CHP - thermal power plant, which produces not only electricity, but also provides heat to our homes in winter. Using the example of the Krasnoyarsk Thermal Power Plant, let’s see how almost any thermal power plant works.

There are 3 thermal power plants in Krasnoyarsk, the total electrical power of which is only 1146 MW (for comparison, our Novosibirsk CHPP 5 alone has a capacity of 1200 MW), but what was remarkable for me was Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 because the station is new - not even a year has passed , as the first and so far only power unit was certified by the System Operator and put into commercial operation. Therefore, I was able to photograph the still dusty, beautiful station and learn a lot about the thermal power plant.

In this post, in addition to technical information about KrasTPP-3, I want to reveal the very principle of operation of almost any combined heat and power plant.

1. Three chimneys, the height of the highest one is 275 m, the second highest is 180 m

The abbreviation CHP itself implies that the station generates not only electricity, but also heat (hot water, heating), and heat generation is perhaps even more of a priority in our well-known harsh winters country.

2. The installed electrical capacity of Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 is 208 MW, and the installed thermal power 631.5 Gcal/h

In a simplified way, the operating principle of a thermal power plant can be described as follows:

It all starts with fuel. Coal, gas, peat, and oil shale can be used as fuel at different power plants. In our case, this is B2 brown coal from the Borodino open-pit mine, located 162 km from the station. Coal is delivered by railway. Part of it is stored, the other part goes along conveyors to the power unit, where the coal itself is first crushed to dust and then fed into the combustion chamber - the steam boiler.

A steam boiler is a unit for producing steam at a pressure above atmospheric pressure from feed water continuously supplied to it. This happens due to the heat released during fuel combustion. The boiler itself looks quite impressive. At KrasCHETS-3, the height of the boiler is 78 meters (26-story building), and it weighs more than 7,000 tons.

6. Steam boiler brand Ep-670, manufactured in Taganrog. Boiler capacity 670 tons of steam per hour

I borrowed it from the site energoworld.ru simplified diagram steam boiler of a power plant, so that you can understand its structure

1 - combustion chamber (furnace); 2 - horizontal gas duct; 3 - convective shaft; 4 - combustion screens; 5 - ceiling screens; 6 — drain pipes; 7 - drum; 8 – radiation-convective superheater; 9 - convective superheater; 10 - water economizer; 11 — air heater; 12 — blower fan; 13 — lower screen collectors; 14 - slag chest of drawers; 15 — cold crown; 16 - burners. The diagram does not show the ash collector and smoke exhauster.

7. Top view

10. The boiler drum is clearly visible. The drum is a cylindrical horizontal vessel having water and steam volumes, which are separated by a surface called the evaporation mirror.

Due to its high steam output, the boiler has developed heating surfaces, both evaporative and superheating. Its firebox is prismatic, quadrangular with natural circulation.

A few words about the principle of operation of the boiler:

Feed water enters the drum, passing through the economizer, and goes down through the drain pipes into the lower collectors of the pipe screens. Through these pipes, the water rises and, accordingly, heats up, since a torch burns inside the firebox. The water turns into a steam-water mixture, part of it goes into the remote cyclones and the other part back into the drum. In both cases, this mixture is divided into water and steam. The steam goes into the superheaters, and the water repeats its path.

11. Cooled flue gases (approximately 130 degrees) exit the furnace into electric precipitators. In electric precipitators, gases are purified from ash, the ash is removed to an ash dump, and the purified flue gases escape into the atmosphere. Effective degree of purification flue gases is 99.7%.
The photo shows the same electrostatic precipitators.

Passing through superheaters, the steam is heated to a temperature of 545 degrees and enters the turbine, where under its pressure the turbine generator rotor rotates and, accordingly, electricity is generated. It should be noted that in condensing power plants (GRES) the water circulation system is completely closed. All steam passing through the turbine is cooled and condensed. Turning back into liquid state, the water is reused. But in the turbines of a thermal power plant, not all the steam enters the condenser. Steam extraction is carried out - production (use of hot steam in any production) and heating (hot water supply network). This makes CHP more economically profitable, but it has its drawbacks. The disadvantage of combined heat and power plants is that they must be built close to the end user. Laying heating mains costs a lot of money.

12. Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 uses a direct-flow technical water supply system, which makes it possible to abandon the use of cooling towers. That is, water for cooling the condenser and used in the boiler is taken directly from the Yenisei, but before that it undergoes purification and desalting. After use, the water is returned through the canal back to the Yenisei, passing through a dissipative release system (mixing heated water with cold water in order to reduce thermal pollution of the river)

14. Turbogenerator

I hope I was able to clearly describe the operating principle of a thermal power plant. Now a little about KrasTPP-3 itself.

Construction of the station began back in 1981, but, as happens in Russia, due to the collapse of the USSR and crises, it was not possible to build a thermal power plant on time. From 1992 to 2012, the station worked as a boiler house - it heated water, but it learned to generate electricity only on March 1 of last year.

Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 belongs to Yenisei TGC-13. The thermal power plant employs about 560 people. Currently, Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 provides heat supply industrial enterprises and the housing and communal sector of the Sovetsky district of Krasnoyarsk - in particular, the Severny, Vzlyotka, Pokrovsky and Innokentyevsky microdistricts.

17.

19. CPU

20. There are also 4 hot water boilers at KrasTPP-3

21. Peephole in the firebox

23. And this photo was taken from the roof of the power unit. Big pipe has a height of 180m, the smaller one is the pipe of the starting boiler room.

24. Transformers

25. As a switchgear at KrasTPP-3, a closed switchgear with gas insulation (GRUE) for 220 kV.

26. Inside the building

28. General view switchgear

29. That's all. Thank you for your attention

March 23rd, 2013

Once, when we were entering the glorious city of Cheboksary, with east direction my wife noticed two huge towers standing along the highway. "What is this?" - she asked. Since I absolutely did not want to show my ignorance to my wife, I dug a little into my memory and came out victorious: “These are cooling towers, don’t you know?” She was a little confused: “What are they for?” “Well, there’s something there to cool, it seems.” "Why?" Then I became embarrassed because I didn’t know how to get out of it any further.

This question may remain forever in the memory without an answer, but miracles happen. A few months after this incident, I see a post in my friend feed z_alexey about the recruitment of bloggers who want to visit the Cheboksary CHPP-2, the same one that we saw from the road. You have to suddenly change all your plans; missing such a chance would be unforgivable!

So what is CHP?

This is the heart of the power plant and where most of the action takes place. The gas entering the boiler burns, releasing a crazy amount of energy. “Clean water” is also supplied here. After heating, it turns into steam, more precisely into superheated steam, having an outlet temperature of 560 degrees and a pressure of 140 atmospheres. We will also call it “Clean Steam”, because it is formed from prepared water.
In addition to steam, we also have exhaust at the exit. At maximum power, all five boilers consume almost 60 cubic meters of natural gas per second! To remove combustion products, you need a non-childish “smoke” pipe. And there is one like this too.

The pipe can be seen from almost any area of ​​the city, given the height of 250 meters. I suspect that this is the tallest building in Cheboksary.

Nearby there is a slightly smaller pipe. Reserve again.

If the thermal power plant operates on coal, additional exhaust cleaning is necessary. But in our case this is not required, since it is used as fuel natural gas.

In the second section of the boiler-turbine shop there are installations that generate electricity.

There are four of them installed in the turbine hall of the Cheboksary CHPP-2, with a total capacity of 460 MW (megawatt). This is where superheated steam from the boiler room is supplied. It is directed under enormous pressure onto the turbine blades, causing the thirty-ton rotor to rotate at a speed of 3000 rpm.

The installation consists of two parts: the turbine itself, and a generator that generates electricity.

And this is what the turbine rotor looks like.

Sensors and pressure gauges are everywhere.

