organic and mineral fertilizers. The planted plant is watered abundantly at the rate of 20 liters per 1 hole, mulched and tied to a support stake. Root collar When planting, the seedling is buried 3-5 cm below the soil level. Since sea buckthorn is a dioecious plant, for every 8-9 female specimens it is necessary to plant one male one. The feeding area when planting a garden is 4x2 m or 4x2.5 m.

The sea buckthorn garden begins to bear fruit 3-4 years after planting. Caring for the garden and seedlings consists of loosening the soil, fertilizing, pruning, weeding, and combating pests and diseases. Loosening and weeding are carried out as necessary, trying to constantly keep the soil loose and free from weeds. Once already on fruit-bearing plantations in the middle of the rows under autumn digging contribute 3-4 south/sq.m. organic composts and 30-50 g/sq.m. superphosphate. Since the root system of sea buckthorn lies shallow, digging is carried out no closer than 1 m from the tree trunk to a depth of 12-14 cm, and loosening in the one-meter zone near the trunk - to a depth of 6-8 cm.

Sea buckthorn pruning is carried out in two directions: formative and rejuvenating. The first is carried out in the first years of the plant’s life according to general rules, accepted in fruit growing, i.e. leave 3-5 main skeletal branches, correctly oriented. Anti-aging pruning is carried out once every 8-10 years. In addition, sanitary pruning is carried out annually in the spring.

The most dangerous pest of the sea buckthorn garden is the sea buckthorn fly. The pest overwinters in the surface layer of soil in the larval stage in a false cocoon. The fly emerges from the false cocoon in mid-June to early August. The female lays one or two eggs under the skin of the berry, from which two weeks later a larva hatches, feeding on the pulp of the berries for three weeks. Preventive control measures - removing fallen leaves, digging up the soil under the crown of trees, spraying with the preparation Actellik (0.1 g/sq.m. per 50 g of water) during the summer of the sea buckthorn fly.

Fruit harvesting begins when the sea buckthorn berries acquire the characteristic color characteristic of a certain variety. During the initial period of ripening, the berries contain more vitamin C and less oil. By the end of ripening, they accumulate more oil and contain less vitamin C. Berries are picked manually or using various devices - hooks and loops; It is possible to collect sea buckthorn berries after the onset of frost (-10-20°C) by shaking them off. The harvested berries are immediately processed. After squeezing the juice, the meal is dried to a free-flowing state and used to obtain sea buckthorn oil.

Ideal for dense, thorny hedges. Looks good in gardens and is also used when planting urban green spaces. It has decorative, silvery leaves and very picturesque, bright orange berries, which can be a wonderful accent in winter garden. Besides, sea ​​buckthorn fruits They are edible, but they should be collected only after the first frost - they will then get rid of their expressive tart taste.

Origin

Sea buckthorn or buckthorn (lat. Hippophaë rhamnoídes) shrub or tree, belongs to the Sucker family. It grows naturally in Europe and Asia. These plants are resistant to frost, drought, wind, polluted air, and are also not demanding to grow. Sea buckthorn can also be used as garden plant– has decorative, silver-gray leaves, bright (and healthy and tasty) fruits, can also be used to create hedges and to strengthen slopes and slopes of the site. Sea buckthorn is sometimes called “Russian pineapple”. It has a very exotic, original appearance.

Appearance

- a large, voluminous shrub, grows quite slowly, but can grow to about 4-6 m in height, with a crown diameter of about 3-5 meters. It has irregular, asymmetrical cover and spreading, tight, woody branches that are covered with smooth, brownish bark. The branches are covered with thin, hard and quite sharp thorns. Sea buckthorn forms dense, tangled thickets, and thanks to the numerous shoots of the root system, this shrub grows quite widely.

Sea buckthorn is a seasonal plant. The leaves develop in the spring and are interesting decoration plants – gray-green above, silvery below, delicately covered with villi, 7 cm long, narrow and hard.

