The genitive case is necessary in Russian to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: this can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); an action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), an action and its object (building a house), an action and its place (walking near the house), the absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animate or inanimate. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table shows nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Circumstantial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to pose case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes the time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• When?
• For what?

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

The most convenient way to classify values ​​is in the table:

Nouns in the genitive case have the meaning:
duration of action	course of action	scene	reasons for action	action goals
after lunch in the middle of the day until evening	without sadness without enthusiasm without a light	from the city near the school from under a bush	with joy out of curiosity out of resentment	for work for study

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of uses as adverbials.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to correctly:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilogram of tangerines or tangerines?

If someone has these questions, it’s normal.

The biggest headache- form genitive case plural.

Of course, you can say: “We have no business, we don’t know cases.” But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, the Unified State Exam in Russian is coming up.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since a countless number of word forms are formed and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.

For ease of learning, you can divide the material into groups according to their type.

Feminine nouns in the genitive case

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined before the end by the initial form (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of it: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
• In them. p. -a, -i not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates
• In them. case - ia: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, pin - pins. But: singers, jumpers, fussers, naughty girls, witches, pancakes.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell tower (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, square - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, whip - whips, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending -ee).

Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

In such nouns, the genitive case form is also in most cases with zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, vessel - vessel; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - shilyev, bottom - donyev, little face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p. -e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. p. -ie, -ye: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. P.-Ye: guns. But: copies, rabble.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of genitive word forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by ending and use the table for this:

The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?
no Englishmen, Bulgarians, Ossetians, Moldovans, Mohicans, Mordvins, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Turkmens, Slavs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, citizens, elders, soldiers, partisans, gypsies,	there are no Latvians, uncles, inhabitants, kings, princes, tsars, princes, youths, boys	no drivers, sons-in-law, Lithuanians, Estonians, geniuses, Bedouins, Bushmen, Tajiks, Svans, Karelians, Sarmatians, Karelians, Tungus, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, midshipmen, Bedouins, Kyrgyz, Yakuts, sappers, miners, hussars, dragoons, lancers, apprentices
with a collective meaning - a squadron of hussars, a regiment of dragoons, a dozen lancers; grenadier company, cadet squad
items
stocking, boot, felt boot, oporok, shoulder strap,	paths, roots	roots, boots, socks, rails, glasses, leaves, sheets, bracelets, key rings,
units of measurement
100 volts, arshin, x-ray, hertz, ohm, kopecks, 5 carats	seven spans, 100 rubles	10 grams, kilograms, centners, acres, hectares, inches, liters, meters, millimeters, centimeters, poods, pounds, feet, yards, dinars, dollars, tugrs, sterling
product names
no pasta		a lot of apricots, oranges, tomatoes, tomatoes, bananas, eggplants, lemons, tangerines,

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings that depend on the questions that are posed to them by nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the following questions are posed:

• Which one? - husband. and Wednesday sort of
• Which? - female sort of

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -ey, -oh;
• sea ​​(what?) deep, sparkling - the end of -it;
• ship (what?) large, sailing - the end of -it.

Adjectives and participles are posed with genitive plural questions:

• which ones?
• what are they doing?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what have they done?) unfolding.

Genitive plural endings

Genitive plural endings are another difficult topic for our speech practice.

How to choose one or another ending? How to say: no stocking or stockings? Without sock or socks?

Why are we talking Armenians, But Mongols?

How to ask correctly in a store: 5 kilogram or kilograms? orange or oranges?

When choosing an ending, you should be guided by the following rules.

Masculine

1. All names of paired items have a zero ending: shoe, boot, stocking, trousers, shoulder straps, scissors.

Exception: sock ov .

2. The names of nationalities are subject to following rules:

a) words with a base in - n, -r have null endings: Englishmen, Armenians, Georgians, Lezgins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmens, Gypsies, Bashkirs, Bulgarians.

Exception:black person ov.

b) words with stems starting from other letters have the ending - ov: Kyrgyz ov, Kalmyk ov, Tajik ov, Uzbek ov, Mongolian ov, Yakut ov .

Exception:Turks, Buryats.