Both turbines and boilers, in case emergency situation can be stopped instantly. For this there are special valves, capable of shutting off the supply of steam or fuel in a fraction of a second.

I wonder if there is such a thing as an industrial landscape, or an industrial portrait? There is beauty here.

There is terrible noise in the room, and in order to hear your neighbor you have to strain your ears. Plus it's very hot. I want to take off my helmet and strip down to my T-shirt, but I can’t do that. For safety reasons, short-sleeved clothing is prohibited at the thermal power plant; there are too many hot pipes.
Most of the time the workshop is empty; people appear here once every two hours, during their rounds. And the operation of the equipment is controlled from the Main Control Panel (Group Control Panels for Boilers and Turbines).

This is what it looks like workplace duty officer

There are hundreds of buttons around.

And dozens of sensors.

Some are mechanical, some are electronic.

This is our excursion, and people are working.

In total, after the boiler-turbine shop, at the output we have electricity and steam that has partially cooled and lost some of its pressure. Electricity seems to be easier. The output voltage from different generators can be from 10 to 18 kV (kilovolts). With the help of block transformers, it increases to 110 kV, and then electricity can be transmitted over long distances using power lines (power lines).

It is not profitable to release the remaining “Clean Steam” to the side. Since it is formed from " Clean water", the production of which is a rather complex and costly process, it is more expedient to cool it and return it back to the boiler. So in a vicious circle. But with its help, and with the help of heat exchangers, you can heat water or produce secondary steam, which you can easily sell to third-party consumers.

In general, this is exactly how you and I get heat and electricity into our homes, having the usual comfort and coziness.

Oh yes. But why are cooling towers needed anyway?

It turns out everything is very simple. To cool the remaining “Clean Steam” before re-supplying it to the boiler, the same heat exchangers are used. It is cooled using technical water; at CHPP-2 it is taken directly from the Volga. It does not require any special preparation and can also be reused. After passing through the heat exchanger, the process water is heated and goes to the cooling towers. There it flows down in a thin film or falls down in the form of drops and is cooled by the counter flow of air created by fans. And in ejection cooling towers, water is sprayed using special nozzles. In any case, the main cooling occurs due to the evaporation of a small part of the water. The cooled water leaves the cooling towers through a special channel, after which, with the help of pumping station sent for reuse.
In a word, cooling towers are needed to cool the water, which cools the steam operating in the boiler-turbine system.

All work of the thermal power plant is controlled from the Main Control Panel.

There is always a duty officer here.

All events are logged.

Don't feed me bread, let me take a picture of the buttons and sensors...

That's almost all. Finally, there are a few photos of the station left.

This is an old pipe that is no longer working. Most likely it will be demolished soon.

There is a lot of agitation at the enterprise.

They are proud of their employees here.

And their achievements.

It seems that it was not in vain...

It remains to add that, as in the joke - “I don’t know who these bloggers are, but their guide is the director of the branch in Mari El and Chuvashia of TGC-5 OJSC, IES holding - Dobrov S.V.”

Together with the station director S.D. Stolyarov.

Without exaggeration, they are true professionals in their field.

And of course, many thanks to Irina Romanova, representing the company’s press service, for a perfectly organized tour.

Climate Analytics continues to insist that coal power in Europe must be eliminated by 2030 - otherwise the EU will not meet the goals of the Paris climate agreement. But which stations should be closed first? Two approaches are proposed - environmental and economic. "Oxygen.LIFE" I took a closer look at the largest coal-fired power plants in Russia, which no one is going to close.

Close in ten years

Climate Analytics continues to insist that to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement, EU countries will have to close almost all existing coal-fired power plants. Europe's energy sector is in need of total decarbonization, as a significant portion of the EU's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions comes from coal-fired power. Therefore, phasing out coal in this industry is one of the most cost-effective methods for reducing GHG emissions, and such action will provide significant benefits in terms of air quality, public health and energy security.