The flowers appear even before the leaves develop (March-April); they are small, yellow-green, have a rather characteristic smell, but do not have too much decorative value. Sea ​​buckthorn dioecious plant , there are male and female copies. Fruits appear only on female individuals, but in order for it to become dusty, at least two types of shrubs must grow at a close distance from each other. After pollination, fruits appear on the female bushes - small, spherical, orange drupes that begin to ripen in August, but they will only fully ripen in October. Sea buckthorn fruits are edible, but they can only be collected after the first frost (previously very tart). Gloves must be used during harvesting due to the thorns. If they are not collected, they will hang on the bush until spring, providing food and delicacy for birds. Sea buckthorn is directly covered with fruits, this is also interesting decorative element in the garden.

Growing conditions

Sea buckthorn requires sunny plot. Bushes planted in the shade wither. This plant prefers light soil, sandy, permeable and fairly dry. It grows very poorly in heavy, clayey, wet soil. But they like high air humidity, so they often grow in coastal areas (on dunes and rocks). Shrubs tolerate soil salinity and air pollution, and are also completely frost-resistant.

Sea buckthorn can be planted as early spring, and in the fall. We plant the plant in a hole about 80 cm deep and wide. It is worth putting a layer of compost at the bottom of the hole - then frequent fertilization is not required (this plant lives in symbiosis with bacteria that bind nitrogen with air). If we want to create from sea buckthorn hedge, the bushes should be planted at a distance of approximately 80-100 cm. The soil around the planted bushes must be compacted, and the seedling should be watered abundantly. Plants are watered abundantly during the first 3 years from planting. Adult specimens are quite resistant to drought. Every year, in the spring, we dig up the soil around the bushes and fluff them up. Plantings should also be weeded.

If we count on sea ​​buckthorn fruits, then you should remember that this plant is dioecious - dusting of flowers on bushes with female flowers occurs with pollen from the flowers of male bushes. Therefore, at 6-8 female species must plant at least one male specimen. Female specimens can only be recognized when they are 3-4 years old and begin to bloom - their flower buds less and the total quantity is less.

Care procedures

Newly planted bushes need to shorten their shoots so that the plant produces new shoots and thickens well - we do this in early spring. A few years after planting, sea buckthorn can be formed in this way. Later, the bushes are not pruned because they recover very poorly. We cut out only dry, broken, damaged branches.

Sea buckthorn is growing rapidly and over time can choke out other plants, so it is worth systematically removing root shoots that quickly multiply. The shoots should be pulled out rather than cut off. Let's do it late autumn or at the beginning of summer, when the young roots have not yet become woody.

Pretty bushes pest resistant , but sometimes or may appear. Weaker plants can be infected with diseases such as fusarium and verticillium.

Sea buckthorn can be propagated seeds(generative reproduction), from root cuttings or escape (vegetative propagation). We sow the seeds in the ground in the fall or keep them () and sow them in the spring. After 3-4 years it will be possible to separate the male individuals from the female ones (when they begin to bloom).

Root cuttings We dig it up, cut it off (the bush takes root quite shallowly), and then cut it into smaller pieces and place it in penetrating soil, which should be constantly slightly moist. Newly emerged plants are planted in the ground in the spring.

Vegetative shoot we take them at the beginning of summer, they should be about 15-20 cm long and have several leaf buds. We place them in a mixture of sand and peat, the mixture should be constantly slightly damp, in a bright place, but not in the full sun. We will plant them in the ground next spring.

Application and beneficial properties

Sea buckthorn is suitable for dense, thorny hedges. Looks beautiful in large gardens or forested areas, in urban plantings. It has decorative silvery leaves and very decorative, bright orange leaves. edible fruits. Sea buckthorn fruits contain vitamins(A, groups B, D, E, F, K, P have a lot of vitamin C, which does not break down during cooking, because the plant does not have enzymes that break down this vitamin), minerals(boron, manganese, iron), as well as sugar, carotene, folic acid, tannins, anthocyanins and much more. Sea buckthorn can be used for diseases digestive system (stomach, liver), respiratory organs, skin diseases . Has a beneficial effect on the immune system, in addition, counteracts skin aging (seed oil). Medicinal raw materials are fruits and seeds (oil).

