Article 3. Sanitary cleaning of the territory of the settlement

3.1. Legal entities and individuals, regardless of their organizational and legal forms, are obliged to ensure timely and high-quality cleaning and cleaning of land plots and adjacent territories (territories of private households, territories of enterprises, organizations, institutions) belonging to them on the basis of ownership or other property rights in accordance with the current legislation and these Rules, to prevent damage and destruction of improvement elements (roads, sidewalks, lawns, small architectural forms, lighting, drainage, etc.), unauthorized construction of various types of utility and temporary buildings.

3.2. The organization of a system for collection, temporary storage, regular removal of solid household waste and cleaning of territories should be carried out in accordance with environmental, sanitary and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and human health.

3.3. Waste from production and consumption is subject to collection, use, disposal, transportation, storage and disposal, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the health of the population and the environment, and which must be carried out in accordance with sanitary rules and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

3.4. The sequence of activities, the scope of work for all types of cleaning and cleaning of urban areas, systems and methods for collecting, neutralizing and processing waste, the main parameters and placement of objects of the sanitary cleaning system are determined in accordance with the General Scheme of sanitary cleaning of the settlement territory approved in the prescribed manner.

3.5. If it is impossible to identify the persons who placed production and consumption waste at unauthorized dumps, the disposal of production and consumption waste and the reclamation of landfill areas should be carried out at the expense of persons who are obliged to ensure the cleaning of this area in accordance with municipal improvement rules.

3.6. In the event that a waste producer carrying out his household and economic activities on a land plot, in a residential or non-residential premises on the basis of a lease agreement or other agreement with the owner, did not organize the collection, removal and disposal of waste on his own, the obligation to collect, remove and dispose of waste of this waste generator is assigned to the owner of the above-mentioned real estate objects, who is responsible for cleaning the territories.

3.7. The maintenance of the established procedure for the collection of solid municipal waste and the responsibility for its implementation is assigned to the balance holders, the owners of the places for collection and temporary storage of waste.

3.8. The removal of waste generated during the repair is carried out by the persons who made this repair independently.

3.9. Organization of works on sanitary cleaning of public places not assigned to specific specialized organizations, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and citizens, squares, streets and driveways of the city road network, as well as wastelands, ravines, floodplains and river beds, springs, reservoirs, green zones assigned to the administration of the workers' village.

3.10. Responsibility for cleaning common areas that are not assigned to specific specialized organizations, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and citizens, squares, streets and passages of the city road network, as well as wastelands, ravines, floodplains and river beds, springs, reservoirs, green zones in accordance with with the municipal contract and budgetary funding is assigned to the contractor.

3.11. The organization of work on the sanitary state of the dividing strips, as well as the maintenance of the fences of the carriageways of roads, sidewalks and other elements of road improvement in accordance with the municipal contract and budgetary funding is assigned to the municipal customer.

3.12. Responsibility for the sanitary condition of the dividing strips, as well as for the maintenance of the fences of the carriageways of roads, sidewalks and other elements of road improvement, rests with the person who has the roads on the right of operational management.

3.13. Organization of work and responsibility for the sanitary condition of small retail outlets (offsite) trade and the provision of services are assigned to persons carrying out this type of activity on the basis of a permit for the right to organize small-scale outboard (offsite) trade.

3.14. It is not allowed to store containers on adjacent lawns, roofs of stalls, kiosks, etc.

3.15. The organization of work and responsibility for the maintenance and sanitary condition of public transport stops (with the exception of those on the balance sheet) is assigned to the municipal customer in accordance with the municipal contract and budgetary funding.

3.16. The organization of work and responsibility for the maintenance and cleaning of ditches, pipes and drainages intended for the removal of surface and ground waters from streets, roads, sidewalks, cleaning storm sewers and storm receiving wells are assigned to the municipal customer in accordance with budget funding. Departmental drainage facilities and systems are maintained by the relevant departments or under contracts with public utilities.

3.17. Cleaning and cleaning of the territories allocated for the placement and operation of power lines, gas, water and heating networks, transformer substations (TP), distribution points (RP), is recommended to be carried out by the forces and means of organizations operating these networks, power lines and facilities. If the networks specified in this clause are ownerless, it is recommended that cleaning and cleaning of the territories be carried out by an organization with which an agreement has been concluded on ensuring the safety and operation of ownerless property.

3.18. The organization of work and responsibility for the maintenance and sanitary condition in accordance with the sanitary norms of public toilets rests with the enterprises on the balance sheet of which the facilities are located.

3.19. Involvement of citizens in the performance of work on cleaning, landscaping and landscaping of the territory of the municipality should be carried out on the basis of a resolution of the administration of the settlement.

3.20. It is prohibited on the territory of the settlement:

Warehousing at container sites of building structures, materials, soil, foliage and branches;

Dumping garbage, soil, solid household and construction waste in places not designated for these purposes. Landfills are liquidated at the expense of the offender;

Emission of street estimates, garbage and various items into inspection and control wells of storm and utility sewage networks, on slopes and green areas;

Drainage into streets, adjacent territories, green areas of domestic waste water;

Plowing (digging) and planting garden crops on lawns and within green areas near residential buildings;

Transportation of mortars, bulk materials, solid municipal waste on unsuitable vehicles;

Warehousing of building materials, soils on the streets and adjacent territory for a period of more than 30 days;

Warehousing on sidewalks, green areas, roadways of building structures, materials, soil, trunks and branches, various kinds of waste;

Installation of fences and obstacles that completely and (or) partially cover the pedestrian and (or) carriageway;

Burning garbage and leaves, making fires, burning grass and carrying out other activities that lead to smoke pollution of the territory of the settlement;

Storage of waste generated during repairs in temporary waste storage sites (container sites).

Introduction

Sanitary cleaning of settlements is one of the most important sanitary and hygienic measures that contribute to the protection of public health and the environment, and includes a set of works for the collection, removal, disposal and processing of municipal waste, as well as cleaning up the territories of settlements.

The general scheme determines the order of implementation of measures, the scope of work for all types of sanitary cleaning, methods of collection, disposal, neutralization and processing of waste, the required number of cleaning machines, the feasibility of designing, building or reconstructing sanitary cleaning system facilities, approximate capital investments for construction and the acquisition of fixed assets.

The General Scheme is one of the tools for the implementation of the Federal Law of 01.01.2001 “On Environmental Protection”, the Federal Law of 01.01.2001 “On Production and Consumption Waste”, the Federal Law of 01.01.2001 “On Sanitary epidemiological well-being of the population ", the Target program of the Kaliningrad region" Waste management in the Kaliningrad region for years ", approved by the Government of the Kaliningrad region, is developed in accordance with the Methodological Recommendations on the procedure for the development of general schemes for cleaning up the territories of settlements of the Russian Federation, approved by the Gosstroy Russia No. 000 of 01.01.2001 and SanPiN-88 "Sanitary rules for maintaining the territories of populated areas."

This document was prepared by the State Autonomous Institution of the Kaliningrad Region "Ecological Center" EKAT-Kaliningrad "(hereinafter - GAU KO" EKAT "), on the basis of the Municipal Contract concluded between the administration of the MO" Vesnovskoye rural settlement "of the Krasnoznamensk municipal district of the Kaliningrad region and the GAU KO" EKAT " ".

The analysis of the current state of the sanitary cleaning system of the territory of a rural settlement was carried out on the basis of the initial data provided by the administration of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement municipal district of the Krasnoznamensky municipal district of the Kaliningrad region, and the draft General plan of the municipal formation, developed in 2011.

The scheme for cleaning the territory of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement was developed for a period up to 2018.

CHAPTER 1. BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS AND NATURAL - CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE MUNICIPAL FORMATION "VESNOVSKOE RURAL SETTLEMENT" OF THE KRASNOZNAMENSK MUNICIPAL DISTRICT OF THE KALININGRAD REGION

1.1. Brief description of the municipal entity "Vesnovskoe rural settlement"

The Vesnovskoye rural settlement is located in the north-eastern part of the Kaliningrad region and the south-western part of the Krasnoznamensky municipal district. MO "Vesnovskoe rural settlement" borders in the north with the MO "Alekseevskoe rural settlement", in the south-west and south - MO "Gusevsky municipal district", in the north-west of the MO "Nemanskoe municipal district", in the north-east - MO "Krasnoznamenskoye urban settlement ", in the east - MO" Dobrovolskoe rural settlement ".