3. The names of military groups and former branches of the military require the following endings:

a) without numerals they have a zero ending: partisan, soldier, grenadier, midshipman, hussar, dragoon, lancer;

b) the previous types of troops with numerals have endings - ov: 10th Hussars ov, 5 midshipman ov, 6th Hussars ov, 7 Lancers ov.

4. The names of units of measurement vary:

A) ampere, watt, gram, kilogram, x-ray, coulomb;

b) ampere ov, watt ov, gram ov, kilogram ov, x-ray ov, pendant ov.

Truncated forms ( ampere, gram

5. The names of the "vegetables - fruits" group have endings - ov: orange ov, mandarin ov, banana ov, tomato ov, eggplant ov.

Truncated forms ( orange, tangerine, banana, tomato) are typical for colloquial speech.

Feminine

1. Nouns ending in - la, -nya have a null ending: waffles, roofs, gossip, nannies, cherries, apple trees.

2. Some nouns have the ending - to her: candles to her, rake to her, sheet to her .

There are also variant forms: The game is worth the candle But: There are no candles in the house to her. However, the word candle here used in literal and figurative (phraseological) meanings (indicate which).

3. Nouns ending in - and I have an ending - th: auditor th, academician th, conservative th.

Neuter

1. A number of names have a zero ending: apples, shoulders, saucers of towels, mirrors.

Pay attention to the shape of the shoulders ( Dress with and without shoulders!)

2. The normative forms are: th: coast th, provincial th, drugs th.

3. There are also forms on - ev:ust ev, bolotets ev, upper reaches ev, lower ev.

How do those nouns that are always used only in the plural form the genitive case? Nouns that are always used only in the plural (without gender) form the genitive case using various types endings:

zero: twilight; days;

-s: frost ov ;

-to her: weekday to her, nursery to her, san to her .

Questions and tasks

1. What factors influence the choice of the nominative plural ending for nouns? Name them.

2. How to form the plural of words with the element -er/-er (conductor)? From what language did these words come to us?

3. Give examples when endings -ы/-а serve to distinguish words by meaning.

4. What is the genitive plural ending for the names of paired objects (boots, trousers)? How to say correctly: no socks or no socks?

5. Which of the forms belong to the official business style, and which to the colloquial style of speech: grams, pendants / grams, pendant? tomatoes, oranges / tomato, orange?

Difficult plural forms of nouns

Among the forms of nouns, the formation of which may be associated with certain difficulties, include the plural forms of the nominative case ( directors or directors, valves or valve?) and the plural forms of the genitive case of some nouns ( five grams And five grams, five oranges or five orange?)

1. Plural forms of the nominative case of nouns: directors or directors?

The nominative plural form of nouns is checked in dictionary order (according to the dictionary). See section "Word Check" on our portal. Please note: searching for a word in dictionaries is carried out using initial form(nominative case, singular)!

The dictionary entry is read as follows: if the entry does not specifically indicate the plural form (mark pl.), then to form the nominative plural, the ending is used -And or -s. If a different ending is required (or options are acceptable), then a note is placed: pl. -A. For example:

In the modern Russian literary language, variants fluctuate in the form named after. p.m. hours, number over 300 words. The center of the spread of inflexion -a(s) are the spheres of vernacular and professional language. In this regard, the forms on -a, (-i) often have a colloquial or professional connotation: contract, mechanic, turner. The forms are on -s(s) more neutral and for most words meet traditional norms literary language. However, in some cases the forms on -a, (-i) have already replaced forms with -s(s).

In addition, you can remember a number of patterns that make it easier to choose the inflection (ending) of the nominative plural:

Declined neuter nouns, the initial form of which ends in -KO, have an unstressed plural inflection. h. them. p. -And (faces, feathers, apples). The exception is nouns with stressed plural endings. h.: troops And clouds.

The remaining neuter nouns are in the plural form. h. accept the ending -a(s): swamps, fields, seas, windows.

Form on -a, -i for some words it may be the only or predominant: side - sides (sides only in phraseological combination hands on hips); century - centuries (eyelids only in phraseological combinations for once, forever and ever, forever and ever), eye - eyes, meadow - meadows, fur - furs, snow - snow, haystack - haystacks, silk - silk.

