The system created by the Nazis in the countries they captured was called "new order". This was a German-ruled Europe whose resources were put at the service of the Reich and whose peoples were enslaved by the “Aryan master race.” “Undesirable elements,” primarily Jews and Slavs, were subject to extermination or expulsion from European countries.

Occupied Europe was subjected to complete plunder. The enslaved states paid Germany 104 billion marks in indemnity. During the years of occupation, 75% of the rice harvest, 74% of the steel produced, and 80% of the oil produced were exported from France alone.

It was much more difficult for the occupiers to “manage” the war-ravaged Soviet territories. But from there, in 1943, 9 million tons of grain, 3 million tons of potatoes, 662 thousand tons of meat, 12 million pigs, 13 million sheep were exported to Germany. The total value of the loot in Russia, according to the Germans themselves, amounted to 4 billion marks. It is clear why the population of Germany until 1945 did not experience such material deprivation as during the First World War.

When Germany had already captured almost the entire European continent, it was not yet determined how the Nazi empire would be structured. It was only clear that the center should be the German Reich itself, which directly included Austria, Bohemia and Moravia, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, the part of Belgium inhabited by the Flemings, and the “returned” Polish lands along with Silesia. From the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, half of the Czechs were supposed to be evicted to the Urals, and the other half to be recognized as suitable for Germanization. Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and the Walloon-populated part of Belgium were to “dissolve” in the new German Reich, and it remained unclear whether they would become imperial regions or retain vestiges of state independence. France, whose population Hitler had great distrust, was supposed to be turned into a German colony. Sweden and Switzerland were also to be annexed to the future empire, since they “did not have the right” to independent existence. The Fuhrer was not particularly interested in the Balkans, but his future empire was to include Crimea (called Gotenland), populated by people from South Tyrol. Picture of a new one great empire supplemented by the allies and satellites of the Third Reich, located within varying degrees dependencies, starting from Italy with its own empire and ending with the puppet states of Slovakia and Croatia.

Life of people in occupied Western Europe was heavy. But it could not be compared with what befell the inhabitants of Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union. Acted in the East general plan"Ost", which probably arose at the turn of 1941 - 1942. That was the plan colonization of Eastern Europe, where 45 million people lived. Approximately 30 million people declared “racially undesirable” (85% from Poland, 75% from Belarus, 64% from Western Ukraine) were subject to resettlement to Western Siberia. The project was supposed to be implemented within 25-30 years. The territory of future German settlements was to occupy 700 thousand square kilometers (while in 1938 the entire area of ​​the Reich was 583 thousand square kilometers). The main directions of colonization were considered to be the northern: East Prussia - the Baltic states and the southern: Krakow - Lviv - the Black Sea region.

During the first period of the war, the fascist states established their dominance over almost all of capitalist Europe by force of arms. In addition to the peoples of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Albania, who became victims of aggression even before the start of the Second World War, by the summer of 1941 Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, a significant part of France, Greece and Yugoslavia found themselves under the yoke of fascist occupation. At the same time, the Asian ally of Germany and Italy, militaristic Japan, occupied vast areas of Central and Southern China, and then Indochina.

In the occupied countries, the fascists established the so-called “new order,” which embodied the main goals of the states of the fascist bloc in the Second World War - the territorial redivision of the world, the enslavement of independent states, the extermination of entire nations, and the establishment of world domination.