Now in the EU there are more than 300 power plants with 738 power units operating on coal fuel. Naturally, they are not evenly distributed geographically. But overall coal and lignite (brown coal) provide a quarter of all electricity generation in the EU. The most coal-dependent EU members are Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Romania. Germany and Poland account for 51% of installed coal capacity in the EU and 54% of GHG emissions from coal power in the entire united Europe. At the same time, in seven EU countries there are no coal thermal power plants at all.

« Further use coal for electricity production is not compatible with the implementation of the task of sharply reducing GHG emissions. The EU therefore needs to develop a strategy to phase out coal faster than it currently does,” Climate Analytics concludes. Otherwise, total emissions across the EU will increase by 85% by 2050. Modeling by Climate Analytics found that 25% of currently operating coal-fired power plants would need to close by 2020. In another five years, it is necessary to close 72% of thermal power plants, and completely get rid of coal energy by 2030.

The main question is how to do this? According to Climate Analytics, “the critical question is what criteria should be used to determine when to close certain thermal power plants? From the point of view earth's atmosphere, the criteria do not matter since GHG emissions will be reduced at the desired pace. But from the point of view of policymakers, business owners and other stakeholders, developing such criteria is a critical point in decision-making.”

Climate Analytics suggests two possible strategies for eliminating coal from electricity generation entirely. The first is to first close those thermal power plants that lead in GHG emissions. The second strategy is to close stations that are least valuable from a business perspective. For each of the strategies, there is an interesting infographic showing how the face of the EU will change in the years following the closure of coal plants. In the first case, Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Denmark will be under attack. In the second there are also Poland and Denmark.

There is no unity

Climate Analytics also assigned the closure years for all 300 stations in accordance with two strategies. It is easy to notice that these years differ significantly from the operating times of these stations as usual (the so-called BAU - businnes as usual). For example, Europe's largest Belchatov station in Poland (capacity over 4.9 GW) could operate until at least 2055; whereas it is proposed to close it by 2027 - the same period under any scenario.

In general, it is precisely five Polish thermal power plants that can quietly smoke until the 2060s that Climate Analytics proposes to close for three to four decades ahead of schedule. Poland, whose energy supply is 80% dependent on coal, is unlikely to be happy with this development (remember, this country is even going to challenge the climate obligations imposed on it by the EU in court). Another five stations in the Top 20 are in the UK; eight are in Germany. Also in the top twenty for closure are two thermal power plants in Italy.

At the same time, the English Fiddler's Ferry (capacity 2 GW) should be closed already in 2017, and the rest of the British thermal power plants, as stated by the government of this country, by 2025. That is, only in this country can the process take place relatively painlessly. In Germany everything can stretch until 2030, the implementation of the two strategies will differ depending on the specifics of the land (there are coal mining regions). In the Czech Republic and Bulgaria, coal generation will need to be phased out by 2020 - primarily due to significant emissions.

Renewable energy sources should replace coal. Reducing the cost of solar and wind generation is an important trend that needs to be supported and developed, according to Climate Analytics. Thanks to renewable energy sources, it is possible to transform the energy sector, including by creating new jobs (not only in the industry itself, but also in the production of equipment). Which, among other things, will be able to employ personnel released from the coal energy sector.

However, Climate Analytics admits that there is no unity in Europe regarding coal. While some countries have significantly reduced production and announced a complete phase-out of this type of fuel in the next 10-15 years (among them, for example, the UK, Finland and France), others are either building or planning to build new coal-fired power plants (Poland and Greece). “Ecological issues are given a lot of attention in Europe, but it will hardly be possible to quickly abandon coal generation. First, it is necessary to put into operation replacement capacities, because both the population and the economy need heat and light. This is all the more important because decisions were previously made to close a number of nuclear power plants in Europe. Social problems will arise, some of the employees of the stations themselves will need to be retrained, a significant number of jobs will be cut in the most different industries, which will certainly increase tension in society. The closure of coal power plants will also have an impact on budgets, since there will be no significant group of taxpayers, and the operating performance of those companies that previously supplied them with goods and services will decrease significantly. If any solution is possible, it may consist in a time-extended abandonment of coal generation, while simultaneously continuing work to improve technologies in order to reduce emissions from coal combustion and improve the environmental situation in the region. coal power plants"- says about this Dmitry Baranov, leading expert of Finam Management.