The Vesnovskoye Rural Settlement Municipality occupies an area of ​​28.472 thousand hectares out of 128.047 thousand hectares of the total area of ​​the Krasnoznamensk Municipal District Municipal District (Fig. 1). The settlement center, the village of Vesnovo, is located 32 km from the regional center and 150 km from the regional center.

The MO "Vesnovskoe rural settlement" includes the following settlements: Vesnovo settlement, Belkino settlement, Dyatlovo settlement, Zhelannoe settlement, Zaozernoe settlement, Novinki settlement, Saratovskoe settlement, Sorokino settlement, Tolstovo settlement, Uzlovoe, Fevralskoe, Sheikino.

The boundaries of the territory of a rural settlement are established and approved by the law of the Kaliningrad region "On the composition of the territories of the municipalities of the Kaliningrad region".

Rivers flow through the territory of the rural settlement: Instruch, Moskovka, Yazevka, Podlesnoe, Vilka, Vesnyanka, Serebryanka, Ulyanovka. A significant part of the territory of the settlement is occupied by agricultural land. In the north-east of the territory there are lands of the state forest fund.

There are no federal roads. There is a network of municipal roads of inter-municipal importance. The total length of roads is 54.8 km, of which 15.6 km are of regional importance.

There are no railway lines, stations, airports on the territory of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement. The nearest railway stations are: for movement in the "west" and "east" directions - in the cities of Sovetsk and Gusev; for movement in the direction "north" - in the city of Sovetsk, in the direction "south" - in the city of Nesterov.

Reservoir "href =" / text / category / vodohranilishe / "rel =" bookmark "> reservoirs and on which a special regime of economic and other activities is established in order to prevent pollution of water bodies and preserve the habitat of aquatic biological resources, are water protection zones.

Coastal protection zones are established within the boundaries of water protection zones, on the territories of which additional restrictions on economic and other activities are introduced.

Restrictions on economic activities on the territories of water bodies are established by the Water Code of the Russian Federation.

The size of the coastal strip of the Instruch River (from the coastline) is 20 m, the size of the coastal protection strip is from 30 m to 50 m, the size of the water protection zone is 200 m in accordance with the characteristics of the river. Instruch: length 101 km, basin area 1240 km2.

The size of the coastal strip is 5 m for the river. Serebryanka (length 18 km), r. Moskovka (length 21 km), r. Podlesnaya (length 20 km), r. Vesnyanka (18 km long) and other small watercourses (up to 10 km long). The size of the coastal protection zone is from 30 m to 50 m, the size of the water protection zone is 100 m.

1.2.3. Geological structure and landscape characteristics of the territory of the "Vesnovskoe rural settlement"

The northeastern part of the Kaliningrad region, in which the Vesnovskoe rural settlement is located, is located within the periglacial-lacustrine poorly drained plain. The main features of the relief of the northeast of the Kaliningrad region were formed as a result of the activity of the glacier.

There are no significant differences in the elevation marks of the terrain. In the south of the settlement near the village of Vesnovo, there is a moraine hilly relief. The rest of the territory of the settlement is represented by flat lacustrine-glacial plains.

Quaternary deposits are developed on the territory of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement, as well as on the territory of the Kaliningrad region as a whole. The territory contains the upper Pleistocenes of the Upper Valdai water-glacial deposits. In terms of lithological composition, mainly - sands of alluvial and aeolian deposits of the Holocene and glacial deposits of the Upper Pleistocene.

Soils in the northern part are soddy-hidden-podzolic (heavy loamy), in the central part - soddy-slightly podzolic (medium loamy).

The landscape in the northern part of the Vesnovskoe rural settlement is represented by a periglacial-lacustrine poorly drained plain - flat clayey, not drained, heavily waterlogged under agricultural land, under blueberry and moss spruce forests, birch forests, black alder and ash forests on sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic and superficial sod-podzolic ...

In the central part, the landscape is mainly represented by a hilly-moraine lacustrine plain, sandy and sandy loam, under agricultural lands, with complex spruce forests, spruce-broad-leaved forests with pine, beech, hornbeam on brown forest and sod-weak - and medium podzolic soils.

Vegetation on the territory of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement is mainly represented by agricultural land - arable land and cultivated meadows in the place of deciduous forests. The fauna of the river valleys is represented by a small number of beavers, muskrats, raccoons, martens. The hare and foxes are ubiquitous.

CHAPTER 2. PRESENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUNICIPAL EDUCATION "VESNOVSKOE RURAL SETTLEMENT" OF THE KRASNOZNAMENSK MUNICIPAL DISTRICT OF THE KALININGRAD REGION FOR PERSPECTIVE

The system of sanitary cleaning and cleaning of populated areas should provide for rational collection, timely disposal, reliable disposal and economically feasible disposal of household waste (including waste from residential and public buildings, trade enterprises, catering and cultural and household purposes of street waste and an estimate and other household waste accumulating on the territory of municipalities).

Household waste to be removed from the territory of settlements is divided into solid and liquid household waste.

Solid household waste (MSW) includes waste of human activity, waste of current repairs of apartments, local heating, estimates from courtyard areas, bulky waste of the population (CSW), as well as waste from public institutions and organizations, trade enterprises.

The objects of sanitary cleaning are the territories of households, street and microdistrict passages, public facilities, the territories of enterprises, institutions and organizations, objects of gardening and parks, public places, places of recreation for the population.

Medical facilities are considered specific facilities that are served separately from the rest.

The system for collection and disposal of household waste includes:

Waste preparation for loading into collection vehicles;

Organization of temporary storage of waste in households;

Collection and removal of household waste from the territories of households and organizations;

Neutralization and disposal of household waste.

2.1. Socio-economic characteristics of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement

As of 01.01.2012, the population in the Vesnovskoye rural settlement was 2,140 people.

The indicators of the natural movement of the population of a rural settlement are close to the average regional ones. The mortality rate of the population exceeds the birth rate. There is a natural decline in the population. There is a high migration outflow of the population in order to find a place of employment. The mortality rate of the working-age population is high, especially men, a significant part of whom do not live up to retirement age. In the distribution of the population by sex, there is a noticeable preponderance of the indicators of the female population over the male. This situation is typical both for the region and for the country as a whole. The complexity of the demographic situation is due to the influence of a number of negative factors. Among them - the migration outflow of the population associated with a low level of income, lack of place of employment, a high (23%) share of the population over 60 years old, which gives reason to consider the settlement to be aging.

The demographic situation leaves a certain imprint on the trends in the development of the labor resources of the rural settlement and the employment of the population according to the initial data. The economically active population is 1.4 thousand people, of which 0.8 thousand people are employed in the economy of the settlement, taking into account small businesses (57%).

The labor potential of a rural settlement is currently used only by 57%. For a more complete use of labor resources and elimination of tension in the labor market, it is necessary to create additional jobs in the material, non-material sphere of production.

2.2. Characteristics of the housing stock of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement

The housing stock of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement is comprised of residential buildings of varying degrees of improvement. The total area of ​​the housing stock is 26.0 thousand square meters. m, the main years of construction until 1945, 1970 - 1993

Despite the strength and durability of the pre-war houses, they are morally outdated, a significant number of them require major repairs; on average, the physical deterioration of residential buildings in villages is 46%. The average housing provision is 12.0 sq. m / person Construction of the housing stock - 80% of the housing stock is provided with water supply and sewerage, 30% of the housing stock is supplied with gas.

As of 01.01.2011, out of twelve settlements of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement, four settlements were almost completely supplied with gas: Vesnovo, Zhelannoye, Uzlovoe, and Fevralskoye. Gasified means the creation of an intra-settlement network of gas distribution pipelines.

The rest of the district's settlements are supplied with imported liquefied gas. Gas is used for household needs.

From the information provided by the administration of the Vesnovskoye rural settlement, the population as of 01.01.2012 was 2,140 people.