By creating the “new order,” the Axis powers sought to mobilize the resources of the occupied and vassal countries so that, having destroyed the socialist state, Soviet Union, restore the undivided dominance of the capitalist system throughout the world, defeat the revolutionary workers and national liberation movement, and with it all the forces of democracy and progress. That is why the “new order,” based on the bayonets of fascist troops, was supported by the most reactionary representatives of the ruling classes of the occupied countries, who pursued a policy of collaboration. He also had supporters in other imperialist countries, for example, pro-fascist organizations in the USA, the O. Mosley clique in England, etc. “ New order“ meant, first of all, the territorial redivision of the world in favor of the fascist powers. In an effort to undermine as much as possible the viability of the captured countries, the German fascists redrew the map of Europe. The Hitler Reich included Austria, the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, Silesia and the western regions of Poland (Pomerania, Poznan, Lodz, North Mazovia), the Belgian districts of Eupen and Malmedy, Luxembourg, French provinces Alsace and Lorraine. WITH political map Entire states in Europe disappeared. Some of them were annexed, others were dismembered into parts and ceased to exist as a historically established whole. Even before the war, a puppet Slovak state was created under the auspices of Nazi Germany, and the Czech Republic and Moravia were turned into a German “protectorate”.

The non-annexed territory of Poland began to be called the “Governorship General,” in which all power was in the hands of Hitler’s governor. France was divided into an occupied northern zone, the most industrially developed (with the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais administratively subordinate to the commander of the occupation forces in Belgium), and an unoccupied southern zone, centered in the city of Vichy. In Yugoslavia, “independent” Croatia and Serbia were formed. Montenegro became the prey of Italy, Macedonia was given to Bulgaria, Vojvodina to Hungary, and Slovenia was divided between Italy and Germany.

In artificially created states, the Nazis imposed totalitarian military dictatorships submissive to them, such as the regime of A. Pavelic in Croatia, M. Nedic in Serbia, I. Tissot in Slovakia.

In countries that were subject to full or partial occupation, the invaders, as a rule, sought to form puppet governments from collaborationist elements - representatives of the large monopoly bourgeoisie and landowners who betrayed the national interests of the people. The “governments” of Petain in France and Gahi in the Czech Republic were obedient executors of the will of the winner. Above them usually stood an “imperial commissioner,” “governor,” or “protector,” who held all power in his hands, controlling the actions of the puppets.

But it was not possible to create puppet governments everywhere. In Belgium and Holland, the agents of the German fascists (L. Degrelle, A. Mussert) turned out to be too weak and unpopular. In Denmark there was no need for such a government at all, since after the surrender the Stauning government obediently carried out the will of the German invaders.

The "New Order" thus meant enslavement European countries V various forms- from open annexation and occupation to the establishment of “allied”, and actually vassal (for example, in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania) relations with Germany.

The political regimes implanted by Germany in the enslaved countries were not the same. Some of them were openly military-dictatorial, others, following the example of the German Reich, masked their reactionary essence with social demagoguery. For example, Quisling in Norway declared himself a defender of the country's national interests. The Vichy puppets in France did not hesitate to shout about “national revolution”, “the fight against trusts” and “the abolition of the class struggle”, while at the same time openly collaborating with the occupiers.

Finally, there was some difference in the nature of the occupation policy of the German fascists in relation to different countries. Thus, in Poland and a number of other countries in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the fascist “order” immediately revealed itself in all its anti-human essence, since the Polish and other Slavic peoples were destined for the fate of slaves of the German nation. In Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg and Norway, the Nazis at first acted as “Nordic blood brothers”, they tried to win over certain segments of the population and social groups these countries. In France, the occupiers initially pursued a policy of gradually drawing the country into their orbit of influence and turning it into their satellite.

However, in their own circle, the leaders of German fascism did not hide the fact that such a policy was temporary and dictated only by tactical considerations. Hitler's elite believed that "the unification of Europe can be achieved... only with the help of armed violence." Hitler intended to speak to the Vichy government in a different language as soon as the “Russian operation” was over and he freed up his rear.

With the establishment of the “new order,” the entire European economy was subordinated to German state-monopoly capitalism. From the occupied countries it was exported to Germany great amount equipment, raw materials and food. The national industry of European states was turned into an appendage of the Nazi war machine. Millions of people were driven from occupied countries to Germany, where they were forced to work for German capitalists and landowners.

The establishment of the rule of German and Italian fascists in the enslaved countries was accompanied by brutal terror and massacres.