Top 20 coal-fired power plants in Europe that, according to Climate Analytics, will need to be closed

What do we have?

The share of thermal generation in the structure of electricity generation in Russia is more than 64%, in the structure of the installed capacity of UES stations - more than 67%. However, in the TOP 10 largest thermal power plants in the country, only two stations operate on coal - Reftinskaya and Ryazanskaya; basically the same thermal energy in Russia - gas. “Russia has one of the best fuel balance structures in the world. We use only 15% coal for energy production. The global average is 30-35%. In China – 72%, in the USA and Germany – 40%. The task of reducing the share of non-carbon sources to 30% is being actively addressed in Europe. In Russia, this program has, in fact, already been implemented,” said the head of the Russian Ministry of Energy Alexander Novak, speaking at the end of February at the panel session “Green Economy as a Vector of Development” as part of the Russian Investment Forum 2017 in Sochi.

The share of nuclear energy in the country's total energy balance is 16-17%, hydropower generation is 18%, and gas accounts for about 40%. According to the Institute of Energy Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, coal in electricity production has long been actively replaced by gas and nuclear power, and most rapidly in the European part of Russia. The largest coal thermal power plants are located, however, in the center and in the Urals. But if you look at the picture in the energy sector in terms of regions, and not individual stations, the picture will be different: the most “coal” regions are in Siberia and Far East. The structure of territorial energy balances depends on the level of gasification: in the European part of Russia it is high, and in Eastern Siberia and beyond it is low. Coal as a fuel is usually used in urban thermal power plants, where not only electricity is generated, but also heat. Therefore, generation in large cities (like Krasnoyarsk) is completely based on coal fuel. In general, thermal stations in the Siberian IPS alone currently account for 60% of electricity generation - this is about 25 GW of “coal” capacity.

As for renewable energy sources, now the share of such sources in the energy balance of the Russian Federation accounts for a symbolic 0.2%. “We plan to reach 3% - up to 6 thousand MW due to various mechanisms support,” Novak predicted. The Rosseti company gives more optimistic forecasts: the installed capacity of renewable energy sources in Russia may increase by 10 GW by 2030. However, a global restructuring of the energy balance in our country is not expected. “It is predicted that by 2050 there will be about 10 billion people in the world. Already today, about 2 billion do not have access to energy sources. Imagine what humanity’s need for energy will be in 33 years, and how renewable energy sources should develop to meet all demand,” Alexander Novak proves the viability of traditional energy.

“We are definitely not talking about “giving up coal” in Russia, especially since, according to the Energy Strategy until 2035, it is planned to increase the share of coal in the country’s energy balance,” recalls Dmitry Baranov from Finam Management. - Along with oil and gas, coal is one of the most important minerals on the planet, and Russia, as one of the largest countries in the world in terms of its reserves and production, is simply obliged to pay due attention to the development of this industry. Back in 2014, at a meeting of the Russian government, Novak presented a program for the development of the Russian coal industry until 2030. “It focuses on creating new coal mining centers, primarily in Siberia and the Far East, improving scientific and technical potential in the industry, as well as implementing projects in the coal chemistry.”

The largest thermal power plants in Russia operating on coal fuel

Reftinskaya GRES (Enel Russia)

It is the largest coal-fired thermal power plant in Russia (and second in the top 10 thermal power plants in the country). Located in Sverdlovsk region, 100 km northeast of Yekaterinburg and 18 km from Asbest.
Installed electrical capacity is 3800 MW.
Installed thermal power - 350 Gcal/h.
Provides energy supply to industrial areas of the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions.
Construction of the power plant began in 1963, the first power unit was launched in 1970, and the last in 1980.