Table 1

Sanitary and epidemiological significance of wastes In populated areas in the process of human life and activities, various wastes are continuously formed: sewage, slops, kitchen residues, house waste, street estimates, household, bath and laundry and industrial waste water, construction waste, various solid production wastes and etc.
The amount of waste generated is large. Calculations show that up to 46 million tons of sewage and solid waste is exported from unanalyzed cities and towns of the USSR during the year. The amount of domestic and industrial wastewater generated in sewerage cities and industrial plants is tens of billions of cubic meters per year.
The sanitary and epidemiological state of populated areas largely depends on the correct organization of cleaning.
Uncleaned solid wastes pollute the soil, premises, yards and streets, and when windy, they form dust that penetrates into the premises and pollutes them. Feces, manure and urine give off foul-smelling gases that pollute the air. The presence of organic matter and the high humidity of the house waste favor the development of the saprophytes contained in it, mainly putrefactive, decomposing organic matter.
The waste can contain helminth eggs, pathogens of intestinal infections, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, brucellosis, tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism and other diseases. Microorganisms retain viability and virulence in waste for up to several months, and spore-forming species and helminth eggs even longer. For example, a viable typhoid bacillus was found in soil fertilized with sewage, which had been before for 143 days. preserved in a cemented cesspool. The polio virus remains viable in stool for over six months.
The causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fever remain viable in wastewater for about 2 weeks. In the garbage, pathogens of intestinal infections survive up to 40-107 days. Tuberculosis bacteria and spore-forming anaerobes remain in it even longer.
Waste, especially sewage, with poorly organized cleaning, intensively contaminate soil, water bodies and groundwater.
The epidemiological danger of wastes increases in connection with the favorable conditions created in them for the development of flies, the laying of eggs and fruit by them.
Places for laying eggs of flies are manure, garbage, human excreta, rotting animal corpses and plant debris. From eggs, depending on conditions, larvae emerge after 8-25 hours. In latrines, larvae live on the surface of sewage, and in accumulations of manure or garbage - at a depth of 20 cm. After 3-4 days, the larvae mature and creep into cool and dry places, where they pupate. They usually go deep into the ground near dustbins, around manure and latrines. They can migrate horizontally within 5-6 m. In summer, after 5-7 days, flies emerge from the pupae, which are able to crawl up to 30 cm in a loose layer of earth, and up to 10 cm in a densely packed layer.
It is believed that flies can carry about 60 species of pathogens of infectious diseases, but the importance of the "fly factor" in the spread of intestinal infections is especially great. The number of intestinal diseases increases with the number of flies.
All of the above indicates that rational cleaning is an integral element of the improvement of populated areas and one of the main measures for the prevention of intestinal infections and helminthiasis.
Settlement cleaning systems
Cleaning of populated areas provides for a set of scientifically based and planned measures for the collection, removal,
neutralization and disposal of wastes in order to protect public health. Any action to clean up populated areas should be carried out in such a way that the possibility of contact between humans and objects of the external environment with wastes before they are neutralized is minimized. For this purpose, the collection and removal of waste should be carried out regularly and as soon as possible with maximum mechanization and sealing of all operations performed.
Waste contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other substances that are valuable fertilizers. Even D.I.Mendeleev insisted on the use of such methods for neutralizing waste, which would make it possible to use them as fertilizer. In the waste, the listed substances are contained in the form of organic compounds that are not assimilated by plants. They pass into inorganic compounds only during the mineralization of waste. In this regard, the use of methods that accelerate the mineralization of wastes is an important sanitary and economic measure.
Wastes are classified into two groups.
1. Liquid - sewage, slops (dirty water from cooking, washing the body, floors, washing clothes), bath and laundry and industrial waste water, atmospheric drains. 2. Solid - house waste, kitchen waste, street sweepers, manure, industrial waste, animal carcasses, slaughterhouse waste, etc. The systems used to remove waste from populated areas depend on the nature of the waste. To remove liquid waste, two systems are used: export and floatable (sewage). In the first case, liquid wastes are removed outside the village by means of transport, in the second, they are fused through pipes. Sewerage is the most advanced method that replaces the collection system.
Garbage - solid waste - is removed mainly by removal to specially designated places, where it is decontaminated. Sewerage is being built in all new cities as a necessary element of urban improvement. To protect water bodies from pollution during
in many cities and at many enterprises, facilities have been built for the treatment of fecal and industrial and industrial wastewater. In rural settlements and workers' settlements, structures of the so-called small sewerage system are becoming more widespread.
Urban-type settlements have plans for cleaning and have special vehicles for disposal of waste. The most advanced methods are used to neutralize and dispose of waste.
The organization and implementation of cleaning is the responsibility of the municipal authorities of populated areas. The police are charged with the current supervision of the cleanliness of streets, gardens, parks, courtyards and common areas. Health authorities recommend the hygienically most rational cleaning methods for local conditions and exercise sanitary control over their implementation.
Improving the cleaning of settlements from waste, along with other measures, had a positive effect on their recovery and led to a decrease in the incidence of intestinal infections and helminthiases.
Waste disposal system
The export system for the removal of liquid wastes includes the following three links: 1) collection and temporary storage, 2) transportation, 3) neutralization and disposal. The first link in the liquid waste treatment system is latrines and cesspools.
Restrooms. Every residential, public or industrial building, as well as every place of temporary residence or work of people must be provided with latrines. The latter should be comfortable, warm and light, their device should exclude air pollution, soil, groundwater and flies access to sewage.
To the greatest extent these requirements are met by the latrines located in the building - flushing and backlash closets. Most hygienic
flushing latrines, which can only be arranged with water supply and sewerage. In the absence of the latter in buildings with no more than two floors, it is possible to arrange backlash closets, that is, toilets with a ventilated cesspool.
The backlash is arranged in a room located at the outer wall of the building. From the lavatory, the sewage goes through the sewer into the cesspool. In order to prevent contamination of soil and groundwater, the cesspools are made waterproof - made of bricks, concrete or tarred wooden blocks. To enhance the impermeability of the cesspool, a 30-40 cm layer of oily clay is placed under its bottom and around the walls. In order for the fetid gases from the cesspool not to penetrate into the lavatory room, and from it into the living rooms, the cesspool is ventilated. To do this, arrange an exhaust ventilation duct that runs in the wall next to the chimney of the kitchen stove. The channel is led out above the roof ridge and ends with a deflector to improve traction. As the gases are sucked out of the cesspool, the air from the toilet room rushes into the cesspool through the toilet seat point. The ventilation of the cesspool enhances the evaporation of the liquid part of the sewage, which is why their volume is significantly reduced. Therefore, cleaning the cesspool of the backlash is carried out no more than once every 6 months. In rural areas, backfilled latrines can be arranged in single-storey residential buildings. A portable metal receiver for sewage is installed under the toilet seat. A layer of fine peat, dry earth or ash is poured onto the bottom of the receiver. For deodorization and protection from flies, the secretions are covered every time with the same materials. The contents of the receiver are daily unloaded into the compost arranged on the territory of the estate. For summer time, arrange the same toilet outside the building. Yard latrines with a cesspool should be built at a distance of at least 20 m from residential buildings. The cesspool is built only waterproof with a chimney to remove gases. The walls should be without gaps, and the doors should be tightly and self-closing. To maintain cleanliness, it is important to provide a toilet
natural and artificial light. Windows and ventilation openings should be tightened with fine metal mesh to prevent flies from entering the restroom. In public latrines in the warm season, sewage is daily covered with dry bleach at the rate of 1-2 kg per 1 m2 of surface; this scares off flies and prevents their development, since the larvae on top die. The toilet floor, walls and handles are disinfected by abundant irrigation with 3-5% clarified bleach solution. The contents of the cesspool should be systematically removed. After cleaning the cesspool, the contaminated surface of the earth at the hatch is poured abundantly with bleach (20% suspension of bleach in water). From a sanitary point of view, cesspool yard latrines are inferior to backlash closets and latrines with backfill. Removal of liquid waste is the second link in the removal system. When unloading cesspools and removing sewage, it is necessary to minimize air pollution with fetid gases, to prevent contamination of vehicles and soil with sewage along their route, to prevent the possibility of contamination and infection of service personnel. For this, the sewage transport must be easy to load, unload, clean and disinfect, and its contents must not be sprayed. The number of sewage transport must correspond to the needs of the settlement, which is easy to calculate, knowing the rates of accumulation of sewage, the number of inhabitants, the number of possible transport trips per day and its capacity. The most acceptable mode of transport is special tank trucks. Neutralization and disposal of sewage is the third and last link in the export system. The choice of the method of neutralization depends on the climatic conditions and the type of settlement. Of the soil methods for neutralizing sewage, sewage fields and plowing fields are more often used. In the fields of sewage disposal, both the neutralization of sewage and the cultivation of agricultural crops are carried out, and the fields of plowing serve only to neutralize the sewage.
A site for sewage disposal or plowing fields is allocated outside the settlement on the leeward side at a distance of at least 1-2 km from residential areas and water bodies. The site must be flat, with porous, air-and permeable soil, dry, with a low groundwater table. It is fenced with an earthen rampart, a ditch and a strip of green space. The territory of the sewage disposal fields is divided into several fields. During the year, one field is flooded (up to 1000 tons per 1 ha), and the rest are used for sowing crops. Due to self-cleaning of the soil in the fields, mineralization of organic matter occurs. Since mineralization ends within 2-3 years, usually three to four fields are arranged.
Studies have shown that in the first year after pouring sewage in soil samples and on vegetables, viable roundworm eggs, E. coli and pathogenic microorganisms can be found. They are not found in the second year. Therefore, in the first 2 years after the flooding, the plots are sown with fodder grasses, cereals or fodder beets, and in the third year - with vegetables. With plowing fields, the site is divided into two fields: one is poured in the current year, the other is mineralization of organic matter. The purpose of the fields changes next year.