Forms may have different meaning: tones(about color) and tones(about sound) bread(about cereals) and breads(about baked bread), workshops And workshops(at the enterprise) and workshops(medieval organizations of artisans).

Forms of nouns can differ in stylistic coloring: sides and outdated sides; Houses and outdated houses; stern and outdated stern; horns and outdated and poet. horns; varieties and outdated varieties; volumes and outdated volumes, and also thunder and poet. thunder; coffins and poet. coffin

Finally, the forms of nouns can be equivalent and interchangeable: year And years(But: years of youth, severe hardships; nineties, zero years), workshops And workshops(at the enterprise), storms And storms.

To resolve the issue of the status of a “controversial” form of a word (non-normative, variant, stylistically colored, etc.), in any case, you need to consult a dictionary.

Non-standard plurals are formed for words child - children, person - people, bottom - donya and some others.

2. Plural forms of the genitive case of nouns: five grams or five grams?

For most masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), the ending is typical -s in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. A wide range of exceptions can be identified from this rule - similar nouns, but having a zero ending in the genitive plural: one stocking - no stockings, one Ossetian - five Ossetians, one gram - five grams And five grams etc. Such words include:

Names of people by nationality and by belonging to military units, mainly used in the plural forms in the collective meaning: Magyars - Magyars, Turkmens - Turkmens, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen, partisans - partisans, soldiers - soldiers; this also includes the form p. p.m. h. Human.

Names of paired items: boots - boots, eyes - eyes, cuffs - cuffs, shoulder straps - shoulder straps, stockings - stockings, epaulettes - epaulettes, boots - boots.

Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the “measuring” context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending is used -s: live without excess kilograms, not enough gigabytes.

It should be noted that the names of fruits, fruits and vegetables, which are masculine nouns, ending in a hard consonant ( orange, eggplant, tomato, tangerine), in the genitive plural form. hours have an ending -s: five oranges, a kilogram of eggplants, New Year without tangerines, tomato salad.

For some nouns, plural forms are formed. Part gen. n. difficult; these are words dream, prayer, head. On the contrary, the words shchetz And firewood have no other forms except the plural form. Part gen. case.

See: "Russian Grammar", M., 1980.

With the plural, not everything is as simple as it seems. And if you disagree, then you probably just haven't tried to deal with the genitive case. Georgians or Georgians, tomatoes or tomatoes and key rings instead of key chains.

For those preparing for the main school exam

Right: kilogram tangerines / oranges

You will most likely read tips on how to choose the sweetest tangerines before the New Year. Well, or a little earlier. In the meantime, we'll tell you how not to screw up with correct pronunciation or even worse - writing. The next time you find yourself at a fruit stand, listen to who pronounces it and how. We bet that you will definitely hear a couple of mistakes (depending on how long it takes you to carefully select fruits). Remember: the names of masculine fruits and vegetables that end in a hard consonant (just like “orange” and “tangerine”) will have the ending –s in the genitive plural: a ton of oranges, tangerines, bananas, pomegranates. Saying “a kilogram of tangerine” and “weigh a couple of oranges” is also possible. But only in colloquial speech and when no one hears. The only exception to the rule is for “apples” - the option “ten apples” is considered colloquial. It would be correct to say “we don’t have green apples, only red ones.”

Right: two kilograms tomatoes And eggplant

It's the same with tomatoes and eggplants. Vegetable? Yes. Masculine? Yes too. Does it end in a hard consonant? Yes again! This means that in the genitive plural we write the ending –ov. Therefore, your salad will be made from tomatoes and eggplant (not tomato and eggplant).

Right: we have 150 cans pickles in the cellar

It’s also very tasty when tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots are salted. True, it can be difficult not to make a mistake in the same genitive case of the same plural. If you brag to someone about how many pickles (not pickles) you have in your pantry or your parents’ cellar, do it right too.

Right: three pairs stocking

Let's remember the basics. But at the same time, a common and annoying mistake: how to write “socks”, “socks” and “stockings” in the genitive plural. Adults suggested memorizing this way: stockings are actually long - the ending is short (“stockings”), knee-highs and socks are short - the ending is long (“socks”, “socks”).

