In school literature lessons, we all studied speech styles at one time or another. However, few people remember anything on this issue. We invite you to refresh this topic together and remember what literary and artistic style of speech is.

What are speech styles

Before talking in more detail about the literary and artistic style of speech, you need to understand what it actually is - a style of speech. Let's briefly touch on this definition.

Speech style must be understood as special speech means that we use in a certain situation. These means of speech always carry special function, and therefore they are called functional styles. Another common name is language genres. In other words, it is a set of speech formulas - or even clichés - that are used in different cases(both orally and in writing) and do not coincide. This is a speech manner of behavior: on official reception When visiting high-ranking officials, we speak and behave this way, but when we meet with a group of friends somewhere in a garage, cinema, club, it’s completely different.

There are five in total. We will briefly describe them below before proceeding in detail to the issue that interests us.

What are the types of speech styles?

As mentioned above, there are five styles of speech, but some believe that there is also a sixth - religious. IN Soviet era When all speech styles were identified, this issue was not studied for obvious reasons. Anyway, it's official functional styles five. Let's look at them below.

Scientific style

It is used, of course, in science. Its authors and recipients are scientists and specialists in a specific field. Writing of this style can be found in scientific journals. This language genre is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, and abstract vocabulary.

Journalistic style

As you might guess, he lives on a budget mass media and is designed to influence people. It is people, the population, that is the addressee of this style, which is characterized by emotionality, brevity, the presence of commonly used phrases, and often the presence of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

As its name suggests, it is a communication style. This is a predominantly oral language genre; we need it for simple conversation, expression of emotions, and exchange of opinions. He is sometimes even characterized by vocabulary, expressiveness, lively dialogue, and colorfulness. It is in colloquial speech often, along with words, facial expressions and gestures appear.

Formal business style

It is mainly a style of written speech and is used in an official setting to draw up documents - in the field of legislation, for example, or office work. With the help of this language genre, various laws, orders, acts and other papers of a similar nature are drawn up. It is easy to recognize him by his dryness, information content, accuracy, the presence of speech cliches, and lack of emotionality.

Finally, the fifth, literary and artistic style (or simply artistic) is a subject of interest of this material. So we’ll talk about it in more detail later.

Characteristics of literary and artistic style of speech

So, what is this - an artistic language genre? Based on its name, one can assume - and not be mistaken - that it is used in literature, specifically in fiction. This is true, this style is the language of texts fiction, the language of Tolstoy and Gorky, Dostoevsky and Remarque, Hemingway and Pushkin... The main role and goal of the literary and artistic style of speech is to influence the minds and consciousness of readers in such a way that they begin to think, so that an aftertaste remains even after reading the book, so that I wanted to think about her and return to her again and again. This genre is intended to convey to the reader the thoughts and feelings of the author, to help see what is happening in the work through the eyes of its creator, to be imbued with it, to live their lives together with the characters on the pages of the book.

The text of a literary and artistic style is also emotional, like the speech of its colloquial “brother,” but these are two different emotionalities. In colloquial speech, we free our soul, our brain with the help of emotions. When reading a book, we, on the contrary, are imbued with its emotionality, which acts here as a kind of aesthetic means. We will talk in more detail about those signs of a literary and artistic style of speech by which it is not at all difficult to recognize it, but for now we will briefly dwell on the enumeration of those literary genres that are characterized by the use of the above-mentioned style of speech.

What genres is it typical for?

The artistic language genre can be found in fable and ballad, ode and elegy, in story and novel, fairy tale and short story, in essay and story, epic and hymn, in song and sonnet, poem and epigram, in comedy and tragedy. So both Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Krylov can all equally serve as examples of literary and artistic style of speech, regardless of how different their works were.

A little about the functions of the artistic language genre

And although we have already stated above what the main task is for this style of speech, we will still present all three of its functions.

1. Impactful (and a strong impact on the reader is achieved with the help of a well-thought-out and written “strong” image).
2. Aesthetic (the word is not only a “carrier” of information, but also constructs an artistic image).
3. Communicative (the author expresses his thoughts and feelings - the reader perceives them).

Style features

The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style of speech are as follows:

1.Usage large quantity styles and their mixture. This is a sign of the author's style. Any author is free to use as many linguistic means as he likes in his work. various styles- colloquial, scientific, official business: any. All these speech means used by the author in his book form a single author’s style, by which one can subsequently easily guess a particular writer. This is how Gorky can be easily distinguished from Bunin, Zoshchenko from Pasternak, and Chekhov from Leskov.

