Radiators are traditionally considered attributes of heating systems with high temperature parameters (in the literature, the terms “high temperature” and “radiator” are often even used as synonyms, in particular when we're talking about about contours heating systems). But the postulates on which this point of view was based are outdated. Saving metal and building thermal insulation today is not put above saving energy resources. A technical specifications modern radiators allow us to speak not only about the possibility of their use in low-temperature systems, but also about the advantages of such a solution. This is proven by scientific research carried out over two years on the initiative of Rettig ICC, owner of the brands Purmo, Radson, Vogel&Noot, Finimetal, Myson.

If you want to buy heating equipment, then you can go to the appropriate section:

Reducing the temperature of the coolant is the main trend in the development of heating technology in recent decades in European countries. This became possible as the thermal insulation of buildings improved and heating devices improved. In the 1980s standard parameters were reduced to 75/65 ºC (flow/return). The main benefit from this was reduced losses during heat generation, transportation and distribution, as well as greater safety for users.

With the growing popularity of floor and other types panel heating in systems where they are used, the supply temperature is reduced to 55 ºC, which is taken into account by the designers of heat generators, control valves, etc.

Today, the supply temperature in high-tech heating systems can be 45 and even 35 ºC. The incentive to achieve these parameters is the ability to most efficiently use heat sources such as heat pumps and condensing boilers. At a secondary circuit coolant temperature of 55/45 ºC, the COP efficiency coefficient for a ground-to-water heat pump is 3.6, and at 35/28 ºC it is already 4.6 (when operating only for heating). And operation of boilers in condensing mode, requiring cooling flue gases return line water below the “dew point” (when burning liquid fuel - 47 ºC), gives a gain in efficiency of about 15% or more. Thus, reducing the temperature of the coolant provides significant savings in energy resources, and, accordingly, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Until now, the main solution for heating rooms at low coolant temperatures was considered to be “warm floors” and convectors with copper-aluminum heat exchangers. Research initiated by Rettig ICC made it possible to add steel panel radiators to this range. (However, practice in this case comes before theory, and such heating devices have been used for quite a long time as part of low-temperature systems in Sweden .

With the participation of several scientific organizations, including the universities of Helsinki and Dresden, the radiators were tested under various controlled conditions. TO " evidence base» the results of other works on studying the functioning modern systems heating.

At the end of January 2011, research materials were presented to journalists from leading specialized publications in Europe at a seminar held at the Purmo-Radson training center in Erpfendorf (Austria). The presentations were made by Professor of the University of Brussels (Vrije Universitet Brussels, VUB) Lin Pieters and the head of the Department of Energy Systems of the Institute of Building Physics. Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics, IBP) Dietrich Schmidt.

Lyn Peters' report addressed issues of thermal comfort, accuracy and speed of response of the heating system to changing conditions, and heat losses.

In particular, it was noted that the causes of local temperature discomfort are: radiation temperature asymmetry (depending on the heat-releasing surface and the orientation of the heat flow); floor surface temperature (when it leaves the range from 19 to 27 ºC); vertical temperature difference (air temperature difference - from ankle to head standing man- should not exceed 4 ºC).

At the same time, the most comfortable for a person are not static, but “moving” ones. temperature conditions(University of California, 2003). An interior space with zones that have slight temperature differences increases the feeling of comfort. But large temperature changes are the cause of discomfort.

According to L. Peters, radiators that transfer heat by both convection and radiation are most suitable for providing thermal comfort.

Modern buildings are becoming increasingly thermally sensitive - thanks to improvements in their thermal insulation. External and internal thermal disturbances (from sunlight, household appliances, presence of people) can greatly influence the indoor climate. And radiators respond to these thermal changes more accurately than panel heating systems.

As you know, a “warm floor,” especially one installed in a concrete screed, is a system with a large heat capacity that responds slowly to regulatory influences.

Even if the “warm floor” is controlled by thermostats, a quick response to the supply of external heat is impossible. When laying heating pipes in concrete screed The response time of underfloor heating to changes in the amount of incoming heat is about two hours.

Quickly reacts to the arrival of external heat room thermostat switches off the underfloor heating, which continues to produce heat for about two hours. When the supply of external heat stops and the thermostatic valve opens, complete heating of the floor is achieved only after the same time. Under these conditions, only the effect of self-regulation is effective.