The fruits are juicy and aromatic, after frost they become sweeter, suitable for jam, marmalade, marmalade (contain a lot of pectin), puree, jelly, juice, liqueur. They can also be dried.

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Describing sea buckthorn, let's consider its flowering: it is expressed by single-covered, regular-shaped flowers, each of them is endowed with a tubular two- or four-lobed perianth.

Each flower contains from four to eight stamens.

• Sea buckthorn fruits affected by endomitosis begin to lose their aroma and will easily become crushed in your hands when picked. In the coming year, such trees will produce almost no berries. We need to get rid of this disease chemicals: Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride. The initial treatment is carried out after the end of flowering of the crop, repeated treatment - in mid-summer.
• A disease such as scab occurs everywhere; it provokes drying out of the shoots. If the scab has developed extensively, then the plant cannot avoid death. The disease affects foliage, fruits and young shoots. It appears in the first half of summer and has the appearance of rounded shiny spots of charcoal color, they increase in size until the end summer days. A little later, pink-yellow piles of mucus appear. This is a debate. They come out through the gaps of the berry skin. This process causes the fruits to rot, they turn black and dry out. The foliage curls at the ends, becomes brown, and black swellings appear on the shoots. You should get rid of this scourge by resorting to autumn pruning and irrigation with Bordeaux mixture, which has a concentration of one percent. Only this must be done no later than three weeks before the start of harvesting.

The most important enemies of sea buckthorn are sea buckthorn moth and sea buckthorn fly. They propose to fight them with chlorophos; they need to irrigate the plants at certain times.

The sea buckthorn aphid is considered an unpleasant harmful insect; it, together with its larvae, can infect plant leaves. On garden areas fight it with infusions and decoctions of tomato and potato leaves, garlic and onion peels, as well as tobacco leaves mixed with laundry soap. In addition, a chemical method using karbofos at a concentration of ten percent is effective in combating aphids.

Sea buckthorn fruits are a storehouse of vitamins and minerals. Due to their unique composition, the berries are used for the production of medicines. industrial scale, and some recipes for a home medicine cabinet have come down to us through the centuries.

Other names for sea buckthorn are dereza, voskovukha, jida. In nature, there are two varieties of this plant: buckthorn and willow. The first variety is usually cultivated.

Where can you find sea buckthorn?

Under natural conditions it grows along the banks of reservoirs on sandy soils and pebbles, in the mountains. Widely distributed in Siberia, almost everywhere in Europe and in temperate climatic zone Asia, can be found in the mountainous regions of China, Pakistan and India.

Sea buckthorn plantings are used to secure road slopes, ravines, sand, to create hedges, as ornamental plant and for the purpose of obtaining a fruit harvest.

Photo from: pixabay.com

Composition and value of sea buckthorn

The value of sea buckthorn lies in its unique composition, rich in various biologically active substances. Together with its low calorie content, this berry is excellent for inclusion in the diet for dietary and therapeutic nutrition.

The fruits are extremely rich in carotenoids. The brighter or darker the color of the berries, the higher their content.

It also contains vitamin K in small quantities.

From the list of water-soluble vitamins: C, PP, B vitamins.

The following minerals are present in sea buckthorn berries: iron, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium.

Sea buckthorn leaves and bark are also valuable medicinal raw materials. They contain tannins and serotonin, which have a stimulating effect on nervous system and suppressing the growth of cancer cells.

Use for preventive and therapeutic purposes

Sea buckthorn is known as medicinal plant for a long time. True, it was originally discovered as a means of giving horses an external shine. Currently wide application Sea buckthorn has gained popularity in medicine, both folk and official.

IN for preventive purposes fresh berries used as an immunostimulant and to compensate for deficiencies of vitamins and microelements. They have a strengthening effect on the cardiovascular system (prevention of atherosclerosis) and reduce the risk of blood clots.

The fruits have a sour taste, so they are often consumed in the form of juice. Berries mashed with sugar are added to teas, cocktails, and desserts.

Oil from the fruits and seeds of sea buckthorn has pronounced regenerating and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used externally to treat burns, lesions of the mucous membranes and skin, and to stimulate recovery processes in the postoperative period.