2. Using words that are ambiguous. With the help of this technique, hidden meaning is inserted into the narrative.

3. The use of various stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, allegories and the like.

4. Special syntactic constructions: often the order of words in a sentence is structured in such a way that it is difficult to express oneself using this method in oral speech. You can also easily recognize the author of the text by this feature.

Literary and artistic style is the most flexible and borrowing. It literally absorbs everything! You can find in it neologisms (newly formed words), archaisms, historicisms, swear words, and various argots (jargons of professional speech). And this is the fifth feature, the fifth distinctive feature of the above-mentioned language genre.

What else you need to know about artistic style

1. One should not think that the artistic language genre lives exclusively in in writing. This is not true at all. In oral speech, this style also functions quite well - for example, in plays that were first written and are now read aloud. And even listening to oral speech, you can clearly imagine everything that happens in the work - thus, we can say that the literary and artistic style does not tell, but shows the story.

2. The above-mentioned language genre is perhaps the most free from any restrictions. Other styles have their own prohibitions, but in this case there is no need to talk about prohibitions - what restrictions can there be if the authors are even allowed to weave scientific terms into the fabric of their narrative. However, it is still not worth abusing other stylistic means and presenting everything as your own author’s style - the reader should be able to understand and understand what is before his eyes. Abundance of terms or complex structures will make him get bored and turn the page without finishing.

3. When writing a work of art, you need to be very careful in choosing vocabulary and take into account what situation you are describing. If we're talking about about a meeting between two officials from the administration - you can insert a couple of speech cliches or other representatives of the official business style. However, if the story is about a beautiful summer morning in the forest, such expressions will be clearly inappropriate.

4. In any text of literary and artistic style of speech, three types of speech are used approximately equally - description, reasoning and narration (the latter, of course, occupies the largest part). Also, types of speech are used in approximately the same proportions in the texts of the above-mentioned language genre - be it a monologue, dialogue or polylogue (communication of several people).

5. An artistic image is created using all means of speech available to the author. In the nineteenth century, for example, the technique of using “speaking surnames” was very widespread (remember Denis Fonvizin with his “Minor” - Skotinin, Prostakov and so on, or Alexander Ostrovsky in “The Thunderstorm” - Kabanikh). This method made it possible, from the very first appearance of the character in front of the readers, to indicate what this hero is like. Currently, the use of this technique has been somewhat abandoned.

6. In every literary text there is also the so-called image of the author. This is either the image of the narrator or the image of the hero, a conventional image that emphasizes the non-identity of the “real” author with him. This image of the author actively takes part in everything that happens to the characters, comments on events, communicates with readers, expresses his own attitude to situations, and so on.

This is a characteristic of the literary and artistic style of speech, knowing which one can evaluate works of fiction from a completely different angle.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is typically used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels).

An article about all speech styles -.

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The features of the artistic style are:

2. Language means are a way of conveying the artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.

6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.

Artistic style: case study

Let's look at the example of the features of the style being analyzed.

Excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with surviving huts stood like monuments people's grief, charred stoves. Gate posts were sticking out. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, but now stumps - like rotten teeth. Only here and there were two or three teenage apple trees nestled.

The village was deserted.

When the one-armed Fedor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, grew thin, and had more gray hair. She sat me down at the table, but there was nothing to treat her with. Fyodor had his own, a soldier's. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and chickens wherever we wanted. Can you really save it? He makes noise and threatens, give him the chicken, even if it’s the last one. Out of fright, they gave away the last one. So I have nothing left. Oh, that was bad! The village was ruined by the damned fascist! You can see for yourself what’s left... more than half of the yards were burned down. The people fled where: some to the rear, some to join the partisans. How many girls were stolen! So our Frosya was taken away...

For a day or two, Fyodor looked around. Our people from Borovsk began to return. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it there were lopsided letters with soot on oil - there was no paint - “The board of the collective farm “Red Dawn” - and off and on! Dashing trouble is the beginning.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

His features in this passage:

1. Borrowing and applying vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of people's grief, fascists, partisans, collective farm rule, the beginning of a daring misfortune).
2. Application of visual and expressive means (hijacked, damned skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoe, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
3. They've robbed everyone, you damn skinners! We hid pigs and chickens wherever we wanted. Can you really save it? He makes noise and threatens, give him the chicken, even if it’s the last one. Oh, that was bad!).
4. There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat me down at the table, but there was nothing to treat her with; on oil - there was no paint).
5. The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author’s impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts stood charred stoves, like monuments to the people's grief. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth).
6. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to the people's grief; two or three teenage apple trees nestled).
7. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the imagery of the style being analyzed: for example, figurative techniques and means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context, and words wide scope use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, in letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit the places that the narrator is talking about. Of course, there is also a certain “imposition” of the author’s experiences, but it also creates a mood and conveys sensations.