Ryazanskaya GRES (OGK-2)

Fifth in the top 10 largest thermal stations in Russia. It runs on coal (first stage) and natural gas (second stage). Located in Novomichurinsk (Ryazan region), 80 km south of Ryazan.
Installed electrical capacity (together with GRES-24) is 3,130 MW.
Installed thermal power is 180 Gcal/hour.
Construction began in 1968. The first power unit was put into operation in 1973, the last one on December 31, 1981.

Novocherkasskaya GRES (OGK-2)

Located in the Donskoy microdistrict in Novocherkassk (Rostov region), 53 km southeast of Rostov-on-Don. Runs on gas and coal. The only thermal power plant in Russia that uses local waste from coal mining and coal preparation - anthracite pellets.
Installed electrical capacity is 2229 MW.
Installed thermal power is 75 Gcal/hour.
Construction began in 1956. The first power unit was put into operation in 1965, the last - the eighth - in 1972.

Kashirskaya GRES (InterRAO)

Located in Kashira (Moscow region).
Powered by coal and natural gas.
Installed electrical capacity – 1910 MW.
Installed thermal power - 458 Gcal/h.
Commissioned in 1922 according to the GOELRO plan. In the 1960s, the station underwent large-scale modernization.
Pulverized coal power units No. 1 and No. 2 are planned to be decommissioned in 2019. By 2020, the same fate awaits four more power units operating on gas-oil fuel. Only the most will remain in work modern block No. 3 with a capacity of 300 MW.

Primorskaya GRES (RAO ES Vostoka)

Located in Luchegorsk (Primorsky Territory).
The most powerful thermal power plant in the Far East. Powered by coal from the Luchegorsk coal mine. Provides most of Primorye's energy consumption.
Installed electrical capacity is 1467 MW.
Installed thermal power is 237 Gcal/hour.
The first power unit of the station was put into operation in 1974, the last one in 1990. The GRES is located practically “on board” a coal mine - nowhere else in Russia has a power plant been built in such close proximity to a fuel source.

Troitskaya GRES (OGK-2)

Located in Troitsk ( Chelyabinsk region). Advantageously located in the industrial triangle Ekaterinburg - Chelyabinsk - Magnitogorsk.
Installed electrical capacity is 1,400 MW.
Installed thermal power - 515 Gcal/hour.
The launch of the first stage of the station took place in 1960. The equipment of the second stage (1200 MW) was decommissioned in 1992-2016.
In 2016, a unique pulverized coal power unit No. 10 with a capacity of 660 MW was put into operation.

Gusinoozerskaya GRES (InterRAO)

Located in Gusinoozersk (Republic of Buryatia), it provides electricity to consumers in Buryatia and neighboring regions. The main fuel for the station is brown coal from the Okino-Klyuchevsky open-pit mine and the Gusinoozersk deposit.
Installed electrical capacity is 1160 MW.
Installed thermal power - 224.5 Gcal/h.
Four power units of the first stage were put into operation from 1976 to 1979. Commissioning of the second stage began in 1988 with the launch of power unit No. 5.

Thermal power plant

Thermal power plant

(TPP), power plant, in which, as a result of burning organic fuel, they obtain thermal energy, which is then converted into electrical energy. Thermal power plants are the main type of power plants; the share of electricity they generate in industrialized countries is 70–80% (in Russia in 2000 - about 67%). Thermal power at thermal power plants is used to heat water and produce steam (at steam turbine power plants) or to produce hot gases (at gas turbine power plants). To produce heat, organic matter is burned in boiler units of thermal power plants. Coal, natural gas, fuel oil, and combustibles are used as fuel. At thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPP), the steam produced in the steam generator (boiler unit) rotates steam turbine , connected to electric generator. Such power plants generate almost all the electricity produced by thermal power plants (99%); their efficiency is close to 40%, unit installed capacity is close to 3 MW; the fuel for them is coal, fuel oil, peat, shale, natural gas, etc. Power plants with heating steam turbines, in which the heat of waste steam is recovered and supplied to industrial or municipal consumers are called thermal power plants. They generate approximately 33% of the electricity produced by thermal power plants. In power plants with condensing turbines, all exhaust steam is condensed and returned to the boiler unit in the form of a steam-water mixture. reuse. These condensing power plants (CPS) produce approx. 67% of electricity produced at thermal power plants. The official name of such power plants in Russia is State District Electric Power Station (GRES).