Self-regulation is a complex dynamic process. In practice, it means that the heat supply from the heater is regulated naturally due to the following two laws: 1) heat always spreads from a hotter zone to a colder one; 2) the magnitude of the heat flow is determined by the temperature difference. The well-known equation (it is widely used when choosing heating devices) allows us to understand the essence of this:

Q = Qnom. ∙ (ΔT/ΔTnom.)n,

where Q is the heat transfer of the heater; ΔT - temperature difference between the heater and the air in the room; Qnom. - heat transfer under nominal conditions; ΔTnom. - difference in temperature between the heater and the air in the room under nominal conditions; n is the heater exponent.

Self-regulation is typical for both underfloor heating and radiators. At the same time, for a “warm floor” the value of n is 1.1, and for a radiator - about 1.3 (exact values ​​are given in catalogs). That is, the response to a change in ΔT in the second case will be more “pronounced”, and the restoration of the given temperature regime will occur faster.

From a regulatory point of view, it is also important that the surface temperature of the radiator is approximately equal to the coolant temperature, and in the case of underfloor heating This is not true at all.

During short-term intense inputs of external heat, the “warm floor” control system cannot cope with its work, resulting in fluctuations in the temperature of the room and the floor. Some technical solutions can reduce them, but not eliminate them.

On rice. 1 graphs of changes in operating temperature under simulated conditions are shown individual house when heated by adjustable high- and low-temperature radiators and “warm floors” (research work by L. Pieters and J. Van der Veken).

The house can accommodate four people and is equipped natural ventilation. Sources of third-party heat inputs are people and household appliances. The operating temperature is set as comfortable

21 ºC. The graphs consider two options for maintaining it: without switching to energy-saving (night) mode and with it.

Note: operational temperature is an indicator characterizing the combined effect on a person of air temperature, radiation temperature and ambient air speed.

Experiments have confirmed that radiators clearly react faster than “warm floors” to temperature fluctuations, ensuring smaller deviations.

The next argument in favor of radiators presented at the seminar is a more comfortable and energy-efficient temperature profile inside the room.

In 2008, John A. Myhren and Stuer Holmberg published the paper “Temperature distribution and thermal comfort in a room with a panel radiator, floor and wall heating» (F low patterns and thermal comfort in a room with panel, floor and wall heating). In particular, it compares the vertical distribution of temperature in rooms of the same size and layout (without furniture and people), heated by a radiator and a “warm floor” ( rice. 2). The outside air temperature was -5 ºC. The air exchange rate is 0.8.

Radiators are traditionally considered attributes of heating systems with high temperature parameters. But the postulates on which this point of view was based are outdated. Saving metal and building thermal insulation today is not put above saving energy resources. And the technical characteristics of modern radiators allow us to speak not only about the possibility of their use in low-temperature systems, but also about the advantages of such a solution.

Radiators are traditionally considered attributes of heating systems with high temperature parameters (in the literature, the terms “high temperature” and “radiator” are often even used as synonyms, in particular when it comes to heating system circuits). But the postulates on which this point of view was based are outdated. Saving metal and building thermal insulation today is not put above saving energy resources. And the technical characteristics of modern radiators allow us to speak not only about the possibility of their use in low-temperature systems, but also about the advantages of such a solution. This is proven by scientific research carried out over two years on the initiative of Rettig ICC, owner of the brands Purmo, Radson, Vogel&Noot, Finimetal, Myson.

Reducing the coolant temperature is the main trend in the development of heating technology in recent decades in European countries. This became possible as the thermal insulation of buildings improved and heating devices improved. In the 1980s, the standard parameters were reduced to 75/65 ºC (flow/return). The main benefit from this was reduced losses during heat generation, transportation and distribution, as well as greater safety for users.

With the growing popularity of floor and other types of panel heating in systems where they are used, the supply temperature has been reduced to a level of 55 ºC, which is taken into account by the designers of heat generators, control valves, etc.