Initially, all words were written with the same ending -ov: stockings, socks, boots (the word “stockings” still exists in some dictionaries with the mark “obsolete”). But later “stockings” lost their ending, and the spelling “stockings” began to be considered the only correct one.

Right: we no longer have clean socks and knee socks

We have already described in detail about knee socks and socks just above. But we would like to draw your attention to the fact that recently there has been a tendency towards numerous changes in dictionaries. For example, in "Russian spelling dictionary"edited by Lopatin, the usual variant of "socks" gets along with the genitive case form "sock". There is a possibility that soon the “sock” will become acceptable norm(like “five kilograms of tomatoes” in colloquial speech), but for now we recommend writing and saying only “socks” and “socks” in the genitive plural.

Right: without shorts

Right: without shorts

First of all, shorts is a noun that can only be used in the plural. Previously, there was only one correct option in the genitive case: (without) shorts. Although now the Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences gives that both options - shorts and shorts (emphasis on the first syllable) - are equivalent. So if you are going to tell someone this important information about shorts - choose the option that you like best. Although (without) shorts sounds, it seems to us, more familiar. But don't be shy anyway.

Right: large selection jeans

“I have five pairs of jeans.” We’re terribly happy, but everything about this sentence is wrong. Some nouns that denote paired objects and are used exclusively in the plural may also have a zero ending in the genitive case. Trousers - trousers, shorts - shorts (although there is also an equal option “shorts”). But besides them, there are also “jeans” and “pants”, which have -ov at the end. So choose your jeans wisely. And if you want to talk about denim, then you don’t even have to think about the accent. Equal options: denim and denim.

Right: crafts from macaron

We're talking about food again. But no vegetables and fruits. It is worth remembering one more form of the genitive case of a noun, which is used only in the plural: crafts from what? - pasta. And no “pasta” please.

Right: I ate a plate pancakes And waffles

And for those who are no longer into chips, salted fish and pickles. We tell you how to have intelligent conversations in coffee shops. Although “pancakes”, “waffles” and “cookies” are not far from “pickles” in grammatical terms. Remember: the correct genitive (plural) forms are “pancakes,” “cookies,” and “waffles.” And if suddenly in some dictionary (Ushakov’s, for example) you came across the option “pancakes” - don’t believe it. This form is incorrect. And no one has recommended using it for a long time.

Right: five kilogram / gram

Right: five kilograms / grams

There is variability not only in shorts and shorts, but also in units of measurement. If they are combined with numerals, then you have two equal options to choose from - seven kilograms and seven kilograms. But if the genitive case is not used for conditional counting, then the number of options is reduced to one: I want to lose a few extra kilograms (or grams).

Right: she doesn't have boot And shoes

It's sad to live without boots and shoes. But usually what is put on (or shoes) on the feet is used with a zero ending. For example, stockings, boots, sneakers, boots, felt boots, shoes. Unless the sneakers distinguished themselves: in the genitive plural there will be “kedov”. By the way, about the shoe. The correct form is only (no) “shoes”, with the emphasis on the first syllable. “Shoes” is not an acceptable option, although some try to recognize it in colloquial speech. Well, let’s immediately talk about accents. No “shoe” - just “shoe”.

Right: there's so much around the house nursery

The place where serious socialization and preparation for the harsh kindergarten and school life begins. The first thing you need to know about the word "manger" is that it does not have singular(just like a swing). The second is the complex genitive case, which fails many. The correct word would be not “nursery”, but “manger”. And thirdly, the emphasis in all cases falls on the first letter “I”: a child in a manger.

Right: in Sochi Georgian more than Armenians

It can also be difficult with nationalities. Try to remember whether you need an ending or not. First, let's deal with the Georgians and Armenians. If you Google “Georgians” you will find 314,000 results. Of these thousands, they probably explain the mistake somewhere, and somewhere they talk about the owner of the surname Gruzinov, but still. If we want to name the number of representatives of Georgia or Armenia, then “five Georgians” or “three Armenians” would be correct.

Right: in the company Turk

Friends from Turkey left not far from the Georgians and Armenians. There is one more trick that will help you remember the correct options. Very often, in the names of nationalities, the genitive plural case coincides with the nominative case form in the singular: Turks, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians. You can check it in the dictionary.