Steam turbines of thermal power plants are usually connected directly to electric generators, without intermediate gears, forming a turbine unit. In addition, as a rule, a turbine unit is combined with a steam generator into a single power unit, from which powerful TPES are then assembled.

In the combustion chambers of gas turbine thermal power plants, gas or liquid fuel. The resulting combustion products are sent to gas turbine , rotating the electric generator. The power of such power plants, as a rule, is several hundred megawatts, the efficiency is 26–28%. Gas turbine power plants are usually built in conjunction with a steam turbine power plant to cover peak electrical loads. Conventionally, thermal power plants also include nuclear power plants(nuclear power plant), geothermal power plants and power plants with magnetohydrodynamic generators. The first coal-fired thermal power plants appeared in 1882 in New York, and in 1883 in St. Petersburg.

Encyclopedia "Technology". - M.: Rosman. 2006 .

See what a “thermal power plant” is in other dictionaries:

Thermal power plant- (TPP) - an electrical station (a complex of equipment, installations, equipment) generating electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. Currently, among thermal power plants... ... Oil and Gas Microencyclopedia

thermal power plant- Power plant converting chemical energy fuel into electrical energy or electrical energy and heat. [GOST 19431 84] EN thermal power station a power station in which electricity is generated by conversion of thermal energy Note… … Technical Translator's Guide

thermal power plant- A power plant that produces electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels... Dictionary of Geography

- (TPP) generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The main types of thermal power plants: steam turbine (prevail), gas turbine and diesel. Sometimes thermal power plants are conventionally referred to as... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

THERMAL POWER PLANT- (TPP) an enterprise for the production of electrical energy as a result of the conversion of energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The main parts of the thermal power plant are a boiler installation, a steam turbine and an electric generator that converts mechanical... ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia

Thermal power plant- CCGT 16. Thermal power plant According to GOST 19431 84 Source: GOST 26691 85: Thermal power engineering. Terms and definitions original document... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

- (TPP), generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. Thermal power plants operate on solid, liquid, gaseous and mixed fuels (coal, fuel oil, natural gas, less often brown... ... Geographical encyclopedia

- (TPP), generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The main types of thermal power plants: steam turbine (prevail), gas turbine and diesel. Sometimes thermal power plants are conventionally referred to as... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

thermal power plant- šiluminė elektrinė statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: engl. thermal power station; thermal station vok. Wärmekraftwerk, n rus. thermal power plant, f pranc. centrale électrothermique, f; centrale thermoélectrique, f … Automatikos terminų žodynas

thermal power plant- šiluminė elektrinė statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. heat power plant; steam power plant vok. Wärmekraftwerk, n rus. thermal power plant, f; thermal power plant, f pranc. centrale électrothermique, f; centrale thermal, f; usine… … Fizikos terminų žodynas

- (TPP) A power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end of the 19th century. (in 1882 New York, 1883 in St. Petersburg, 1884 in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The operating principle of a combined heat and power plant (CHP) is based on unique property water vapor - to be a coolant. In a heated state, under pressure, it turns into a powerful source of energy that drives the turbines of thermal power plants (CHPs) - a legacy of the already distant era of steam.

The first thermal power plant was built in New York on Pearl Street (Manhattan) in 1882. A year later, St. Petersburg became the birthplace of the first Russian thermal station. Oddly enough, but even in our age high technology Thermal power plants have never found a full-fledged replacement: their share in the world energy sector is more than 60%.

And there is a simple explanation for this, which contains the advantages and disadvantages of thermal energy. Its “blood” is organic fuel - coal, fuel oil, oil shale, peat and natural gas are still relatively accessible, and their reserves are quite large.