Following the example of Germany, the occupied countries began to be covered with a network of fascist concentration camps. In May 1940, a monstrous death factory began operating on Polish territory in Auschwitz, which gradually turned into a whole concern of 39 camps. Here, the German monopolies IG Farbenindustry, Krupp, and Siemens soon built their enterprises in order, using free labor, to finally receive the profits once promised by Hitler, which “history has never known.” According to prisoners, the life expectancy of prisoners who worked at the Bunaverk plant (IG Farbenindustri) did not exceed two months: every two to three weeks a selection was made and all those who were weakened were sent to the ovens of Auschwitz. The exploitation of foreign labor here has turned into “destruction through work” of all people objectionable to fascism.

Among the population of occupied Europe, fascist propaganda intensively instilled anti-communism, racism and anti-Semitism. All media were placed under the control of the German occupation authorities.

The “New Order” in Europe meant brutal national oppression of the peoples of the occupied countries. By asserting the racial superiority of the German nation, the Nazis provided German minorities (“Volksdeutsche”) living in puppet states, such as the Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia, with special exploitative rights and privileges. The Nazis resettled Germans from other countries to lands annexed to the Reich, which were gradually “cleared” of local population. 700 thousand were evicted from the western regions of Poland, and about 124 thousand people from Alsace and Lorraine by February 15, 1941. The eviction of indigenous people was carried out from Slovenia and the Sudetenland.

The Nazis in every possible way incited national hatred between the peoples of the occupied and dependent countries: Croats and Serbs, Czechs and Slovaks, Hungarians and Romanians, Flemings and Walloons, etc.

The fascist occupiers treated the working classes, industrial workers, with particular cruelty, seeing in them a force capable of resistance. The Nazis wanted to turn Poles, Czechs and other Slavs into slaves and undermine the fundamental foundations of their national vitality. “From now on,” said the Polish Governor-General G. Frank, political role of the Polish people is over. It is declared as a labor force, nothing more... We will ensure that the very concept of “Poland” is erased forever. A policy of extermination was pursued against entire nations and peoples.

In the Polish lands annexed to Germany, along with the expulsion of local residents, a policy was pursued of artificially limiting population growth through castration of people, and the mass removal of children to raise them in the German spirit. Poles were even forbidden to be called Poles; they were given old tribal names - “Kashubs”, “Mazurs”, etc. The systematic extermination of the Polish population, especially the intelligentsia, was carried out on the territory of the “Government General”. For example, in the spring and summer of 1940, the occupation authorities carried out the so-called “AB Action” (“extraordinary pacification action”) here, during which they killed about 3,500 Polish figures of science, culture and art, and also closed not only higher education institutions, but also secondary educational institutions.

A savage, misanthropic policy was also carried out in dismembered Yugoslavia. In Slovenia, the Nazis destroyed centers of national culture, exterminated the intelligentsia, clergy, public figures. In Serbia for everyone German soldier, killed by partisans, hundreds of civilians were subject to “merciless destruction.”

The Czech people were doomed to national degeneration and destruction. “You have closed our universities,” wrote the national hero of Czechoslovakia J. Fucik in 1940 in an open letter to Goebbels, “you are Germanizing our schools, you have robbed and occupied the best school buildings, turned the theater, concert halls and art salons into barracks, you are robbing scientific institutions, stop scientific work, you want to turn journalists into thought-killing automata, you kill thousands of cultural workers, you destroy the foundations of all culture, everything that the intelligentsia creates.”

Thus, already in the first period of the war, the racist theories of fascism turned into a monstrous policy of national oppression, destruction and extermination (genocide), carried out in relation to many peoples of Europe. The smoking chimneys of the crematoria of Auschwitz, Majdanek and other mass extermination camps testified that the savage racial and political nonsense of fascism was being carried out in practice.