In rural areas, sewage is usually used as fertilizer on the farmsteads of collective farmers and collective farm fields. At the same time, if non-neutralized sewage is introduced into the soil as fertilizer, then there is always a danger of infection of vegetables and fruits growing in this area.
Garden crops are especially heavily contaminated with the so-called top dressing, carried out by watering the beds with sewage or manure diluted with water. Vegetables, berries and fruits contaminated in this way can serve as a source of infection for people, even if they
they will be washed with water before eating; if they are heavily soiled, they are difficult to wash.
This makes it necessary to disinfect sewage before using it for fertilization. Disinfection of sewage is best done by composting or other biothermal methods. If these methods are not applicable according to local conditions, then it is possible to neutralize the sewage by keeping it in the latrine cesspool for a year (for this, the latrine is transferred to a new cesspool).
Sanitary rules allow the use of non-neutralized waste for fertilizing areas where vegetables eaten in raw form are grown, only on condition that fertilizers are applied to the soil in the fall with plowing the soil and obligatory re-plowing in the spring before sowing. In this case, the soil is self-deactivated.
Sewerage of populated areas
From a hygienic point of view, the most perfect system for cleaning populated areas from liquid waste is the sewerage system.
Sewerage is a system of structures designed for: 1) receiving waste water directly from the places of their formation; 2) their removal through the network of underground pipelines outside the settlement; 3) neutralization of wastewater and their release into a reservoir or on land plots. Entering the pipeline system, liquid waste from the sewerage system does not pollute the air, soil, or groundwater in the territory of populated areas, which improves the sanitary condition of the latter and reduces the incidence of intestinal infections and helminthiases among residents.
Sewerage, like water supply, is an indispensable element of the improvement of new cities.
The main elements of the sewerage system are: 1) house receivers; 2) pipeline network; 3) facilities for the treatment of wastewater.
Household receivers include: a flush toilet, urinals, a washbasin, a kitchen sink, a bathtub, etc. To protect the air of living quarters from the penetration of foul-smelling gases from the sewer network, the pipe that removes liquid from the toilet, washbasin or other receivers is arched. Part of the clean flushing water always remains in the pipe arc - the so-called water seal. The latter isolates the air of the room from the air of the sewer network.
From the receivers, wastewater flows through cast-iron pipes, called risers, by gravity into the courtyard and street sewer network, through which it is removed outside the village. The fume risers are led out through the roof.
Industrial wastewater discharged into the fecal sewerage network must be pre-purified from impurities that disrupt wastewater treatment processes and corrosive pipelines, as well as radioactive and explosive substances. For preliminary wastewater treatment, oil traps, grease traps, sedimentation tanks, treatment with reagents for the purpose of precipitation or neutralization of impurities, filtration through finely porous, ion-exchange or sorbing materials and other methods are used.
If the settlement is not fully sewerage, then drainage stations are built near unanalyzed areas. The sewage brought here is diluted 2-3 times with tap water and released into the sewerage system. Drainage stations are being built no closer than 300 m from residential buildings.
Cleaning of populated areas from solid waste
The accumulation of house waste in different localities varies considerably, increasing in southern cities. It is 500-750 liters per year per person. Household rubbish is of a certain value as a fertilizer, because it contains up to 20-25% organic matter; 0.4-1% nitrogen; 0.4-0.7% phosphorus; 0.4% potassium. Some of the house waste can be disposed of: kitchen waste, rags, paper, cans, etc.
Garbage is removed from apartments in multi-storey buildings with the help of garbage chutes, in other cases with the help of apartment garbage collectors (a bucket with a lid with a capacity of 15-20 liters). With a planned yard system, garbage from yard garbage collectors (tanks with a capacity of 80-100 liters) is poured into special garbage trucks. In residential areas with multi-storey buildings, metal containers (with a capacity of 0.8-1 m3) are installed in the yards to collect waste in the yards. Their export is carried out by special container carriers. For residential areas with low-rise buildings, a planned apartment system is considered more acceptable, in which residents take out garbage at the appointed time and pour it from apartment garbage bins into a garbage truck.
Garbage removal, like the removal of sewage, should be carried out on a planned and regular basis without any requests from the house administrations. Neutralization and disposal of solid waste. There are many ways to neutralize waste: biothermal methods, improved landfills, incineration, etc.
Biothermal waste disposal methods.
Biothermal methods are based on the creation of conditions under which thermophilic microorganisms develop in garbage, which are almost exclusively spore-forming gram-positive bacteria and actinomycetes. Due to the vital activity of thermophiles under conditions of air flow, biochemical processes are intensively occurring, which causes the temperature in the waste to be neutralized to rise to 50-70 ° C. Pathogenic microbes, helminth eggs and fly larvae perish; organic substances disintegrate, and a valuable fertilizer is formed from the "garbage" - humus (humus), a sanitary material that is harmless.
Variants of the biothermal method are composting and biothermal chambers. In rural conditions, compost can be laid directly on the farmer's estate. For compost, prepare a pad of compacted clay. The width of the site is up to 2-3 m, the length is arbitrary. A 10-15 cm layer of composting material is applied to the site - peat, garden soil, matured compost, etc. - and a 15 cm layer of garbage is placed on this compost mass. In addition to garbage, you can load the contents of backfill latrines, manure, ash, chopped straw and dry leaves (to make them friable). Waste added to the compost heap is covered with a 15 cm layer of composting material, which prevents flies from laying eggs and prevents the compost from drying out. Then they again put a layer of garbage, fill it up and do this until the height of the compost reaches 1.5 m. In order to protect the compost from being washed away by rain, it is covered with straw mats or a canopy is made over it.
Periodically, the compost is moistened with slop or slurry. The addition of ash or lime, which neutralizes acids formed during the decomposition of organic substances, accelerates the mineralization.
The maturation process of compost, depending on climatic conditions, lasts from 2 to 12 months. In temperate climates, this period is most often 5-7 months. The maturation of the compost is accelerated by high temperatures, the addition of feces and the use of matured humus as composting material. Usually two composts are arranged: while one is being loaded, the other is ripening. Ripe compost is a loose, free-flowing, like peat crumb mass of dark earthy color. It is odorless and does not attract flies.
The advantages of composting include the fact that it does not pollute the soil, water and air, pathogenic elements die off in the waste, and a valuable fertilizer is obtained. There is no need for a cesspool, a garbage bin on the estate, as well as in a transport for removing waste. In urban conditions, composting fields are arranged outside the city, no closer than 1 km from housing. Garbage brought in on the same day
stacked in stacks, which are covered from the sides and top with a layer of earth or matured compost 15-20 cm thick. Since fly larvae remain in the peripheral cold layers of stacks, the surface of the stacks is periodically treated with insecticides. Waste disposal plants are very promising and sanitary acceptable. Here, the garbage is sorted by a mechanized method (scrap is taken away), ground into powder and composted in stacks, trenches, or subjected to biothermal treatment with accelerated maturation (4-15 days) in special structures (fermentation towers, composting according to the Dano method in a biostabilizer, the Biotenk method " and etc.).
The decomposition of organic matter in biothermal chambers is quite intensive, in which the mineralization process ends in 20-60 days. Biothermal chambers can be installed at rural hospitals, resorts, rest homes, etc. (Fig. 30).
Improved landfills. The latter are located outside the settlement at least 1 km from housing, using former quarries, pits, ravines or specially torn off ditches 0.5-0.7 m deep for this. Garbage delivered here on the same day is covered with a 25-30-centimeter layer of earth , the surface of which is compacted with rollers. If the ravine is deep, then it is covered with several layers of debris and earth. The landfill area is landscaped and is not allowed to build up until the completion of the waste mineralization process.
Waste incineration. Waste incineration is carried out in specially constructed furnaces at a temperature of 650—1200 ° C. Under conditions of lower temperatures, incineration of garbage leads to severe pollution of the atmospheric air with gaseous products of incomplete combustion of wastes, and under conditions of higher temperatures - to sintering of the incombustible part of the wastes. Despite the obvious advantages of incineration in sanitary and epidemiological terms, due to its low efficiency (fuel costs, etc.), it is used mainly for the destruction of sanitary hazardous
materials, contaminated waste (for example, hospital waste), as well as in places where the ability to use soil methods is limited.
Basic Rural Hygiene Issues
Urbanization as a world historical process has determined profound structural transformations not only in cities, but also in rural areas. This applies, first of all, to housing construction, technical equipment, and the spread of the urban way of life. The new village has comfortable housing, outbuildings, power plants, schools, clubs, nurseries, hospitals.
Naturally, the improvement of the village must be carried out in full accordance with the basic requirements of hygienic science. However, the planning and development of rural settlements is associated with natural conditions, the specifics of labor in agriculture, work on personal plots, etc.
The most expedient is a compact type of village planning with a pronounced division into residential quarters with several parallel and perpendicular streets. The linear arrangement of buildings along the transport route, on the other hand, is undesirable.
The layout of a rural settlement should provide for the division of its territory into two zones - economic and production and residential. A community center is also distinguished, where administrative and cultural institutions are located.
The correct planning of settlements helps to protect the population from noise, dust, gases associated with the movement of mechanized transport, the work of repair shops, grain dryers, etc.
In the production area, where livestock buildings, poultry farms and manure storages are located, breeding grounds for flies, etc., are formed. - It is possible for the soil to become infected with helminth eggs and pathogens of zoonotic diseases that are dangerous to humans. Production facilities are located leeward
sides in relation to residential areas and lower in relief. Between them are green undeveloped areas - sanitary protection zones with a width of 50 to 300 m.
Considerable distances from the residential area are envisaged for the placement of livestock farms and especially reservoirs. The residential area, which includes the farmsteads of collective farmers, community centers, cultural, children's, medical institutions, should be located in the most favorable territory. In terms of internal layout, it differs significantly from the urban residential area. Each rural courtyard has a personal plot of about 0.25 hectares. As a result, the building density is 5-6%, and the population is 20-25 people per hectare.