Today, the supply temperature in high-tech heating systems can be 45 and even 35 ºC. The incentive to achieve these parameters is the ability to most efficiently use heat sources such as heat pumps and condensing boilers. At a secondary circuit coolant temperature of 55/45 ºC, the COP efficiency coefficient for a ground-to-water heat pump is 3.6, and at 35/28 ºC it is already 4.6 (when operating only for heating). And the operation of boilers in condensation mode, which requires cooling of flue gases with return water below the “dew point” (when burning liquid fuel - 47 ºC), gives a gain in efficiency of about 15% or more. Thus, reducing the temperature of the coolant provides significant savings in energy resources, and, accordingly, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Until now, the main solution for heating rooms at low coolant temperatures was considered to be “warm floors” and convectors with copper-aluminum heat exchangers. Research initiated by Rettig ICC made it possible to add to this series steel panel radiators. (However, practice in this case goes ahead of theory, and such heating devices have been used for quite a long time as part of low-temperature systems in Sweden, rice. 1).

Fig.1

With the participation of several scientific organizations, including the universities of Helsinki and Dresden, radiators have been tested under various controlled conditions. The results of other studies on the functioning of modern heating systems are also included in the “evidence base”.

At the end of January 2011, research materials were presented to journalists from leading specialized publications in Europe at a seminar held at the Purmo-Radson training center in Erpfendorf (Austria). The presentations were made by Professor of the University of Brussels (Vrije Universitet Brussels, VUB) Lin Pieters and the head of the Department of Energy Systems of the Institute of Building Physics. Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics, IBP) Dietrich Schmidt.

Lyn Peters' report addressed issues of thermal comfort, accuracy and speed of response of the heating system to changing conditions, and heat losses.

In particular, it was noted that the causes of local temperature discomfort are: radiation temperature asymmetry(depends on the heat-transfer surface and the orientation of the heat flow); floor surface temperature (when it leaves the range from 19 to 27 ºC); vertical temperature difference (the difference in air temperature - from the ankle to the head of a standing person - should not exceed 4 ºC).

At the same time, the most comfortable for a person are not static, but “moving” temperature conditions (conclusion from the University of California, 2003). An interior space with zones that have slight temperature differences increases the feeling of comfort. But large temperature changes are the cause of discomfort.

According to L. Peters, radiators that transfer heat by both convection and radiation are most suitable for providing thermal comfort.

Modern buildings are becoming increasingly thermally sensitive - thanks to improvements in their thermal insulation. External and internal thermal disturbances (from sunlight, household appliances, the presence of people) can greatly affect the indoor climate. AND radiators respond to these thermal changes more accurately than panel heating systems.

As you know, a “warm floor,” especially one installed in a concrete screed, is a system with a large heat capacity that responds slowly to regulatory influences.

Even if the “warm floor” is controlled by thermostats, a quick response to the supply of external heat is impossible. When laying heating pipes in a concrete screed, the response time of underfloor heating to changes in the amount of incoming heat is about two hours.

The room thermostat, which quickly reacts to the arrival of outside heat, turns off the underfloor heating, which continues to give off heat for about two more hours. When the supply of external heat stops and the thermostatic valve opens, complete heating of the floor is achieved only after the same time. Under these conditions, only the effect of self-regulation is effective.

Self-regulation is a complex dynamic process. In practice, it means that the heat supply from the heater is regulated naturally due to the following two laws: 1) heat always spreads from a hotter zone to a colder one; 2) the magnitude of the heat flow is determined by the temperature difference. The well-known equation (it is widely used when choosing heating devices) allows us to understand the essence of this:

Q = Qnom. ∙ (ΔT/ΔTnom.)n,

where Q is the heat transfer of the heater; ΔT - temperature difference between the heater and the air in the room; Qnom. - heat transfer under nominal conditions; ΔTnom. - difference in temperature between the heater and the air in the room under nominal conditions; n is the heater exponent.

Self-regulation is typical for both underfloor heating and radiators. At the same time, for a “warm floor” the value of n is 1.1, and for a radiator - about 1.3 (exact values ​​are given in catalogs). That is, the response to a change in ΔT in the second case will be more “pronounced”, and the restoration of the given temperature regime will occur faster.

From a regulatory point of view, it is also important that the temperature of the radiator surface is approximately equal to the temperature of the coolant, but in the case of underfloor heating this is not at all the case.

During short-term intense inputs of external heat, the “warm floor” control system cannot cope with its work, resulting in fluctuations in the temperature of the room and the floor. Some technical solutions can reduce them, but not eliminate them.