Right: I have many friends - Bashkir(And Tatars)

Another common mistake that actually follows the previous rules. We decided to repeat it once again so that you remember once and for all. But you shouldn’t think that all nationalities, without exception, have zero endings. Not really. For example, in the genitive case, the literary norms are: Abkhazians (not Abkhazians), Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kalmyks, and so on.

Right:coaches Spartak and CSKA are unhappy with the match

And now no genitive case - plural nouns in pure form using the example of football coaches. Nouns ending in a consonant form the plural using the ending -ы: “trainers”, “editors”, “creams”, “contracts”. This is a literary norm, so just remember. And about another literary norm ending in –a - read below.

Right: your eyes - How bottom of the oceans

Agree, the compliment is so-so. Especially if they say “bottoms”. But if you use the correct plural form, then your interlocutor (a secret grammar Nazi at heart) will certainly be conquered. Well, by the way, no jokes. The word “bottom” actually has a plural form (although even the candidate of philological sciences Marina Koroleva did not immediately find out about this) - “donya”. Just like an appeal from Latin American soap operas (“ Good morning, Dona Rosa!”). So the oceans still have bottoms, just like bottles of champagne.

Right: at your place key rings more than keys

Until quite recently, dictionaries had the only correct declension scheme for a word: brelok, brelok, trinkets, trinkets, and so on. This spelling (and pronunciation) is due to its French origin. True, if in the letter, perhaps someone else remembered the captive letter “o” in the suffix, then in speech we all listened to how friends brought “keychains” from travel, and their keys were always “with a keychain.” But dictionaries surrender to the onslaught of spoken language. Now in Lopatin’s spelling dictionary the form of the word “trinkets” is considered equal to “trinkets”, although other dictionaries make a note that this is a colloquial version.

Right: not enough nerves

At the modern pace of life, nerves are sometimes truly lacking. The main thing is not to be “nervous”. Still, parting with one is not as sad as with nervous system entirely.

Right: the best directors Moscow schools

In the modern Russian language there are approximately 300 words in which the nominative plural is, so to speak, variable. Endings in -ы (-и) are more familiar to us and are considered literary (trainers, as in the example above). But over the years, forms in -a (-я) have managed to supplant some literary variants. More precisely, take their place. Now the only thing the right options“Directors”, “Professors”, “Doctors” are considered.

Right: five poker

We hope that in childhood everyone was familiar with the poker, and maybe you were even trusted to use it. If there are several of them, then you need to write it like this: two pokers, five pokers.

Photo: Winslow Homer’s painting “Fog Signal”

Weigh me five kilograms of oranges.

Yeah, you need five kilograms of orange, wait a minute.

It would seem like an ordinary scene in a store, but it makes you think: who uses words correctly and who uses words incorrectly? Thus the problem arises: plural nouns.

Oranges or orange?

For the most part, masculine nouns, which in the singular have a hard consonant at the end, have the ending -ov in the form we are interested in.

• Many oranges needed for juice.
• Some tomatoes enough for a salad.
• Heap fly agarics grew around the stump.
• Five computers Sponsors brought them to the school.
• Dish from eggplant The food here is delicious.
• Basket honey agaric became a reward for a two-hour walk through the forest.
• Kilogram tangerines To New Year's table won't hurt.
• Pair socks from my grandmother - a New Year's gift.

Gram or grams?

The names of units of measurement have a zero ending if used in a “measurement” context:

• One hundred and twenty volt enough.
• Normal voltage - two hundred and twenty watt.
• One hundred gram it won't hurt now.
• Five ampere- too little.
• Hundred hectare the fields were empty.
• There are five hundred here gigabyte memory.
• Eighty arshin red silk went to the flags.
• Just ten hertz!

If the genitive plural of nouns does not have a counting value, then you need to use the ending -ov:

• You only need to add a hundred grams.
• Five are missing kilograms.
• Without necessary gigabytes It will not be possible to download all the information.

Turkmen or Turkmens?