The primary element of a residential area is a rural estate, the planning and sanitary condition of which ultimately determines the hygienic well-being of the entire settlement and the health of rural residents. An indispensable condition for the hygienic well-being of a rural settlement is the correct organization of water supply. Currently, almost
All large settlements have water supply facilities, while small ones still have decentralized water supply. Where shaft wells are used, it is especially necessary to comply with sanitary requirements ("clay castle", etc.).
Hygiene of residential buildings
The need for good housing is a natural human need. Good housing is a material prerequisite that provides a person with a favorable living environment, contributes to the preservation of his health, active participation in industrial and social activities.
Favorable living conditions are defined by the concept of "housing comfort". It is understood as the optimal conditions for the resettlement of a family in an apartment, a favorable internal environment of the home and an optimal organization of life,
rational architectural and planning solution of the dwelling, the best conditions for connecting the dwelling with the surrounding urban environment and the recreation area.
A dwelling is a complex system of natural and artificially created environment, where the effects of physical, chemical and biological nature are combined. The factors of physical nature include microclimate, insolation and illumination, electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration of man-made origin.
Chemical factors include exogenous air pollutants and endogenous pollutants, which include anthropotoxins, household gas combustion products, polymer pollutants, aerosols of synthetic detergents and household chemicals, tobacco and kitchen smoke.
Biological factors include bacterial contamination, which is defined as a dust-bacterial suspension.
The concept of "living area" of a person in a modern city includes housing, a zone of cultural and consumer services, which includes 3-4 blocks from a residential building (shops, a pharmacy, clinics, cinemas, consumer services), permanent routes of the population from the place of residence to work and back. As a rule, migration routes are more extensive in young people and limited in children and older people.
As a result of the interaction of these three elements, a multifactorial relationship between the environment — the internal environment of the dwelling — man is created.
The habitat should create favorable conditions for human life, which is achieved by various architectural and planning techniques, technical equipment and social organization of housing.
In modern conditions of urban development growth, when the number of storeys and building density increases, objects that adversely affect living conditions are located near residential buildings, poorly studied materials containing various chemical additives are used, the danger of a negative impact of the changed living environment on health is significantly increased.
The quality of the environment of residential buildings is regulated by building codes and regulations and a number of sanitary and hygienic standards for individual environmental factors.
There are several types of houses: one-storey one-storey houses, two-storey one-storey houses (cottages), low-rise apartment buildings, multi-storey houses, high-rise houses. The most attractive from a hygienic point of view are one-story or two-story houses designed for one family. Such buildings provide good insolation and air exchange, a favorable microclimate, the ability to use a garden-vegetable garden, outdoor recreation, but requires significant funds for the construction of roads, the laying of water supply networks, sewerage, energy and gas supply.
Cottages are most common in foreign construction, a spacious hall on the ground floor and an internal staircase allow you to rationally place the premises. On the first floor there is a dining room, living room, kitchen, on the second - bedrooms and children's rooms. Thanks to these advantages, cottage construction enjoys well-deserved attention in Russia.
Multi-apartment low-rise buildings (2, 3 floors) are most often built in small towns and urban-type settlements.
The population density is low - 300-350 people per hectare. On each staircase, 2 apartments are placed, which provides a two-way orientation of the apartments in the cardinal directions and the possibility of through ventilation. However, such development entails uneconomical use of urban land and increases the cost of sanitary-technical equipment of buildings.
In most cities of Russia, 4-5-storey buildings are being built, but since 1962-1963. in large cities began massive construction of houses increased
number of storeys (9-16 storeys) from large-panel structures and prefabricated elements. This is due to economic considerations: reducing the cost of engineering preparation of the territory, laying underground communications, rational use of land, which is becoming less and less near large cities. In high-rise buildings, passenger and freight elevators and garbage chutes are required.
At the same time, the construction of high-rise buildings entails an increase in the building density by 20-30% compared to the building density of 5-storey buildings, which increases the load on cultural and household enterprises, child care facilities, schools, medical institutions, worsens landscaping intra-quarter territories.
High-rise buildings of 24-30 floors are becoming more widespread, including houses with luxury apartments with spacious halls, large rooms on two levels, loggias and balconies. For economic reasons, these houses are built with multi-apartment sections, 4 or more apartments go to each staircase. Depending on the configuration of the houses, ordinary, end and corner sections are erected. Multi-storey and high-rise buildings create complex architectural, planning and sanitary construction tasks in terms of a favorable chemical and bacteriological composition of the air environment, microclimate, hot water supply system, household waste disposal, vertical transport.
High-speed elevators in section-type houses create vertical air flows (piston effect). Cold air from the first floors rises upward as it heats up, from floor to floor it is enriched with microorganisms, dust, moisture and gaseous anthropotoxins. The air of the upper floors is more polluted than the lower ones, especially during the winter and transitional seasons, which contributes to the spread of airborne infections. This requires the organization of effective ventilation in high-rise buildings. In recent years, tower and hotel-type houses have appeared in the capitals, made of concrete with strip glazing, i.e. wide windows that occupy the entire space of the front panel of the house. Such houses have sections for 4-6 apartments, often of one-sided planning, which creates an uncomfortable microclimate and insufficient ventilation. Hotel-type buildings have corridor buildings with residential sections for 6-8 apartments. Such houses are intended for single and small-family citizens. On the lower floors of the houses there are trade enterprises, restaurants, and consumer service establishments. Such houses are called "point", they are located on major highways of the city, are a kind of indicator of prestige, create a certain architectural accent in the layout of the quarter.
The residential section unites a group of apartments on one staircase, the correct arrangement of apartments in a typical section should provide through or corner ventilation of the premises.
To ensure good conditions for insolation of the premises, houses are built taking into account the latitudinal and meridian orientation. With a latitudinal orientation, 1in from the facades goes to the unfavorable side of the horizon, and with a meridional orientation, part of the rooms in a multi-room apartment will have a favorable orientation. In a latitudinal building, one-room apartments are either not designed, or are oriented towards the south side.
Houses of the corridor type have a minimum set of auxiliary premises in apartments and, as a rule, poor conditions for through ventilation. Apartments are located along two opposite facades of the building. Most often, childless families and single citizens are settled in such houses. The staircase is not only an element of connecting the floors, but also an air reservoir for the residential section, so it must have heating and ventilation systems. Stairs in multi-storey buildings should be gentle while maintaining the normal step length of an adult. In the flight of stairs, at least 5 and no more than 17 steps are arranged, the width of the foot is 27-31 cm.
The hygienic requirements for the dwelling relate to the creation of:
¦ favorable spatial parameters of the apartment (the size of the living space for 1 person, the height of the room, utility rooms, open spaces near the apartment); ¦ optimal microclimate, taking into account the seasons and climatic regions of the country; ¦ sufficient natural and artificial lighting, including indoor insolation; ¦ a favorable state of the air environment in the room in terms of quantitative and qualitative parameters (the size of the air cube per 1 person, the content of anthropotoxins and toxic substances, microorganisms, dust in the air); ¦ favorable conditions for mental work, for rest and sleep of people in conditions of low noise background from city transport, street and apartment noise; ¦ comfortable conditions for performing household functions of the family and raising children; ¦ conditions for the aesthetic solution of the interior of the home. -The main element of a dwelling is a living cell, or an apartment, which is considered either as an autonomous unit (an individual one-apartment house), or as an element of a residential building, and is intended for a ci family. The apartment consists of premises for three purposes: living rooms (bedroom> common room, study), utility rooms (front hall, kitchen, bathroom — dune room, toilet, storerooms), open spaces (loggias, balconies, verandas).
Such a division of the premises is associated with their functional purpose, the observance of which ensures the correct hygienic maintenance. Bedrooms are of particular importance, since people spend a third of the day in them.
For children, bedrooms are a place of rest and work, so they should not be designed as walk-throughs; these rooms are oriented towards the south points.
The common room is a gathering place for all family members, it can be walk-through and is oriented to any point. The cabinet should be insulated, preferably located near the front, orientation to the cardinal points is not essential.
Of the auxiliary premises, the kitchen has the greatest functional significance; its orientation to the northern rumba is possible. Isolation of the kitchen from living rooms is important, especially in gasified apartments. Its dimensions are determined by the minimum kitchen equipment and furniture and the free space required to use the stove and kitchen equipment. The minimum size of a kitchen with a gas hob should be about 7 m2. If the kitchen is used as a dining room, its size should be increased to 12 m2.
In these cases, with a ceiling height of 2.5-2.7 m, an air cube allows satisfactory air exchange and reduces air pollution with gas combustion products and kitchen odors.
The front is a kind of air buffer between the cold staircase and the warm apartment. Outerwear and shoes are stored in the front hall, built-in wardrobes and mezzanines are placed in it, so the spacious front room frees living rooms from storing seasonal clothes and shoes. The size of the front should not be less than 4.5-6 m2. In houses of the last series, the size of the front hall is increased to 12-15 m2, turning it into a hall, which is hygienically justified.
The bathroom is a must in a modern apartment. The equipment includes a bathtub, washbasin, heated towel rail. the improved apartments have a bidet and a washing machine with a tumble dryer. The area of ​​the bathroom is determined by the size and the set of equipment. A conventional bathtub occupies an area of ​​1 m2: a shortened or sit-down bath - 0.3-0.6 m2. The area of ​​the bathroom depends on the type of water heating, with hot water supply it can be less than when heating water with a gas water heater, so the area of ​​the bathroom is from 2.5 to 12 m2.
Toilets are equipped with a lavatory pan; in houses with an improved layout they have a washbasin and a bidet. The minimum area of ​​the toilet does not exceed 1.5 m2.
For storage of seasonal items and household items, pantries are allocated in the form of separate rooms (closets), built-in wardrobes and mezzanines. They free living rooms from temporarily unnecessary things and clothes. The area of ​​such premises can range from 1.5 to 6 m2.