The social policy of fascism was extremely reactionary. In New Order Europe, the working masses, and above all the working class, were subjected to the most severe persecution and exploitation. Reduction wages and a sharp increase in the working day, the abolition of social security rights won in a long struggle, the prohibition of strikes, meetings and demonstrations, the liquidation of trade unions under the guise of their “unification”, the prohibition of political organizations of the working class and all workers, primarily the communist parties, to which the Nazis nourished bestial hatred - this is what fascism brought with it to the peoples of Europe. The “New Order” meant an attempt by German state-monopoly capital and its allies to crush their class opponents with the hands of fascists, destroy their political and trade union organizations, eradicate the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, all democratic, even liberal views, implanting the misanthropic fascist ideology of racism, national and class. domination and subordination. In savagery, fanaticism, and obscurantism, fascism surpassed the horrors of the Middle Ages. He was an outright cynical denial of all the progressive, humane and moral values ​​that civilization has developed over its thousand-year history. He imposed a system of surveillance, denunciations, arrests, torture, and created a monstrous apparatus of repression and violence against peoples.

To come to terms with this or to take the path of anti-fascist resistance and a decisive struggle for national independence, democracy and social progress - this was the alternative that faced the people of the occupied countries.

The peoples have made their choice. They rose up to fight against the brown plague - fascism. The main burden of this struggle was courageously borne by the working masses, primarily the working class.

Neuordnung), Hitler's concept of a complete reorganization of German social life in accordance with the Nazi worldview. Speaking to the leadership of the Nazi Party in June 1933, Hitler declared that “the dynamism of the national revolution still exists in Germany and that it must continue until its complete end. All aspects of life in the Third Reich must be subordinated to the policy of Gleichshaltung.” In practice, this meant the formation of a police regime and the establishment of a brutal dictatorship in the country.

The Reichstag, as a legislative body, was rapidly losing its power, and the Weimar Constitution ended immediately after the Nazis came to power.

Nazi propaganda tirelessly tried to convince the German average that the “new order” would bring Germany true freedom and prosperity.

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"New order"

(Italy). In the 1950s There is a revival of the fascist movement. Founded at the congress in Lausanne international organization neo-fascists "New Order". The founder, presumably, was Leon Degrelle, commander of the Wallonia motorized brigade. The fighting groups began to operate under the name “Young European Vanguard”. Branches existed in many countries, but were banned in France. In Italy, from April 8, 1959 to March 19, 1962, neo-fascists carried out 95 acts, destroying 75 power line masts, carried out 44 raids on railway facilities, 3 on transport communications, 8 on industrial facilities, 8 – for houses and buildings. At the end of the 1950s. In Italy, the organization “Fascii of Revolutionary Action” (Fascii Diazione Revolutionaria” - FAR) is created, headed by Clemente Graziane. The FAR carried out a number of bombings in Rome, including an assassination attempt on the prime minister. 21 members of the organization were arrested. After leaving prison, Pino Rauti, more inclined to theoretical work, emerged from among the members of the FAR, in contrast to the activist Graziana, Rauti headed the “New Order,” which intensified its activities in 1969. The organization “takes an ideologically extreme position, is associated in origin with orthodox fascism, rejects any contact with the institutions of a democratic system.” At a meeting of leaders of neo-fascist groups on April 18, 1969 in Padua, a plan was developed to carry out terrorist attacks in order to compromise the republican regime and prepare a favorable right-wing authoritarian coup in public consciousness. In accordance with the plan, in the summer and autumn of 1969, the Fred-Ventura group carried out explosions and assassination attempts in various cities - 22 acts in 9 months: 4/15/1969 explosion of the office of the rector of the University of Padua Guido Opokera; arson at the Fiat stand at a fair in Milan; 25.4.1969 – Milan, explosions at the central station; 8/8/1969 – explosion of the Rome-Milan train. Explosion in Milan in the building of the Agricultural Bank on Plaza Fontana on December 12, 1969 (17 people were killed and more than 100 were injured); bomb discovered in Commercial bank, neutralized; 12/12/1969 – Rome, explosions in the underground passage near the Labor Bank (14 injured); two explosions at the Altar of the Fatherland monument (18 injured); in Rome, from 16:45 to 17:15, two explosions also occurred, but without casualties. In total, 53 terrorist attacks were committed in 1969. The New Order was disbanded in 1973 for participating in an attempted coup. In 1974 it was recreated under the name “Black Order”. The organizational meeting took place in Cattalica in February. 1974. Neo-fascist leaders decided to “terrorize anti-fascists with bombs, unleash physical terror, create an atmosphere of violence, using the methods of the great and unforgettable SLA.” In April 1974 terrorists carried out explosions in Lecco, Bari, Bologna; in Rome 10/15/1974 - a series of explosions over several hours (in the Palace of Justice, near the leadership building of the Christian Democratic Party, etc.). In total, “Black Order” took responsibility for 11 sabotages in 1974. Soon the organization disbanded again.