The nationality of people has a collective meaning, therefore the genitive form of nouns is used mainly with a zero ending:

• Group Turkmen went to the plane's steps.
• Some Armenians made up a team of builders.
• He's among English grew up.
• Arrival Bulgarians was furnished solemnly.
• Steppe games Bashkir- this is a tradition.
• Dancing Lezgin charge with their energy.
• Performances Romanian were registered in the prostocol.
• Attack Saracen was a common occurrence in those days.
• Many Tatars lives in Crimea.
• Offensive Turk was stopped.
• Dancing Gypsy- the highlight of the program.
• Fellowship Ossetian Petersburg welcomed new members of the community with joy.
• Some of Buryat already in those days I understood all the advantages of joining Russia.
• Songs Georgian- my weakness.

This also applies to the word “person”: several Human came out in support of the opponent.

But these genitive plural nouns also have a number of exceptions:

• Caravan Bedouins moved slowly across the desert sands.
• Selenya Berbers are not distinguished by the intricacy of their structures.
• Customs Bushmen simple and clear.
• Protest blacks on plantations in America was natural.
• Capital Kalmyks today it is a modern city.
• Performance Kyrgyz was received very favorably by the public.
• Yurts Mongols scattered throughout the vast steppe.
• Dancing Oirots mesmerizing.
• Someone from Tajiks spoke in his own language, addressing his brothers.
• Villages Tungus usually located along river banks.
• Expression of will Uzbeks was heard by their president.
• Among Khakassians There are few purebreds anymore.
• I decided to learn the language Croatians
• Arrival Yakuts I had made an appointment for the conference in advance.

This also includes military names:

• Regiment midshipman located in a small forest. (Some midshipmen were sent on patrol).
• Squadron hussar attacked from the flanks. (Form hussars is unusual).
• Songs partisans imbued with the dream of a peaceful life.
• Company soldier moved into position.

And here there are exceptions: he took it from the miners, gathered midshipmen, sent sappers.

Boot or shoes?

The genitive plural of nouns denoting paired objects is mostly expressed with a zero ending:

• No boot at the child.
• From eye sparks flew.
• Edge cuff peeking out from under the sleeves of his jacket.
• Pair shoulder strap He always kept it in his suitcase as a reserve.
• Without stocking much better.
• Shine epaulet blinded the young ladies.
• Bolt boot echoed across the paving stones.

Exception: no socks.

It is difficult to form the genitive plural form from some nouns: head, dream, prayer. And the words shchetz And firewood there are no other forms, only genitive plural forms.

Waffle or waffle?

Formation of the genitive plural of nouns feminine characterized by a zero ending in the words:

• Tutu waffles for the child was always in the closet.
• Some domain haven't launched yet.
• There was no one in the house at all poker
• Tops roofs appeared in the distance.
• ends shaft stuck into the ground.
• Bunch rod was already soaked in the trough.
• It's time weddings- november.
• No need gossip
• Rows estates reached for the vegetable gardens.
• Nests herons darkened in the reeds.
• In your arms nannies the child grew up.

Some of these nouns have the ending -е:

• There can be no equal in this matter shares.
• Not enough skittles.
• Some a handful the seeds were pumped into Kolka’s pocket from the seller’s bucket.
• Roofs sakley disappeared around the bend.
• Light candles filled the entire hall.
• We don't have any extra sheets.

Young ladies or young ladies?

The genitive plural of feminine nouns that end in -nya in the singular has a zero ending, and soft sign not written in all words:

Backwoods or boondocks?

Nouns of the genitive plural of the neuter gender and some of the feminine gender vary: in the bookish style of speech they have the stem in -iy, and in the colloquial style they have the ending -ev, and there are words in which there is only one normative form.

Without options it is written - ii in the following words:

• Rows of sharp copies stretched to the horizon.
• Beware the deep ones gorges.
• Enemies are afraid of ours changes.
• The grace of her subtle wrists amazed me.
• We need to cover our rear armies.
• Beware of these tricks naughty.

Some words ending in -ev have the same variant-free form:

• River forests upper reaches- protected areas.
• At the most lower reaches we are fishing.
• We install networks around mouths small rivers.
• Now she had a lot dresses.
• I should add a few links.
• The boy entered the house carrying an armful of logs
• Shine sharpened points instilled confidence in victory.
• Two apprentices slept on benches.

In nouns gun And bench, judge plural form of the genitive case: guns, benches, judges.

Saucer or saucers?

