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Text content of presentation slides: © Balass, 2012 Our Earth 1st geography lesson in 5th grade Section I Geographic information sources www.school2100.ru  What do we learn from the pages of the textbook "Our Earth"? There is one garden planet In this cold space. Only here the forests make noise, Calling birds of passage, Only on it alone Lilies of the valley bloom in green grass, And dragonflies only here In the river look in surprise. Take care of your planet - After all, there is no other, similar. Akim www.school2100.ru The source of information is a system whose components ensure the placement, availability and integrity of information in accordance with its purpose. Geographic map, printed publication, television or radio broadcast, written or oral message of a specific person, computer file, Internet address, etc. www.school2100.ru Remember what is shown on: a) plan; b) map.2. What do the colors on the hemisphere map mean? PLAN (from lat. planum - plane) - a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane part of the earth's surface. MAP - the image of the earth's surface by conventional signs on a plane in a reduced form. Blue color on the map indicates water (seas, rivers, lakes), yellow and brown - land. Green and yellow are plains, brown are mountains. www.school2100.ru It is believed that there are no more "white spots" on the map of the globe - unknown seas and lands.  Who was involved in the discovery of new lands? Do you agree with this statement? What question do you have? Why do we need geography? www.school2100.ru Why do we need geography?  What does the word "geography" mean in translation into Russian?  When did this science originate?  What great geographers do you know?  What is their contribution to science? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Define the topic of the lesson.  What are your hypotheses? Why do we need geography? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Read the text and answer the question: Who can be considered geographers? To answer, use the algorithm on page 5 Leif Eriksson Happy Scandinavian navigator and ruler of Greenland. The son of the Viking Eric the Red, the discoverer of Greenland. Before his trip to America, Leif made a trading expedition to Norway. Upon his return, Leif met a Norwegian named Bjarni Herjulfsson in Greenland, who said that he saw the outline of the earth in the west, far out to sea. Leif became interested in this story and decided to explore new lands. Around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson sailed west on a ship with a crew of 35. They discovered three regions of the American coast. Several settlements were also founded there. According to the stories of Leif and his people, the first maps of Vinland were drawn up. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Sir Francis Drake English navigator, corsair, vice admiral. First Englishman to circumnavigate the world (1577–1580). Active participant in the defeat of the Spanish fleet. At the age of 12 he became a cabin boy on a merchant ship (barque). He was so fond of the owner of the ship, his distant relative, that after his death he bequeathed the ship to Drake, and at the age of 18 he became a full captain. In 1567, Mr.. set sail to Guinea and the West Indies, commanding a ship in the slave expedition of his relative. In 1577, Drake was sent by Queen Elizabeth on an expedition to the Pacific coast of America. The official purpose of the trip was to discover new lands. In fact, Drake was supposed to loot as much Spanish gold as possible and return to England with this cargo. After passing through the Strait of Magellan, Drake was driven back by a storm to the south of Tierra del Fuego, thereby figuring out that it was not part of the Southern Continent. The strait south of Tierra del Fuego was later named after him. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Afanasy Nikitin Russian traveler, writer, merchant, author of the famous travel notes known as "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". Born in the family of a peasant Nikita. Traveled through Persia, India and Turkey; compiled a description of this journey in the book "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". This was the first description in Russian literature not of a pilgrimage, but of a commercial trip, full of observations about the political structure, economy and culture of other countries. In his book, Nikitin describes the beauty of southern nature, and the wealth of landowners and nobles, and the splendor of their palaces, and the poverty of the rural population, and the customs and appearance of the inhabitants of India. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648 - 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering - passed the Bering Strait, separating Alaska from Chukotka. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Continue: geography is the science of ... What is characteristic of science? Formulate the tasks of the science of geography. purpose, subject of study, methods "Geography" - in the literal translation "land description" description of the territory; explanation of the processes taking place on it; geographic forecast www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Using the drawing, define the structure of geography.  What does modern geography study?  Why is she increasingly studying various areas of human activity? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Determine the object of study of the science of geography. the earth's surface with all its natural and social content www.school2100.ru Why is it necessary to study geography? What methods can be used to study it?  Choose one of the methods and evaluate its role in the development of modern geography. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? What can be considered a source of geographic information? What is the significance of this information for a person?  How will you answer the question of the lesson? www.school2100.ru  Who first discovered America? Is it correct to call him a geographer?  Why are physical and social geography so called? Can a person, armed with geographical knowledge and skills, have a beneficial effect on the future of the planet? www.school2100.ru §1, task 4, p. 12 Homework:

Sources of geographical knowledge

The sources of information are textbooks, gazetteers and encyclopedias, maps and atlases.

Information-rich geographic magazines and newspapers.

Many new, useful and interesting things can be learned from radio and television programs: weather forecasts, reports of natural phenomena, natural curiosities, the culture of the population of different countries, etc.

Now, to obtain the necessary geographical knowledge, they use the services of the Internet - the worldwide computer network. With its help, you can exchange geographic information in a matter of minutes - cartographic, text, video, sound.

To obtain geographical information and knowledge, various research methods are used.

The most ancient is the descriptive method of research. It consists in describing the object (where it is located, how it has changed over time, how it affects other objects, etc.). The description is based on observations of phenomena and processes.

This method is still one of the main ones. The expeditionary method is also ancient. The word "expedition" means "campaign". An expedition is a business trip of a group of people to study certain objects or phenomena. The material collected on expeditions forms the basis of geography.

Based on it, science develops.

The historical method allows you to find out how objects and phenomena arose and developed in time. The literary method consists in studying literature - everything that has already been written on a given topic. The cartographic method of research consists in determining the location of objects and plotting them on a map.

Skillfully reading geographical maps, the researcher can obtain a lot of necessary information. The new methods include aerospace - the study of the Earth's surface from images from aircraft and spacecraft. Using the modeling method, using computer technology, provide for changes in the environment.

Globe.

Primary sources of knowledge

The primary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are associated with socio-geographical field research, when objects are studied directly on the ground due to direct acquaintance with them, thanks to observations, instrumental measurements, as well as a survey, questioning, etc.

These are usually studies of individual farms and enterprises (agricultural, industrial, construction, recreational, etc.), as well as settlements and places of concentration of production and infrastructure (a set of structures and services that ensure the functioning of industries and the living conditions of society).

The primary source of socio-geographical knowledge can also be field special (thematic) mapping of the territory under study - the actual use of land, population resettlement, levels of technogenic pressure on the territory, its ecological state, etc.

e. For the needs of such mapping, topographic maps or plans for land use or land-economic structure of administrative-territorial units, individual farms, cities are usually used as a basis.

Primary sources usually provide socio-geographical knowledge about their own state, because it is not often that researchers are given the opportunity to carry out the necessary field research abroad.

Therefore, the main sources of socio-geographical knowledge about the world are secondary sources. Secondary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are those that are mined and sorted in a certain way by other researchers. A classic example is various literary sources - historical, geographical, environmental literature.

Now, thanks to the Internet, it is possible to "visit" the largest libraries in the world without leaving home.

Among such institutions are the CELA Library of Congress, the German National Library of Economics, the National Library of Russia, the National Library of Ukraine. IN AND.

Vernadsky similar.

For the acquisition of knowledge in the field of social and economic geography, various sources containing ordered statistical information are very important. In Ukraine, such sources are government bodies - regional and district state administrations, as well as state management structures - environmental safety and natural resources, sanitary and epidemiological service, water management, forestry, rail and water transport, electricity and gas supply, etc. .

Important geographic data is often held by local authorities as well. Just as useful are often individual enterprises, farms, institutions with their operational accounting and reporting and statistical information.

Useful as research and design institutions and organizations that accumulate stock information and scientific?

design developments in their field. Public organizations and movements — ethno-cultural, confessional, political (party), professional, etc., can also have interesting socio-geographical information.

Regarding information about different states, regions or the world in general, it is available on the websites of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Tourism Organization and other well-known international organizations.