We are building or reconstructing a private house and are involved in the overhaul of an apartment. We will equip an office, a warm garage, a heated room for other purposes. We thought through the heating system, selected the main equipment: the boiler and its piping, the boiler, underfloor heating systems. Or, if this is an apartment, you decided to replace the existing heating device with a more aesthetic and efficient one, maybe add a few additional sections old battery. We will assume that we have already made a choice of the type of heating devices: stacked sectional cast iron, aluminum batteries, bimetallic devices or ready-made panel steel radiators. Let's not forget that the batteries must withstand the coolant pressure in the system, which in a multi-story building is an order of magnitude higher than in a cottage. To achieve thermal comfort, it is important for us to correctly calculate heating radiators.

Principles of calculation

To ensure the required temperature in the room, the calculation of the power of heating radiators and the entire system must take into account heat loss from each room and the climatic conditions of the region. When preparing a project, heating engineers determine the thermal balance of the external walls, roof, basement of the building, window and door designs. The air exchange in the ventilation system, the height of the premises, and movement are also taken into account. air flow and many other factors. The fundamental document prescribing the principles of designing a heating system is SNiP 2.04.05-91. Designers also use a number of regulations (totaling up to two dozen) regulating heating systems for buildings and premises for various purposes.

Accurate calculation of heating radiator sections according to all the rules is quite complicated, and doing it yourself without special knowledge is not easy. During the construction of a serious country house it makes sense to contact specialists and order full project heating: built into it rational decisions, thermal comfort and optimal fuel consumption will justify the costs. If this is not possible, you can make an approximate calculation of the heating batteries yourself.

What is the thermal power of heating radiators

Thermal power, heat output or heat flow of a heating device indicates the amount of thermal energy (in kilowatts or watts) that a radiator or one modular element (section) is capable of transmitting to the room per unit of time (hour). Less common is the designation in calories/hour. One watt equals 0.86 calories. The amount of heat transfer depends not only on the design of the radiator, its size, and the material from which it is made. Equally important are the parameters of the coolant: its temperature and the speed at which the liquid flows through the batteries. For most heating appliances it is indicated thermal power at standard coolant temperatures of 60/80 °C. Accordingly, when the operating services, from the generosity of the budget, turn up the heat and put boiling water into the system (rarely, but it happens), the heat transfer will increase. If lukewarm water flows at a low speed (this happens much more often) it will drop. Significantly affects the amount of heat flow and the method of connecting the device.

Please note that not all connection diagrams provide complete heat transfer from the heating device. The most common is the standard side (1); for other cases (3, 4) a reduction factor is introduced in the calculation.

Heat transfer of one section in a traditional cast iron radiator Soviet model - 160 W. To determine the total battery power, multiply this figure by the number of sections.

Aluminum radiators are also sectional. Heat flow depends on the model, but with standard center height 500 mm averages 200 W for one section. That is, such aluminum sections it will require approximately 20% less than cast iron.

Aluminum radiator design. In the standard version, value A is 500 mm. You should pay attention to the distances from the outer edges of the device to the floor and window sill. If they are less than specified, the heat transfer will decrease slightly

Panel steel radiators are non-separable and have a fixed heat transfer rate. As an example: depending on the panel design standard height and a length of 800 mm can produce a heat flux of 700 to 1500 W.

Simplified calculation

IN central regions Russia for heating a living room with one outer wall in standard panel house you will need approximately 100 W of thermal energy per square meter area. This is a very approximate figure. If the apartment is located on the first or top floor, it’s worth adding about 20%. For corner room increase the figure by one and a half times. Let's not forget that there is a dependence on the connection diagram; if necessary, we will take into account the correction factor. This is a battery of ten cast iron sections. Naturally, for Yakutia and Krasnodar the value of heat transfer per unit area will be significantly different. Thus, for the Moscow region, a room with an area of ​​16 m2 in a standard “socket” will require 1600 W.

Modern house with walls made of “warm” cellular blocks, and even with a “thermal fur coat”, energy-efficient glazing will have much lower heat loss and the required radiator power should also be lower. Some sellers heating equipment make it easier for potential buyers to make a choice by posting a calculator on their website to calculate the number of sections of heating radiators. With the help of such an online service, it is possible to make a more or less accurate calculation of the heating radiator per room.

Radiator layout plan, one of many pages of the “correct” heating system design. For each room, the estimated heat loss value is indicated (numbers in a rectangle). When building expensive apartments, save on design work not worth it

Do you need power reserve?