The artistic style is one of the most “borrowing” and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Scientific and artistic style: case study

Let's look at an example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

Excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests. One day, at a meeting, even splinters of wood appeared on the presidium table. Some villain cut down an apple tree growing alone on the river bank. Like a beacon, she stood on the steep mountain. They got used to her, like the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. It was called "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Features of the scientific style:

1. Terminology ( presidium, laying forest belts, Krutoyar, poachers).
2. The presence in a series of nouns of words denoting the concept of a sign or state ( bookmark, security).
3. Quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( This love is fruitful, active; in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests).
4. Use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, protection, mercy, meeting).
5. Verbs in the present tense, which have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
6. A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in combination with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests).

Features of the artistic style:

1. Wide use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying forest belts, Krutoyar).
2. The use of various visual and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant guard, evil), active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of a house, “Green Patrol”).
3. Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to her, like the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day the group was born).
4. Manifestation of the author's creative individuality - author's style ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests. Here: a combination of features of several styles).
5. Focus special attention private and seemingly random circumstances and situations, behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree... And now it was gone. On this day the conservation group was born).
6. The syntactic structure and corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of the author’s figurative and emotional perception ( Like a beacon, she stood on the steep mountain. And then she was gone).
7. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
8. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the imagery of the style being analyzed: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, evil, fruitful, active, appearance).

In terms of the variety of linguistic means, literary techniques and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper depiction of images and emotional mood, you can even write a literary text scientific terms. But, of course, you shouldn’t abuse this.

Syntactic features of journalistic style of speech

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form often act as predicates imperative mood, reflexive verbs.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participial phrases, complex syntactic structures.

Literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by imagery, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.
The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. Emotionality artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.
Distinctive feature The artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.
The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means.
Characteristic features: the presence of homogeneous members of the sentence, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prose (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic and figurative concretization of the author’s intention (system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General language features literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of linguistic means of all other functional styles;

2) subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author’s intention, figurative thought;

3) fulfillment of an aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Linguistic means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of stereotyped words and expressions;

2) widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

3) deliberate clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally charged words.

2. Phraseological means- conversational and bookish.

3. Word-forming means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, third-person forms;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine;

5) shapes plural abstract and real nouns;

6) widespread use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) widespread use of stylistic figures.

A linguistic-stylistic feature of an artistic style is called special life words in thin work. Its specific. feature is updating internal form (G.O. Vinokur), when the means of language (in particular, lexical) and their meanings turn out to be the basis from which the artist creates a poetic word-metaphor, entirely oriented towards the theme and idea of ​​a particular artist. works. Moreover, the metaphorical meaning of a word can often be understood and determined only after reading the entire work, i.e. follows from the art. the whole.

Formation of artistic meaning. words in the broad context of the whole work noted B.A. Larin, which revealed the systematic relationship of the word with other words of the artist. the whole when expressing a cross-cutting poetic thought-idea, i.e. the leitmotif of the work is a property of the poetic word of B.A. Larin named “combinatorial increments of meaning.”

Concepts of the internal form of art. words and combinatorial increments of meaning are closely related to the concept “general imagery” (A.M. Peshkovsky), which lies in the fact that all linguistic units of a particular work of art are aimed at expressing an artistic image, being at the same time strictly aesthetically and stylistically motivated and justified, and therefore the elimination of any one word from the text already leads to “baldness” » image. The same applies to modifying the forms of a word - it’s impossible to change a word that way. fish on fish in the title and text of Pushkin’s “Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish.”

According to V.V. Vinogradov, artist. the word is fundamentally two-dimensional: coinciding in its form with the word of the national language and relying on its meaning, the artist. the word is addressed not only to the national language, but also to that world of art. reality, which is created or recreated in a work. The semantic structure of the word “expands and is enriched by those artistic and visual “incrementations” that develop in the system of an entire aesthetic object” (Vinogradov V.V.). A more general and precise concept is artistic-figurative speech concretization(M.N. Kozhina).