The cartographic method is the traditional method of research, and the creation of maps is one of their end results.

Geographic maps contain information about various phenomena and processes, the boundaries of their distribution. A huge number of thematic maps (navigational, soil, climatic, synoptic, geological, hydrological, etc.) contain information necessary not only for people of different professions: geologists and navigators, military and agronomists, builders and architects. Without a good detailed map, hiking in unfamiliar (and especially sparsely populated) places is impossible. Maps are used in planning and conducting field research.

They are also the basis for compiling new maps with different information content.

However, not all geographic data can be displayed on a map.

The most important source of information about the nature and natural resources of various territories are geographical descriptions in the form of scientific and popular science publications, journal articles, scientific reports on expeditionary and other studies, encyclopedias, dictionaries, statistical collections, etc.

But who said that we get knowledge about the world around us only from scientific publications?

The richest source of information, including geographical information, are photo albums, documentaries and feature films, weather forecasts, as well as materials from periodicals about earthquakes, droughts, floods, discoveries, travel, political and economic events.

Even postage stamps can tell a lot about the nature and economy of different countries.

And of course, modern research is impossible without the widespread use of information technology. Computer systems designed to collect, store, process and distribute data linked to a geographic coordinate system are called geographic information systems (GIS).

This is an extensive database that digitally accumulates a variety of information relating to any territory, and can be quickly supplemented, updated, processed and be in any form, most often in the form of maps.

The GIS structure can be represented as a system of information layers. The first layer is the cartographic base: coordinate grid, terrain contours.

The subsequent layers reflect the administrative division of the territory, the structure of the road network, the nature of the relief, hydrography, settlements, the type of soil, vegetation, agricultural land, the age composition of the population, etc.

In essence, a GIS is an electronic atlas. But not only. Layers in a GIS can be displayed and viewed separately, like pages of a regular atlas, but also combined in a variety of combinations, compared with each other, and data analysis allows you to create derivative layers. That is, on the basis of the existing amount of information, new information arises.

Russia - a state located on two continents, in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The largest country in the world - 17,125,422 sq / km or 1/9 of the total land area of ​​​​the Earth, which is twice as much as that of Canada, which ranks second.

Russia borders on 19 countries(the largest figure in the world), of which by land with the following states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - in the northwest, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine - in the west, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan - in the south, China, Mongolia, North Korea - in the southeast; and by sea with Turkey - in the southwest, with Japan and the USA - in the east.

In addition, the Kaliningrad region, a Russian enclave on the Baltic Sea, borders Poland and Lithuania on the east side.
Russia belong also the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Vaigach, the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Kuril Islands (some of which are still disputed by Japan) and Sakhalin Island in the Pacific Ocean in the east.

In the east, Russia is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait; in the north - by the Laptev Sea and the White, Barents, Kara, Chukchi and East Siberian Seas; in the west - by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; in the south - the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas.

After the collapse of the USSR At the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the international community as a federal republic and admitted to the UN Security Council and a number of other international organizations.

The independence of the Russian Federation was declared on August 24, 1991. The head of state is the President (elected once every 6 years), executive power belongs to the government headed by the Prime Minister (appointed by the Parliament on the proposal of the President).
The State Duma and the Federation Council form a bicameral Parliament.
The lower house of the State Duma - 450 deputies, elections are held once every 5 years.
Upper House Federation Council - 170 senators are appointed by regional parliaments.
Part The Russian Federation includes 22 republics, one autonomous region (Jewish), 4 autonomous regions, 9 territories and 46 regions.

Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol have direct federal subordination and are federal cities. In total for 2015 in the Russian Federation there are 85 subjects.

From a demographic point of view in the Russian Federation, the most significant event in March 2014 was the actual reunification of the Crimean peninsula with the territory of the Russian state.

Capital of Russia- Moscow.

The largest city in Russia with a population of 12,197,596 people.
Heart of Russia- The Moscow Kremlin.
In total, there are 15 million-plus cities in Russia, the largest cities with a population of over 1 million people. These are Moscow, St. Petersburg (more than 5 million people).

human); Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg (more than 1.5 million people); Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh.