Without variants, some forms of the genitive plural of a neuter noun have:

• Basket apples stood under a tree.
• Not deep enough saucer.
• No mirror in girls.
• Not enough blanket for kids.
• Terry towels is also missing.
• I haven't tried octopus tentacles
• There are many small ones in this area swamps.
• This is a dress from Kruzhevtsev.

Some words, along with the zero ending, have variable variants:

• knees - knees - knees;
• knees - knees;
• trough - trough;
• kopyts - kopytsev.

Rake or rake?

Genitive plural nouns that do not have a singular form have a null ending or the endings -ov or -ey:

zero	-ov, -ev	-to her
wet moccasins; your attacks; wide trousers; night darkness; new leggings; deep twilight; red bloomers	your tricks; early frosts; ancient clavichords; terrible rags; beggar's rags; boring antlers; nasty scum; a bunch of bots; remaining pomace; rare seedings; on the streets of settlements; lush hairstyles; long frosts.	your rake; homemade stilts; boring everyday life; peasant woods; nurseries.

Task or task?

Genitive plural nouns with a zero ending in sibilant do not have a soft sign at the end.

• many tasks;
• several dwellings;
• your shoulders;
• heavy burdens;
• no galoshes;
• lack of storage;
• your faces;
• forest thickets;
• roofs of dachas.

Practical work

Now that you know everything about the phenomenon of forming the genitive plural form of nouns, complete several tasks.

1. Instead of a question mark, put a soft sign or a blank:

• your(?) comrade(?);
• borscht(?) hot(?);
• quickly multiply(?)those;
• will you get(?) married(?);
• the rich man is handsome, broad-shouldered(?);
• hataesh(?)sya for the tug(?);
• collapse(?) on your back(?);
• come running(?) at a gallop(?);
• open(?) wide(?);
• sword(?) sparkling(?);
• blue ink(?);
• perform(?) exactly(?)-to-exactly(?);
• accumulation of clouds(?);
• it will soon be(?) midnight(?);
• treasure chest(?);
• Buckshot(?) whistles;
• too much(?) guess(?) false(?);
• many schools(?);
• musical touch(?);
• burn(?) brick(?);
• minced meat(?) fresh(?);
• swing(?) backhand(?);
• struggling(?)to solve problems(?);
• don't say it's not hefty(?).

2. Place the words in the plural in the genitive case of the word.

Ambition, acacia, slaughterhouse, hawthorn, upper reaches, young lady, heroine, nesting place, preparation room, arable land, melon, building, definition, cherry, kitchen, bakery, estate, belief, essay, typography, rowan, history, presentation, mouth, anvil, princess, gun, dress, village, apprentice, dancer, nanny, square, operation, meditation, weapon, ovation, village, reading room.

3. Form words according to the model:

• Buryats - Buryats: Bashkirs, Turkmens, Bulgarians;
• cores - cores: numbers, chairs, logs, ribs;
• Kyrgyz - Kyrgyz: Cossacks, Uzbeks, Tajiks;
• lace - lace, trough, hoof;
• socks - socks: straps;
• boots - boots: stockings, boots, felt boots;
• lemons - lemons: eggplants, tangerines;
• amperes - amperes: microns, arshins, volts;
• grains - grains: feathers, windows;
• splashes - splashes: beads, holidays;
• stretcher - stretcher: sled, darkness;
• apples - apples: pears;
• towels - towels: blankets, saucers;
• traps - traps: nostrils, feet;
• sakli - sakley: feuds, skittles;
• shoes - shoes: waffles, shafts;
• ticks - ticks: nurseries, everyday life.

4. The nominative and genitive plurals of nouns are closely related. From the nouns in brackets (im.p.) form the correct form (r.p.).

1) A lot of new (towels), (saucers), (blankets), (bedspread) were brought in for the opening of (nursery).

2) Many (hectares) of forests burned from the summer (fire).

3) What a delight the smell of (cherry) and (apple) trees are in bloom!

4) What beautiful bodies of water were located near (the estate)!

5) Huge number(vitamins) are contained in only one hundred grams of (oranges) and (lemons).

6) We had a new meter installed for 10 (amps).

7) New collection(boots) and (shoes) have arrived in stores.