The big disadvantage is that fuel combustion products cause serious harm environment. Yes, and the natural storehouse will one day be completely depleted, and thousands of thermal power plants will turn into rusting “monuments” of our civilization.

Operating principle

To begin with, it is worth defining the terms “CHP” and “CHP”. In simple terms, they are sisters. A “clean” thermal power plant - TPP is designed exclusively for the production of electricity. Its other name is “condensing power plant” - IES.

Combined heat and power plant - CHP - a type of thermal power plant. In addition to generating electricity, it supplies hot water V central system heating and for domestic needs.

The operation scheme of a thermal power plant is quite simple. Fuel and heated air - an oxidizer - simultaneously enter the furnace. The most common fuel in Russian thermal power plants- crushed coal. The heat from the combustion of coal dust turns the water entering the boiler into steam, which is then supplied under pressure to the steam turbine. A powerful stream of steam causes it to rotate, driving the generator rotor, which converts mechanical energy to electric.

Next, the steam, which has already significantly lost its initial indicators - temperature and pressure - enters the condenser, where after a cold “water shower” it again becomes water. Then the condensate pump pumps it into the regenerative heaters and then into the deaerator. There, the water is freed from gases - oxygen and CO 2, which can cause corrosion. After this, the water is reheated from steam and fed back into the boiler.

Heat supply

The second, no less important function of the CHP is to provide hot water(ferry) intended for systems central heating nearby settlements And household use. In special heaters cold water it is heated to 70 degrees in summer and 120 degrees in winter, after which it is supplied by network pumps to a common mixing chamber and then supplied to consumers through the heating main system. Water supplies at the thermal power plant are constantly replenished.

How do gas powered thermal power plants work?

Compared to coal-fired thermal power plants, thermal power plants with gas turbine units are much more compact and environmentally friendly. Suffice it to say that such a station does not need a steam boiler. A gas turbine unit is essentially the same turbojet aircraft engine, where, unlike it, the jet stream is not emitted into the atmosphere, but rotates the generator rotor. At the same time, emissions of combustion products are minimal.

New coal combustion technologies

Efficiency modern thermal power plants limited to 34%. The vast majority of thermal power plants still operate on coal, which can be explained quite simply - coal reserves on Earth are still enormous, so the share of thermal power plants in the total volume of electricity generated is about 25%.

The coal combustion process has remained virtually unchanged for many decades. However, new technologies have come here too.

Peculiarity this method consists in the fact that instead of air, pure oxygen separated from the air is used as an oxidizer when burning coal dust. As a result, a harmful impurity – NOx – is removed from the flue gases. Rest harmful impurities filtered through several stages of purification. The CO 2 remaining at the outlet is pumped into containers under high pressure and subject to burial at a depth of up to 1 km.

"oxyfuel capture" method

Here, too, when burning coal, pure oxygen is used as an oxidizing agent. Only in contrast to the previous method, at the moment of combustion, steam is formed, causing the turbine to rotate. Then ash and sulfur oxides are removed from the flue gases, cooling and condensation are performed. The remaining carbon dioxide under a pressure of 70 atmospheres is converted into a liquid state and placed underground.

Pre-combustion method

Coal is burned in the “normal” mode - in a boiler mixed with air. After this, ash and SO 2 - sulfur oxide are removed. Next, CO 2 is removed using a special liquid absorbent, after which it is disposed of by disposal.

Five of the most powerful thermal power plants in the world

The championship belongs to the Chinese thermal power plant Tuoketuo with a capacity of 6600 MW (5 power units x 1200 MW), occupying an area of ​​2.5 square meters. km. It is followed by its “compatriot” - the Taichung Thermal Power Plant with a capacity of 5824 MW. The top three is closed by the largest in Russia Surgutskaya GRES-2 - 5597.1 MW. In fourth place is the Polish Belchatow Thermal Power Plant - 5354 MW, and fifth is the Futtsu CCGT Power Plant (Japan) - a gas thermal power plant with a capacity of 5040 MW.