Total Russia covers 11 time zones with a difference of +2 to +12 hours in relation to GMT.

Population- 146,293,111 people (for 2014).

Most of the inhabitants of Russia (about 80%) live in the European part (Central, Southern, North Caucasian, Northwestern, Volga, Ural federal districts). The remaining 20% ​​- in the Asian part of Russia (Siberian, Far Eastern districts). Most of the population lives in cities - 75%.
live in Russia representatives of more than 200 nationalities. The largest ethnic group - Russians - makes up 80% of the country's population.

Tatars - 4%, Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chechens, Armenians, Avars and other nationalities - 1% or less.
Peoples of Russia more than 100 languages ​​and dialects are spoken. Russian is the mother tongue of approximately 130 million citizens (92% of the Russian population). It is also the state language of the Russian Federation. Also, Ukrainian, Tatar, Armenian and other languages ​​are widespread.
Christians live in Russia(mainly Orthodox), Muslims, Buddhists (mainly in Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva-Siberia), Jews, pagans and representatives of other religious denominations.

The proportion of Russian citizens who are Orthodox Christians is 70% of all residents of the country. The number of Muslims is 15% of the population.

Convinced atheists make up 6% of the population.
State currency— Russian ruble (~60 RUB = 1 USD).

Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, large reserves of various minerals, the most important of which are oil, gas, coal, gold and other strategic minerals. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of forest area, which covers 45% of the country's territory, and has about 1/5 of the world's timber reserves.

Also, in Russia there is the largest number of lakes containing about a quarter of the world's reserves of unfrozen fresh water.
Despite the vastness of the territory, a relatively small part of the land is used in agriculture - arable land occupies only 8% of the country's territory. A significant part of the territory falls on the permafrost zone.

About 3/4 of the area the countries make up the plains.

In the west stretches the East European Plain - one of the largest plains in the world, on which almost the entire European part of Russia is located. In the south of the country, the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains are located, where the highest point of the country and Europe is located - Mount Elbrus (5.642 meters). In the east, the plain is bounded by the low old Ural Mountains up to 2,000 meters high.

And to the east of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain with vast wetlands, bordered in the southeast by the Altai Mountains up to 4,500 meters high. Closer to the Pacific coast in the east is the region of mountain ranges and plateaus of Northeast Asia. So, the eastern part of the country, with the exception of the valleys of large rivers, is a mountainous area.

There are 120 volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula, 23 of which are active. The highest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4,750 meters. The largest rivers of the country are the Volga, the Northern Dvina, the Don, the Irtysh, the Ob, the Angara, the Yenisei, the Lena, and the Amur. The largest lakes: Baikal (in the southeast) - the deepest and largest in the world in terms of volume, Lake Ladoga, Onega (in the northeast).

Most of the country located within the temperate climate zone.

The extreme regions of the north and the northern islands belong to the arctic zone, and some southern regions are close to the subtropics. The climate is continental almost throughout the country, which is especially evident in the large amplitude of seasonal temperatures and the scarcity of precipitation.

Winters are long in most parts of the country. Especially severe frosts are observed in Eastern Yakutia (-45..-50 degrees). In the European part of Russia, the temperature in winter reaches from 0 to -10 degrees. In summer, average temperatures are +15..+25 degrees. In the warm half of the year - from May to October - the bulk of the precipitation falls.
The difference in climatic zones characterizes the diversity of natural areas.

Mosses, polar poppies, buttercups grow in the arctic deserts of the Far North; in the tundra, dwarf birch, willow, and alder are added to these species. Spruce, fir, cedar, and larch are typical for the taiga. To the south and west, a zone of broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, linden, and hornbeam begins.

Also, on the territory of the country you can find many rare species: Mongolian oak, Manchurian maple, elm, walnut. In the forest-steppe and steppe parts of the country there are oak forests, forbs, and cereals.