Preferably. You won’t always receive coolant from the ZhES desired temperature, so it’s worth increasing the battery power by 20-25%. It is advisable to install a heat regulator at the inlet: a thermostat or a regular ball valve.

“Correct” installation of the radiator (5). Thermostatic valve(4) will ensure constant maintenance set temperature in the room, connecting parts (1-3) will help you quickly remove and reinstall the battery. A bypass (a jumper between the inlet and outlet pipes) will allow the coolant to circulate through the riser even when the device is removed, so as not to infringe on the interests of neighbors in the house

Low temperature heating systems and radiator calculations

Modern low-temperature heating systems prevail in Europe, and in Russia they are increasingly used. They are built on the basis of energy-efficient condensing heating boilers and heat pumps. To get the maximum economic effect, for radiator heating, as well as for heated floors, a coolant with a low temperature is used - 40-55 ° C. The heat transfer of radiators is reduced by approximately 1.8 times. Accordingly, they must have greater power and dimensions. Despite the increased cost of the system, this approach is justified: a rationally designed, correctly installed and properly configured low-temperature system allows you to achieve significant gas savings. And heat pumps do not require fuel at all. To calculate such systems, everything famous manufacturers indicate the heat transfer of devices for various parameters coolant. Calculating the number of heating radiators should also take into account the influence of underfloor heating.

Efficiency ratio of traditional and modern condensing gas boilers. To achieve the specified savings, coolant with a low temperature must also circulate in the radiators. Accordingly, the heat transfer of devices should be taken based on indicators of 40-55°C

In conclusion, we say that the heating device should not be covered with anything: thick curtains, solid decorative screen, closely moved furniture will significantly reduce its effectiveness. If a fashionable table top-window sill completely covers the radiator from above, warm air will bypass the surface of the window glass, and it may become excessively cold and “cry”. In this case, ventilation grilles should be placed in the window sill.

Low-temperature heating systems today are still not widespread in Russia, but they are successfully practiced in Europe, including in countries with not the mildest climates, but where renewable energy sources (RES) are actively used for heating and air-conditioning of buildings. .

G The main and obvious advantages of such systems are saving energy resources based on fossil hydrocarbons in combination with minimizing environmental damage. In addition, low-temperature systems provide the user with additional opportunities to achieve thermal comfort in the home and control the microclimate of the premises.

In Russia, the scope of application of low-temperature heating systems is limited not only by climatic conditions in many of its regions, but also by standards. In particular, this factor operates during mass development, on objects like apartment buildings, for which standards are developed for other modes of heat supply to buildings. Therefore, low-temperature heating systems, if used, are used in social institutions such as clinics and kindergartens, as well as more widely in the private cottage sector. In addition, they are usually designed and installed for heating and air conditioning energy-saving houses, especially “active” ones, which are recent years They also began to be built in Russia. Minimizing heat loss through building boundaries and ventilation is generally one of the main conditions for the successful use of low-temperature heating systems there.

Low-temperature heating systems are being created based on highly efficient heat generators and renewable energy transformers, as well as using modern models heating devices and electronic automation, combined into intelligent control systems.

Generation with accumulation

According to existing regulatory documents The temperature regime of the heating system is characterized by three parameters: the coolant temperature at the outlet of the heat generator, at its inlet and the air temperature in the room. The mode where the coolant temperature at the outlet of the heat generator does not exceed 55 °C, and at the inlet is up to 45 °C, is considered characteristic of low-temperature systems. The air temperature in the room is usually taken to be 20 °C. The most common temperature conditions in such systems are 55/45/20 °C, 45/40/20 °C or even 35/30/20 °C.

Low-temperature heating systems can be monovalent, where heat is generated by one heat generator, or, more often, polyvalent, which combines the operation of several heat generators or transformers into heat from renewable energy sources ( rice. 1). Such polyvalent systems are also called hybrid.

Fig.1

A condensing boiler is well suited for both mono- and polyvalent systems (as a peak heat generator). Its operating mode is closest to that indicated above and largely depends on the temperature parameters of the heating system. The lower the temperature of the coolant in the return boiler circuit, the more completely the steam condenses, the more heat will be utilized, and the higher the efficiency of the condensing boiler. For gas boilers, the threshold temperature condensation mode- 57 °C. Therefore, the heating system must be designed to use coolant with a lower temperature in the return circuit.