Open spaces - balconies, loggias, verandas - have an important aesthetic and recreational value.
In summer, the microclimate of open premises is more favorable than the microclimate of adjacent residential premises.
The systematic use of open spaces has a beneficial effect on the well-being of people, especially the elderly and children.
It is better to arrange balconies and loggias around the perimeter of common rooms, especially in a southern orientation, as they protect living rooms from overheating. Glazing of loggias with a southern orientation worsens the microclimate, gives a greenhouse effect. In the northern latitudes, loggias worsen the natural illumination of apartments, especially with glazing.
Landscaping of balconies and loggias, the creation of a kind of green oasis has a positive effect on the well-being of people.
The hygienic assessment of an apartment includes not only a set of premises, but also their layout, conditions of aeration, ventilation, heating, insolation and natural light.
The layout of the apartment can be one-sided or two-sided. From a hygienic point of view, a two-sided layout is most favorable,
when the premises are located on opposite sides of the house on the front and yard parts.
At the same time, through ventilation is provided, which reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide, anthropotoxins, dust and microorganisms in the air of the apartment by 3-5 times. Air mobility is 0.3-0.5 m / s versus 0.05-0.1 m / s in one-sided apartments.
In the southern regions of the country, through-ventilation of apartments is mandatory. Through ventilation is a valuable planning and hygienic technique.
Until 1957, houses with full-length apartments were built in the country, the standards of which meet the basic hygienic requirements.
Since the 60s, intensive housing construction began with small apartments with a living area of ​​18 m2 for one-room apartments and 40 m2 for three-room apartments. Such houses were built by an industrial method from standard reinforced concrete elements of 5, 7, 9 floors.
The main task of such construction was the rapid resettlement of people from communal apartments, providing each family with a separate apartment. During this period, small kitchens, combined sanitary facilities, shortened baths, low ceilings, alcoves in living rooms appeared. Walk-through rooms in small apartments create significant sanitary and household inconveniences, especially if the rooms are connected to the front. Apartments of the “studio” type appeared, that is, one spacious room, where the front room, living room, kitchen, and a combined sanitary unit are located without partitions and doors.
Small apartments are intended for single people, families without children or with one child. The state of the air environment in residential premises
The air of residential premises may contain contaminants of a bacterial and chemical nature, which is a consequence of the physiological metabolic processes of a person, cooking,
combustion of household gas, washing, destruction of polymer finishing materials. Ultimately, the gas composition of the air in residential premises is determined by the gas composition of the supply air and pollutants emitted inside the premises. The contribution of atmospheric air to the total chemical load is 20–36%.
Carbon dioxide is considered to be an indicator of the cleanliness of indoor air, since its content reflects the chemical composition and physical properties of the air environment. The optimum content of carbon dioxide in the room air is 0.1%. At the same time, low concentrations of carbon dioxide do not always indicate the purity of the air. They can remain low when the air is heavily contaminated with dust, bacteria and harmful chemicals emitted from synthetic finishes. For a comprehensive assessment of indoor air pollution, in addition to the carbon dioxide content, an integral indicator for organic air compounds is used - the oxidizability of air, as well as the MPC of chemicals of various origins.
Recently, a number of researchers have proposed using the total toxicity indicator for assessing the cleanliness of indoor air, which characterizes the combined effect of all possible air pollutants (the sum of the ratios of the concentrations of pollutants to their MPCs; their optimal ratio is less than or equal to one). About 50 toxic substances have now been identified that must be taken into account when calculating the total chemical load: the largest quantitative contribution to the chemical load is made by carbon dioxide, dust, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, naphthalene, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and polymer degradation products.
The most important element of the sanitary improvement of the home is the air cube, that is, the volume of air per person.
The calculation of this value is based on the MPC of carbon dioxide in indoor air, equal to 0.1%. A person at rest releases 22.6 liters per hour
carbon dioxide, to maintain the permissible level of carbon dioxide in the air, it is necessary to supply 37.7 m3 of air per hour per person, which is dictated by hygienic considerations. The high saturation of modern dwellings with polymeric materials, which are sources of toxic air pollution in premises, forces an increase in the volume of outdoor air per person up to 60 m3 / h, sometimes up to 200 m3 / h. The size of the air cube is determined by the area and height of the room. The decrease in room height cannot be compensated for by increasing the area. This position is confirmed by calculations of the minimum height of the room for a standard person (1.7 m), the thickness of the layer of spoiled "heated" air stagnating under the ceiling and poorly removed from the room (0.75 m). To improve the conditions of aeration in the room between the head of a person and the layer of "spoiled air", a layer of 0.3-0.5 m is required. The sum of these indicators will be the height of the room: 1.7 + 0.75 + (0.3 - 0.5 ) = 2.75-2.95 m.
Currently, the standards for the height of the premises are different and are determined by the type of housing, climatic conditions and range from 2.6 to 3.5 m.Since 1957, there has been a temporary standard for the height of the premises - 2.5 m in small-sized houses. In the future, it is proposed to increase the standards for living space to 17.5 m2 and the height of the premises to 3.5 m.
The architectural and planning solutions of the dwelling should provide a comfortable indoor environment for the premises, i.e., a favorable microclimate and good natural illumination.
This is ensured by the properties of the building materials from which the house is made, as well as by sanitary facilities: heating and ventilation. The microclimate of the dwelling is assessed by the temperature regime, i.e., the air temperature drops along the horizontal and vertical of the room, which should not exceed 2 ° С per 1 m of height and 2 ° С from the window to the opposite wall. Changes in the temperature of the room air and the temperature of the inner wall should not exceed 2-3 ° C in order to avoid radiation cooling of a person. Air temperature standards
the premises are determined by climatic conditions and are 20-23 ° C for a cold climate, 20-22 ° C for a temperate one and 23-25 ​​° for a hot climate. Relative air humidity is 40-60%, its increase to 80% indicates poor waterproofing of building materials and dampness in the room. For comfortable sensation of heat, the air mobility should not exceed 0.1-0.25 m / s.
Maintaining a normal microclimate in the dwelling in the cold season is provided by heating, which includes a heat generator, heat pipes, heating devices. There is local and central heating. Local heating with wood, gas, coal is less economical and hygienically not justified due to the uneven temperature and air pollution in the room.
Central heating systems do not have these disadvantages. In residential premises, low-pressure water heating is used, it provides uniform heating of air by convection at a temperature of radiators no higher than 70 ° C. As a rule, radiators are installed in the near-window area, which enhances the convection air flows that move well in the volume of the room.
An example of radiant heating is the so-called panel heating, when the heating device is a panel (wall), ceiling or floor of a room. With such a heating system, heat transfer by radiation predominates, and negative radiation from external fences decreases in the room.
The most favorable physiological reactions and sensations of heat in humans are observed at a temperature of 40-45 ° C wall panels, 28-30 ° C ceiling, 25-27 ° C floor; at the same time, the air temperature in the room can be reduced to 17.5 ° С.
Ventilation of living quarters plays an important role in creating favorable conditions for air exchange. Properly organized ventilation
is an important element in the fight against dampness in premises, contributes to the creation of a favorable air environment, prevents the spread of pathogens of airborne infections. Natural ventilation is carried out due to the difference in air temperature inside and outside the room and due to the so-called wind pressure, that is, the wind pressure on the outer walls of the building. Air infiltration occurs through the pores of the building material and building leaks. In this case, the frequency of air exchange is 1-1.5 per hour. Through ventilation provides more intensive air exchange. In this respect, two-sided apartments are more favorable in comparison with apartments where all premises are located on one side of the house.
In modern apartments, a combined ventilation system is carried out, that is, artificial exhaust ventilation is organized in the kitchen and sanitary block, and supply ventilation in living rooms. With such a distribution of air flows in the apartment, air extraction from the toilet, bathroom, kitchen prevails when outside air enters through the window and living rooms, which ensures effective air exchange and a favorable composition of the air environment.
Insufficient ventilation in gasified apartments leads to the accumulation of toxic products of gas combustion (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, carcinogenic substances, etc.) in the air, an increase in the temperature and humidity of the air, and an increase in the content of heavy ions.
In this regard, it is of great importance to replace open-type gas burners with flameless ceramic burners or replace gas stoves with electric ones.
Natural illumination is determined by many factors: the orientation of the building to the cardinal points, number of storeys, the degree of darkness of the building, the size and configuration of the windows, the density of the block's building, the presence of loggias, balconies. The design of the facade, the presence of architectural and construction elements, glass contamination, etc. are taken into account.
Natural illumination is provided by direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight. In most homes, windows provide natural light (side light); in recent years, attic-type apartments with overhead lighting through skylights and overhead openings have appeared.
The greatest hygienic importance is insolation, that is, the illumination of the room with the sun's rays, which has a healing effect on the body and a bactericidal effect on the air microflora. Sanitary standards determine insolation by three types of insolation regime, depending on the orientation of the room in the cardinal directions, the time of insolation in hours, the percentage of the insolated floor area, and the heating of the room in kilocalories per square meter per hour. These standards play an important role in regulating the density of residential development, the number of storeys in the building, the placement of auxiliary buildings, the size of the adjacent areas.
With the latitudinal orientation of the house, the standard duration of insolation must be observed in at least one of the living rooms of a two-sided apartment. With the meridional orientation of the building, insolation of all living quarters is provided. Continuous insolation in northern latitudes above 58 ° north latitude should be at least 3 hours in summer, in central regions - at least 2.5 hours.
Artificial lighting is provided by general and combined (if local) lighting systems. Lighting should be sufficient, uniform (no shadows and pulsations of the light flux), without glare and glare, as well as providing the contrast of the detail and background.
The sufficiency of artificial lighting can be determined by calculation methods.