Sea buckthorn oil is prescribed for oral administration for gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Extracts and extracts from fruits and leaves are widely used not only in medicines, but also in cosmetics.

Precautions

Sea buckthorn and preparations based on it should be used with caution during exacerbations of diseases gallbladder and liver. It is also not recommended to eat fruits if you have urolithiasis or increased secretion. gastric juice due to high acid content.

Harvesting methods

The berries are harvested during the ripening period in autumn or winter of already frozen fruits. Useful properties berries are preserved as much as possible throughout the year. Due to their high acid content, soaked sea buckthorn berries can be stored in the refrigerator for several months. You can only dry berries that were collected before frost, with the skin intact.

Leaves and bark can be collected throughout the year, but spring collection is most effective. They are best stored dry.

The raw material for the production of sea buckthorn oil can be either whole fruits or the cake remaining after squeezing the juice. It can be dried or frozen and used as needed to make a fresh batch of healing oil.

The easiest way to obtain 100% natural sea buckthorn oil is by cold pressing. Obtained using a juicer, the juice settles for 2-3 days in a cool, dark place. A small amount of oil will collect on the surface. It needs to be collected using a pipette or spoon. Store in the refrigerator for no more than six months. It is most suitable for cosmetic purposes, but the yield of the finished product is very small.

A drop of sea buckthorn oil to your regular cream will help keep your skin young and healthy, protect against chapping and dryness, and rubbing it into the scalp before washing your hair will strengthen it and give it a special shine.

To emphasize the taste of sea buckthorn juice, it is better to add sugar to it and dilute it with boiled water at the rate of: a glass of water and 4 tablespoons of granulated sugar per 3 glasses of pure juice.

Sea buckthorn has medicinal properties thanks to a large number active substances such as vitamins C and E, flavonoids and beta-carotene. Thanks to them, the aging process of the body slows down, the work of the cardiovascular system is stimulated and the body’s immunity is strengthened.

Sea buckthorn has medicinal properties due to a large number of active substances, such as vitamins C and E, flavonoids and beta-carotene

Morphology and occurrence

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was described in Tibetan medical books of the 8th century AD. e. IN ancient Greece Sea buckthorn was fed to horses so that they would have shiny wool, hence its name: hipp - horse, and phaos - glossy. Currently, sea buckthorn is ornamental shrub in gardens and parks, and more recently they began to grow it for food use. Several varieties have already been obtained with larger fruits than the wild form, with a pleasant, non-bitter taste. Description of its pharmacologically active substances in laboratory conditions made it possible to actively use various properties of plant extracts from it.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) is a species of plant from the family Elaegnaceae. It is found in Europe and Asia, up to China, mainly along the sea coasts. The plant does not require soil and can grow on sandy soil. It is resistant to frost and drought, does not like very strong soil salinity, and tolerates air pollution well.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was described in Tibetan medical books of the 8th century AD. e.

Characteristics of the plant: sea buckthorn is a highly branched shrub, less often a low tree, reaching a height of 1.5 to 6 m. appearance reminiscent of fluffy willow species. It grows slowly. Young shoots of sea buckthorn end in sharp thorns. The bark on the trunk and branches in the longitudinal direction cracks and peels off in pieces, usually dark brown, sometimes black. Kidneys ovoid, golden-copper hue. Shoots with thorns form lateral branches in the form of second row thorns. The leaves are narrow and soft, up to 7 cm long, with slightly curved edges. The inflorescences are small, on the branches before the leaves appear - from March to May. Fruit orange color, juicy, aromatic, with a characteristic sour-tart taste. They contain a lot of vitamins (A, B, C and E). The berries remain on the plant all winter until spring. They are tasteless because they contain little sugar. After winter frosts they become sweet.

Sea buckthorn is widespread in many countries due to its low soil requirements, resistance to drought and air pollution, and has great decorative value. The abundantly fruiting bushes are especially beautiful. Under the weight of ripening bright fruits, the branches bend to the ground and often break.

Sea buckthorn grows well in a sunny place, tolerates mild soil salinity, and loves calcareous soils. Does not grow well in wet, swampy, cold, heavy, clayey, dense soils.