In the Black Sea subtropics, forests of fluffy oak, junipers, boxwood, and black alder predominate. On the coast - eucalyptus, palm.
rich and varied fauna country. In the arctic and tundra zones: arctic fox, reindeer, polar hare, seals, walruses, polar bear. Bear, lynx, red deer, wolverine, elk, sable, ermine, chipmunk, squirrel live in the taiga; capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, woodpecker, nutcracker nest. In addition, the taiga is characterized by the presence of a huge number of mosquitoes.

In deciduous forests there are wild boar, deer, mink, numerous birds, lizards. In the forests of the Far East - rare Ussuri tigers, bears, deer. Among the animals of the steppe zone, small rodents predominate, there are many saigas, badgers, foxes, large steppe birds (bustard, crane, little bustard).

In the desert there are goitered gazelles, jackals, dune cat, numerous rodents. Lots of reptiles and turtles. The mountain goat, Caucasian deer, porcupine, leopard, hyena, bear, as well as a large number of reptiles live in the Caucasus region.

Abstract: Introduction. Sources of geographic information

The student must know :

Ø the main milestones in the formation of economic geography in Russia;

Ø the subject of study and the main issues of economic and social geography;

Ø the main sources of geographical knowledge and methods of geographical research;

Ø analyze Internet resources and other media in order to obtain up-to-date information about the population and economy of countries and regions of the world;

have an idea:

Ø about the role and place of geography in the tree of geosciences;

Ø about the structure of the subject;

Ø about geographic information systems.

The concept of economic and social geography of the world.

Geography as a science. The subject of the discipline. The main questions of geography. Prominent scholars of economic geographers. The place of geography in the system of earth sciences. Course structure. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. The main sources of geographic information. The use of geographic information in people's lives. Geoinformation systems.

Topic 1.

Political map of the world (PKM)

The student must know :

Ø the main historical stages in the formation of the political map of the world;

Ø typology of countries by level of socio-economic development, by area, by population;

Ø forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the states of the world;

be able to:

Ø give examples of integration blocs of various directions (economic, military, geopolitical, etc.);

Ø determine the economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the countries of the world (see.

Annex I);

have an idea:

Ø about areas of regional conflicts;

Ø about the main directions of international economic relations;

Ø about the economic and political-geographical position of Russia on the modern political map of the world;

Ø on sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

Stages of PCM formation.

Changes on the PKM in the latest period. The main methods for classifying the states of the world (by population, area, level of socio-economic development, etc.).

The main blocks of international integration of the countries of the world (EU, OPEC, the Big Seven, APEC, CIS, EurAsEC, LAAI, etc.).

Forms of government and administrative-territorial structure. Sovereign States and Non-Self-Governing Territories.

Political and geographical position of countries. geopolitical interests. regional conflicts.

Answers to GIA tickets by geography

Methods of geographical research - ways of obtaining geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of ​​the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) historical method.

Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore, for the knowledge of modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: ​​the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3)Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of ​​​​the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economics and Mathematics.

If there are numbers, then there are also calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource endowment, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographic zoning method.

The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods for studying geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical. Everything is comparable:
more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower.

Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7)Method of field research and observations. Geography cannot be studied only sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material, which is the subject of study.

8) remote observation method.

Modern aerial and space photography is a great help in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind.

9) Geographic modeling method. The creation of geographic models is an important method for the study of geography. The simplest geographic model is the globe.

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development.

A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.

Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographic information wikipedia
Site search.

A geographical map is a reduced generalized image of the earth's surface, showing the location, state and relationships of various natural and social phenomena, their changes over time, development and movement in accordance with the purpose of this map.

It is reasonable to consider geographic maps as visual figurative-sign models. They are characterized by the main features of models in general: abstraction from the whole for the study of a part - a specific territory, specific phenomena and processes; simplification, which consists in refusing to take into account many characteristics and relationships and in preserving some of the most significant ones; generalization, meaning the allocation of common features and properties, etc. These abstractions contribute to a deeper knowledge of the phenomena depicted on the maps.

The first feature of geographic maps is the construction with the help of cartographic projections, which make it possible to obtain correct data on the position, planned dimensions and shape of depicted terrestrial objects from maps.