Long before the start of the war, Hitler did not hide his plans to establish a “new order,” which provided for the territorial redistribution of the world, the enslavement of independent states, the extermination of entire nations, and the establishment of world domination.

In addition to the peoples of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Albania, who became victims of aggression even before the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 the Nazis occupied Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, a significant part of France, Greece and Yugoslavia. Germany gained control of a huge geopolitical space. Hitler's Asian ally, militaristic Japan, occupied some areas of China and Indochina.

The “New Order,” which relied on bayonets, was also supported by pro-fascist elements of the occupied countries—collaborators.

The Reich included Austria, the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, Silesia and the western regions of Poland, the Belgian districts of Eupen and Malmedy, Luxembourg, and the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Slovenia and Styria were transferred from Yugoslavia to the Reich. Even before the war, a puppet Slovak state was created under the auspices of fascist Germany, and the Czech Republic and Moravia were turned into a fascist protectorate.

Hitler's allies also received significant territories: Italy - Albania, part of France, Greece, Yugoslavia; Bulgaria controlled Dobruja, Thrace; Lands from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Romania and Yugoslavia were transferred to Hungary.

As a rule, puppet governments were formed from collaborationist elements in the occupied countries. However, it was not possible to create such governments everywhere. Thus, in Belgium and Holland, the agents of the German fascists were weak enough to form such governments. After the surrender of Denmark, its government obediently carried out the will of the occupiers. Virtually vassal relations were established with some “allied” states (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania). They sold their agricultural products and raw materials to Germany for next to nothing in exchange for expensive industrial products.

Subsequently, the states of the fascist bloc intended to change the then distribution of colonial possessions: Germany sought to regain the English, Belgian and French colonies, which it had lost after defeat in the First World War, Italy - to take possession of the Mediterranean and the Middle East, and Japan - to establish control over the entire Southeast Asia and China.

The most inhumane fascist “order” was established in the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, since the Slavic peoples were expected to participate in the slaves of the German nation. According to imperial policy, most work that is simple, minor, primitive should not be performed by the Germans, but exclusively by persons who were the so-called auxiliary peoples (for example, the Slavs). Guided by this principle, the Nazis exported thousands of people to Germany for slave labor. As of May 1940, there were 1.2 million foreign workers in Germany, in 1941 - 3.1 million, in 1943 - 4.6 million.

Since the summer of 1942, the Nazis in all occupied countries moved to the massive and systematic extermination of Jews. People of Jewish nationality had to wear identifying marks - a yellow star, they were denied access to theaters, museums, restaurants and cafes, they were subject to arrest and sent to death camps.

Nazism as an ideology was an outright, cynical denial of all the progressive values ​​that humanity has developed over its history. He imposed a system of espionage, denunciations, arrests, torture, and created a monstrous apparatus of repression and violence against peoples. Either come to terms with this “new order” in Europe, or take the path of struggle for national independence, democracy and social progress - such was the alternative facing the people of the occupied countries.