With averages for winter period temperatures, according to design calculations, taking into account the maximum efficiency of the condensation mode, it should not exceed 45 ° C. Such parameters are provided by low-temperature heating systems in which condensing boilers operate primarily in their “standard” mode.

Of course, not only condensing boiler technology can and is used in low-temperature systems. The heat generator in such a system, including the peak one, can be any highly efficient boiler operating on any fuel and, in particular, electric. In hybrid systems, the boiler is switched on only at peak loads, when other heat generators (renewable energy transformers - solar collectors, heat pumps) cannot cope with providing thermal comfort in heated rooms and the needs of hot water supply.

When using renewable energy, low-temperature water heating systems usually include heat accumulators, which can be with liquid and solid fillers, phase (using the heat of phase transformations) and thermochemical (heat is accumulated due to endothermic reactions and released during exothermic ones).

In heat accumulators with liquid and solid fillers (water, low-freezing liquids (ethylene glycol solution), gravel, etc.), heat accumulates due to the heat capacity of the filler material. In phase heat accumulators, heat accumulation occurs during melting or a change in the crystalline structure of the filler, and release occurs during its hardening.

The most widespread in hybrid low-temperature water heating systems installed in cottages are water storage tanks that successfully dampen peak hot water loads, storing heat from the operation of a solar collector, heat pump or (in winter) peak heat generator. By accumulating thermal energy from various sources, such a heat accumulator allows optimizing their operation from the point of view of maximum economic efficiency at a specific moment, reserving “cheap” heat. The excess heat generated can be used for hot water supply. Their use is also justified when using heat pumps to optimize the operation of compressors and hydraulic decoupling of the heat pump circuits and the load.

The heat accumulator water tank is a well-insulated container, for example, with a layer of polyurethane foam 80-100 mm thick, into which several heat exchangers are built. A heat accumulator with a volume of 0.25-2 m 3 can accumulate 14-116 kWh of thermal energy.

Devices for low temperature heating systems

The low temperature of the coolant determines the choice of devices for low-temperature heating systems, which must effectively transfer heat into heated rooms, operating in a flexible mode. If these devices are installed in a cottage where the coolant pressure in the pipelines is obviously low, then their strength characteristics fade into the background.

Fig.2

According to experts, the most successful low-temperature systems use wall-mounted, parapet or floor-mounted convectors with forced ventilation (rice. 2) and steel panel radiators ( rice. 3). In such systems, convectors equipped with a heat exchanger with a large surface area should be used - multilayer with frequent fins and a fan that provides large heat removal. In addition to convectors, these conditions are also met by wall-mounted and ceiling-mounted fan coil units (fan coils).

Fig.3

In forced convection systems without a fan, ejection closers can be used. Due to efficient heat removal and high power These devices will have small dimensions compared to other types of equipment.

The advantage of such devices is the possibility of their use in combined systems, which heat rooms during the cold period, and in the summer are used to cool the air.

If convectors without a fan are used in low-temperature systems, their height must be at least 400 mm.

The coolant panel of a steel panel radiator is located outside the heating device. The lamellas of the convective element are heated from it. The farther from the panel, the cooler the lamellas. Convection at low radiator temperatures is hindered by the viscosity of the air sandwiched between the lamellas. But nothing interferes with thermal radiation from the panel.

Steel panel radiators are successfully used in low-temperature heating systems also because their model lines include a wide range of standard sizes, and this is important for the optimal placement of heating devices in such systems, in particular, heating devices should be installed in them that cover the entire length of the window opening.

Fig.4

Operation of convectors with forced ventilation and steel panel radiators will be successfully combined with a warm water floor ( rice. 4), which is literally designed to work with coolant characterized by low temperatures. According to SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”, clause 6.5.12, average temperature floor surfaces with built-in heating elements should be taken no higher than 26 °C - for rooms with constant occupancy of people; and not higher than 31 °C - for premises with temporary occupancy of people. Floor surface temperature along the axis heating element in children's institutions, residential buildings and swimming pools should not exceed 35 °C. In real conditions, with existing technologies for installing heated floors, such surface temperatures are achieved at coolant temperatures at the inlet to the heated floor pipeline no higher than 45 °C.