So, as a main stylistic features called ARTISTIC-FIGURARY SPEECH CONCRETE, which is expressed by the systemic organization of artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means combined author's image, and capable of activating the reader's imagination. Linguistic means used in artistic texts are intended to serve mainly to express a system of images, since in an artistic context words express not just concepts, ideas, but artistic images. Therefore, concretization here has a different character, means and methods of expression (not a word-concept or a word-representation is used, but a word-artistic image).

Artist a work is capable of transforming the semantics of any word, including a neutral one, endowing it with textual increments of meaning, primarily emotional, expressive and aesthetic, which is achieved, in particular, by repeating a lexical unit in different contexts. This is related to the manifestation of such an important feature of artistic semantics. works like dynamism of meaning(Vinogradov V.V.). Repeated predication of a repeated nomination leads to the addition of each new feature to the previous ones and the formation of a textual meaning that is more complex than the linguistic one. This phenomenon is typical and of great significance, so some researchers even suggest identifying a special type lexical meaning – "artistic meaning"(Barlas L.G.). A word with artistic meaning is an element of the text that is significant for the deeper semantic layers of the artist. text – figurative and ideological (Kupina N.A.). A specific feature of the functioning of linguistic means in fiction. style is also the predominance of the meaning of a word over its meaning, which leads to the creation of an implicit ideological and aesthetic content of the work (subtext), requiring special interpretation.

Artistic style - concept, types of speech, genres

All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles of the Russian language. But his highlighting in this common system perhaps, because it arises from the same basis as other styles.

The field of activity of the style of fiction is art.

The “material” of fiction is the common language.

He depicts in words thoughts, feelings, concepts, nature, people, and their communication. Each word in an artistic text is subject not only to the rules of linguistics, it lives according to the laws of verbal art, in a system of rules and techniques for creating artistic images.

Form of speech - predominantly written; for texts intended to be read aloud, prior registration is required.

Fiction uses all types of speech equally: monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

Type of communication - public.

Genres of fiction known - thisnovel, story, sonnet, short story, fable, poem, comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

all elements of the artistic system of a work are subordinated to the solution of aesthetic problems. The word in a literary text is a means of creating an image and conveying the artistic meaning of the work.

These texts use the entire variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means artistic expression, and both means of the literary language and phenomena outside the literary language can be used - dialects, jargon, means of other styles, etc. At the same time, the selection of linguistic means is subject to the artistic intention of the author.

For example, the character's surname can be a means of creating an image. This technique was widely used by writers of the 18th century, introducing into the text “ speaking names"(Skotinins, Prostakova, Milon, etc.). To create an image, the author can, within the same text, use the possibilities of word ambiguity, homonyms, synonyms and other linguistic phenomena

(The one who, having sipped passion, only gulped down mud - M. Tsvetaeva).

Repetition of a word that, scientifically and officially, is business styles emphasizes the accuracy of the text, in journalism it serves as a means of enhancing impact, in artistic speech it can underlie the text, create art world author

(cf.: S. Yesenin’s poem “You are my Shagane, Shagane”).

The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning” (for example, with information), which makes it possible different interpretations artistic texts, its various assessments.

For example, critics and readers assessed many works of art differently:

• drama by A.N. Ostrovsky called “The Thunderstorm” “a ray of light in a dark kingdom,” seeing in its main character a symbol of the revival of Russian life;
• his contemporary saw in “The Thunderstorm” only “a drama in a family chicken coop”,
• modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weil, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Flaubert’s Emma Bovary, saw many similarities and called “The Thunderstorm” “the tragedy of bourgeois life.”

There are many such examples: interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's, Dostoevsky's heroes.

The literary text has author's originality - author's style. This is this characteristic features language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of characters, compositional features of the text, the language of the characters, speech features of the author’s text itself.

So, for example, for the style of L.N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the famous literary critic V. Shklovsky called “detachment.” The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a vivid perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha’s, feelings (cardboard scenery, aging actors), then, after meeting Helen, Natasha looks at the stage through her eyes.

Another feature of Tolstoy’s style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in the ranks of homogeneous members of a sentence; at the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, fighting against the romantics, developed his own style and practically abandoned the use of figurative means of language.

In a literary text we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as an image - a storyteller or an image of a hero, a narrator.

This is a conventional image . The author ascribes to him, “transfers” the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the writer’s personality, facts of his life that do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer’s biography. By this he emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work.

• actively participates in the lives of the heroes,
• included in the plot of the work,
• expresses his attitude to what is happening and characters