The amount of waste generated in a settlement, as well as its composition, varies depending on the size of the city, the availability of engineering equipment, etc. (Table 77).

The amount of solid waste in climatic subareas I A, 1B, 1G with local heating is increased by 10%, when using brown coal - by 50%.

Waste disposal methods are selected on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account sanitary and hygienic requirements and depending on the category of cities, other settlements, taking into account local conditions.

The sizes of land plots and sanitary protection zones are presented in table. 78.

There are two main ways of collecting household waste in houses: unitary - in one container and separate - some

Waste types are collected separately (for example, food waste, etc.).

They use various methods of collecting and removing garbage; the main ones are container and tank systems (Table 79). With the container system, garbage is taken to the place of disposal in the same containers in which it is stored in households (this excludes overfilling of garbage, reduces personnel contact with garbage, makes it possible to wash containers at the disposal site and, therefore, provides a sanitary effect of routine cleaning of households ). The design of the collectors should be convenient for washing and disinfection; it is necessary that the inner surface is smooth.

The site for containers is arranged at a distance of 15 m from the entrance doors and windows, decorated with greenery. The sites should be waterproof, have a hard surface (asphalt or concrete), convenient for cleaning waste and washing. Collectors are installed in closed rooms or on sites, the requirements for which are the same as for sites for placing containers. The premises are equipped with plumbing, sewerage, lighting and heating, which ensures an air temperature in the room of at least 5 ° C, which prevents garbage from freezing to the bottom and walls of the collectors, and also creates conditions for their washing at any time of the year. To drain the water, the room is equipped with a ladder in the floor and a sump with a removable grate. When unloading containers and other waste bins, a significant part of the garbage (up to 5% in summer) remains on the bottom and walls. When garbage is removed by container garbage trucks using the exchangeable packaging system, the containers must be washed after each emptying.

It is necessary to follow the rules for caring for containers to ensure that they are washed in 3-4 days in summer and 15-30 days in winter. The system of transported waste bins-containers provides for the change of containers, the organization of central washing points.

* Waste from infectious diseases and surgical wards is not subject to removal by transport of communal cleaning companies.

Planned apartment cleaning includes discharges from apartment collections on a daily basis (possibly 2 times a day) into a garbage truck.

For the removal of waste and mechanized cleaning of sidewalks and carriageways of streets, roads and squares, machines should be provided at the rate of: garbage trucks - 20 per 100,000 inhabitants, cleaning trucks - 60 per 1 million m2 of pavement area, small-sized sidewalk cleaning - 25 per 1 million m2 of pavement area, sewage disposal - 20 per 100,000 inhabitants (in the absence of a sewerage system).