Warm floors significantly increase the efficiency of low-temperature heating systems. Thus, when installing a heated floor, the energy reserve of a water heat accumulator with a capacity of 1.2 m 3 is sufficient to heat a house with an area of ​​130-140 m 2 using electricity received at a low night tariff.

All water heating devices in low-temperature heating systems are equipped with automatic thermostatic control.

Intelligent Control

Since most low-temperature systems are hybrid, and it is also possible to combine heating and air conditioning functions in one such system, their greatest efficiency and economy can be achieved with rational management of all components of the system. Today, smart control systems are used for this.

Without intelligent control, it is impossible to effectively and at the same time flexibly regulate the system based on real sensor readings, and not on built-in graphs that do not take into account the conditions of a particular heat supply facility. When a project uses smart control, you only need to set the initial settings, and then the intelligent automation will automatically support them.

The smart controller is responsible for switching the system from one heat source to another. By processing several inputs every second, the controller selects the most economical heat source at the moment. According to the given logic, first it is used thermal energy from the cheapest source.

The use of such intelligent control systems makes it possible to differentially set temperatures in controlled rooms, thereby achieving, in addition to efficiency, also highest level thermal comfort.

Article from . Category "Heating and hot water supply"

The most important task of technology development is to increase energy efficiency. To solve this problem in heating systems, the most effective way is to reduce the temperature of the coolant. That is why low-temperature heating is today a key trend in the development of modern heating technology.

During operation, a low-temperature heating system consumes much less coolant compared to a traditional system. This results in significant savings. An additional advantage is to reduce the volume of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, working with a “soft” temperature regime allows you to use alternative views equipment - heat pumps or condensing boilers.

The main problem in the development of low-temperature heating long time What remained was that at low heating temperatures it was very difficult to create comfortable conditions in heated rooms. However, with the development of construction technologies that allow the construction of energy-efficient buildings, this problem has been solved. The use of modern construction and thermal insulation materials makes it possible to significantly reduce heat losses in buildings. Thanks to this, a low-temperature heating system can heat the house efficiently and effectively. The achieved effect of coolant savings significantly exceeds additional costs, which have to be carried to insulate buildings.

Application of radiators

Initially, only so-called panel heating systems were considered as low-temperature ones, the most common representatives of which are underfloor heating systems. They are characterized by a significant heat exchange surface, which makes it possible to provide high-quality heating at low coolant temperatures.

Today, the development of production technologies has made it possible to use radiators for low-temperature heating. At the same time, batteries must meet increased energy efficiency requirements:

• high thermal conductivity of metal;
• significant heat exchange surface area;
• maximum convective component.

TM Ogint offers energy-efficient aluminum radiators that fully comply with the listed requirements and are ideal for completing low-temperature heating systems. Moreover, they are produced in full compliance with Russian standards and are fully adapted to domestic operating conditions.

Thus, the use of aluminum radiators of the Ogint Delta Plus model when creating low-temperature systems provides an important advantage compared to warm floors. Optimal performance savings and comfort are ensured in cases where the heating system quickly responds to changes in outside temperature (when it increases, the coolant temperature decreases, and when it decreases, it increases). Modern automation used on boiler equipment provides all the possibilities for this. The disadvantage of heated floors is their inertia. Radiator systems are able to respond to changes in external conditions almost instantly.

Advantages and disadvantages of low temperature heating systems

Low temperature systems have a number of significant advantages:

• significant cost savings by reducing energy consumption;
• reducing the volume of harmful emissions into the atmosphere;
• improvement of comfort indicators. Due to the low heating of the radiators, the air in the room does not dry out and strong convective currents do not arise that raise dust;
• safety. You cannot get burned on a radiator with a temperature of +50...+60 °C, which cannot be said about a battery heated to +80 °C;
• reducing the load on the boiler, which increases the service life of the equipment;
• the possibility of using heat pumps, condensing boilers and other types of alternative equipment with low temperature conditions.

The disadvantages of heating systems of this type are relative. So, a certain disadvantage is the increased requirements for the radiators used. However, the use of Ogint Delta Plus batteries completely solves all the problems of choosing heating devices.

It should also be noted that when severe frosts low-temperature systems cannot always cope with heating buildings. At the same time, the system can be transferred to work at a higher level without any problems. temperature conditions if necessary.

In general, low temperature heating systems are more efficient, economical and safe than traditional systems. Therefore, today we can confidently say that the future lies with low-temperature heating.