The most accessible and sufficiently reliable facilities for the neutralization of municipal solid waste are improved landfills - landfills (see "Sanitary rules for the construction and maintenance of landfills for solid domestic waste", No. 281183). Decomposition of organic matter in waste in improved landfills is carried out mainly in anaerobic conditions, without access to air. Aerobic processes occur in the initial period of garbage decomposition in its upper layer until the moment of significant compaction, which occurs as a result of the subsequent build-up of the backfill layer and traffic on the landfill surface (the gap between the border of the territory allocated for the landfill and the border of residential buildings is at least 500 m) ...

During the operation of the landfill, careful observance of the basic principle that ensures sanitary requirements is required: filling the waste into the thickness of the landfill not immediately over its entire area, where necessary, but according to grabs (maps).

On a quarterly basis, taking into account the waste reception plan and actual data for the past period, a scheme or schedule for the operation of the landfill is drawn up. These documents plan the sequence of the capture device, the amount of waste and soil supplied from them for the insulating layers. It is also planned to work on the construction of the foundation for the subsequent stages of the landfill. On the territory of the landfill, open burning of solid household waste is prohibited. Layer-by-layer stacking of waste is carried out up to the design level. When laying the last layer, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the subsequent use of the landfill territory.

Control over the operation of improved landfills (landfills) is carried out regularly by special auto enterprises and periodically - by sanitary and epidemiological stations. The quality of the preparation of the natural or artificial base of the landfill is subject to control; the composition of the delivered waste; the degree of compaction and the height of the working layer of the stored waste; the timeliness and quality of the arrangement of intermediate insulating layers; availability of a stock of material for the insulating layer; timeliness of taking measures to extinguish burning debris; implementation of the solutions adopted in the project for the treatment of the filter of fecal waters and effluents from washing garbage trucks and containers; the quality of washing garbage trucks and containers; the quality of the drinking water used by the personnel; compliance with safety regulations, fire-prevention measures, labor protection and personal hygiene of personnel; maintenance of green spaces in the protective zone.

The sanitary-epidemic station determines the purity of groundwater (in control pits or wells), atmospheric pollution due to gas emissions and light fractions of waste, epidemiological observations, and determines the population by rodents.

The use of field composting makes it possible to solve the problem of utilization of household waste, since with field methods, household waste is rendered harmless in 4-18 months instead of 50-100 years in landfills. The use of this method is due to the content in household waste of at least 25% of easily decaying organic fractions (by weight on dry matter). Since the garbage in the composting fields is stored openly, when the site is allocated for them, a sanitary protection zone is organized at a distance of 300 m from residential areas, cultural and welfare institutions, stadiums, parks and food enterprises. Composting fields are hygienically safer than improved landfills.

Modern waste processing plants include the following main structures and equipment: receiving bins, primary screens, magnetic separators, garbage crushers (primary crushing), fermenters, secondary screens, compost quality improvement units, compost warehouses and ripening sites, large non-recyclable waste incinerators.

In our country, mechanized decontamination and processing of garbage into compost are adopted as the main direction (the method is advisable if there is a constant demand from rural and suburban farms). Waste incineration is recommended when the content in household waste is less than 30% of active organic matter; in the absence of guaranteed consumers of compost and biofuel within a radius of at least 15 km; in conditions of increased sanitary requirements for waste disposal, especially in port and resort cities. In Moscow, in the complex of a waste processing plant in the industrial zone of Korovino, two waste incineration plants are in operation, to which screenings from the primary and secondary screens are fed. In small and medium-sized cities, it is advisable to remove liquid waste from non-sewerage estates with the help of drainage stations and neutralize it at city-wide treatment facilities.

Sanitary cleaning of rural settlements. Collection of solid waste in non-sewage households should be carried out separately: dry waste is collected in standard metal waste bins; if the operation of metal collectors is difficult due to subzero temperatures, removable wooden boxes without a bottom with a capacity of up to 1 m3, installed on concreted or asphalted sites, are used. For liquid waste, an export (sewage) system is organized to the places of their neutralization and disposal.

The most successful type of restroom is a backlash closet, arranged in a one- and two-story house. Sewage from the backlash closet through a vertical faience (cast-iron, ceramic or concrete) pipe enters the cesspool, arranged underground behind the outer wall of the building. The cesspool should have watertight walls and a cleaning hatch. An indispensable element of the backlash closet is a ventilation pipe (or channel), starting in the cesspool, passing through the house through the stove structure (which stimulates air extraction from the cesspool) and going out to the roof 0.5 m above the house chimney. From a hygienic point of view, powder closets and yard box latrines are acceptable; after each use or filling the tank, the sewage must be sprinkled with peat or earth. Yard latrines are widespread, consisting of a cesspool, a receiver for sewage and a cabin. From a hygienic point of view, this is the least successful structure. The courtyard lavatory is not insulated, most of the cesspools are water-permeable, etc. To prevent flies from flying in, the cabin door must be tightly closed, the walls must be free of cracks, the window and ventilation duct must be fitted, the toilet seats are closed with lids.

Another type of liquid waste is slop. The sanitary and epidemic danger of slops is less than that of sewage, although they also contain organic substances and pathogenic microbes that can rot. In case of rare residential buildings, it is advisable to eliminate the slop on the spot: pour the slop onto the filtration pads on the estates, digging up their top layer, or onto compost heaps. For collecting and storing slops, garbage dumps are arranged, consisting of aboveground and underground parts. The underground part is arranged in the same way as the cesspool of the courtyard latrine, and the aboveground part is a wooden box with a lid and a wooden lattice that retains large particles.

At present, latrines and cesspools are being arranged on the territory of households to collect liquid waste, sewage and slop. Typical projects provide for the presence of combined waterproof cesspools made of reinforced concrete rings or bricks for slops and sewage. Cesspool hatches are made double-layer insulated with glass wool gasket. In areas with low temperatures, it is advisable to collect garbage in paper (kraft paper with bitumen or polyethylene interlayer) or plastic bags. Garbage collection in bags is widespread abroad. They are installed in wall or floor type bag holders. Filled and tied garbage bags can be stored for a long time at subzero temperatures in a special unheated room, without violating the sanitary and aesthetic state of households, and taken out by any transport.

The following sanitary requirements are imposed on the disposal of liquid waste. Tank trucks should not leak liquid; when loading, contamination of the yard, site or the tankers themselves is unacceptable; when transporting sewage, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of pollution of streets and air; to mechanize work on garbage removal as much as possible; sewage transport workers must be protected from contamination and contamination by sewage.

In completely uncanalized settlements, the soil method of neutralizing sewage is used in sewage fields or plowing fields. The former, in addition to neutralizing sewage, are also used for growing crops, the latter only for disposal.

Convenient access roads are arranged to the sewage and plowing fields, they are located in areas with a low groundwater table. The distance from fields to dwellings must be at least 1 km. The fields are subdivided into separate areas, each of them is flooded periodically. Summer areas are filled in as follows: maps are plowed in advance; a tank truck enters the map on a portable wooden walkway and is freed from sewage, evenly pouring them onto the surface of the site; in 1-2 days, when the filled area dries up, the sewage is plowed in. Winter plots are plowed in autumn and flooded in winter. In the spring, the frozen sewage thaws and is absorbed into the soil, and when the earth dries up, the site is plowed.

The process of mineralization of organic substances leads to the enrichment of the soil with a number of elements and compounds valuable for agriculture. Therefore, the FIELDS of sewage disposal are used to grow a number of crops, and the planning of filling their individual sections is carried out

taking into account both sanitary and agronomic considerations.

In partially sewerage settlements, liquid sewage is transported to the so-called drainage stations - structures located on large sewer collectors and designed to receive and discharge liquid waste into this collector. The gap from the drain station to the nearest dwelling must be at least 300 m.

Direct discharge of sewage into the sewer can lead to its clogging (sewage is about 20 times more concentrated than sewage). Therefore, the contents of tankers are preliminarily diluted with tap water 2-3 times, and grates and sand traps are arranged at the drain station. The territory of the station is fenced off and greened; driveways to it are asphalted; the station building is equipped with forced supply and exhaust ventilation. Plant workers must comply with the rules of labor protection, safety and personal hygiene. For the sanitization of sewage transport, it is necessary to organize a tanker washing point, preferably with hot water.

In completely non-canalized places, it is advisable to locate such points near the fields of sewage disposal or plowing, in partially sewed places - at the drainage stations.