The second feature of geographical maps - the use of cartographic signs as a special map language - makes it possible to:

a) depict the earth's surface with the desired reduction (i.e., on the desired scale) in order to cover with a single glance the necessary part or even the entire earth's surface, while reproducing on the map those objects that, due to reduction, are not expressed on the scale of the map, but in their own way value should be shown;

b) show on the map the relief of the earth's surface (for example, using contour lines), i.e., convey terrain irregularities in a flat image;

c) not be limited to displaying the surface of objects on a geographical map, but indicate their internal properties (for example, on a sea map, you can show the physico-chemical properties of water, currents, topography and soils of the seabed, and much more);

d) show the spread of phenomena that are not directly perceived by our senses (for example, magnetic declination, gravity anomalies, etc.), and make visual connections and relationships inaccessible to direct perception (for example, between sources of raw materials and enterprises for its processing);

e) exclude less significant aspects, particulars and details inherent in single objects, and highlight their common and essential features (for example, characterize settlements by population and administrative significance, refusing to transfer their layout), i.e. resort to abstraction.

The third feature of geographical maps is especially important - the selection and generalization of the phenomena depicted, that is, cartographic generalization.

Geographic maps have been and remain the main source of geographic information. Maps allow a one-time overview of space in any range - from a small area to the surface of the Earth as a whole. They create a visual overview of the shape, size and relative position of objects, allow you to find their spatial dimensions: coordinates, lengths, areas, heights and volumes. Maps contain the necessary quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these objects and, finally, show the links existing between them: spatial and some others. These properties explain the meaning and value of the cards for practice.

Geographic maps, fixing the position, state and spatial relationships of specific objects (phenomena), allow not only to economically and expressively express knowledge about the location of phenomena, but also to find the patterns of this location. In some branches of knowledge, maps are used as the main means of research.

Maps serve as reliable guides on land and ocean, in troop movements and camping trips, for flying in an airship and for walking.

In military affairs, they are the main source of information about the terrain and an indispensable tool for commanding troops and organizing their interaction.

In industrial, energy and transport construction, maps are used as a basis for surveying, designing and transferring an engineering project to nature. Now the most advantageous routes for railways, highways and pipelines are not found in the field, but are outlined according to topographic maps in the offices of design organizations.

Maps are widely used in agriculture for land management, land reclamation, measures to improve soil fertility, to combat erosion, and in general for accounting and the most correct, efficient use of all land funds.

Maps are an indispensable tool for school and out-of-school education. They are not only a repository of accumulated geographical knowledge, but also an effective means for their dissemination, the rise of a common culture. It is no exaggeration to say that cards are used to some extent in all spheres of human activity.

Maps acquired great importance as a means of scientific research, especially geographical ones. Each geographic study, one way or another, proceeds from existing maps, provides materials for their implementation and improvement. The scope of the use of maps as a means of scientific research is expanding rapidly as the pace of scientific progress generally increases. In particular, this expansion is facilitated by advances in the development of informatics and in the development of modeling theory.

The study by computer science of the general problems of collecting, storing and transferring knowledge makes it possible to fully appreciate the advantages of geographical maps as a special form of processing, presentation and analysis of spatial information. As noted, these advantages lie in the possibility of a one-time, holistic perception of cartographic images, in the visibility of territorial differences and the convenience of analyzing spatial combinations, relationships and patterns.

The modeling method in geography, geoinformation and remote methods are based on the cartographic method. The vigorous introduction of modeling methods into modern science has revealed the real power of maps as generalized and simplified spatial images of the real world in application to cartography, that is, its models that reflect those aspects, properties and processes of reality that are important for the purposes of specific research. Maps allow you to gain new knowledge, study development processes and predict many phenomena. The development of methods for using maps as a means of research is one of the main tasks of modern cartography.

Despite the introduction of new methods in geography, the cartographic method is one of the main ones in research. And although now maps are often stored in computer memory and are part of geographic information systems that receive information from satellites and from numerous weather stations, including data banks containing reports on the results of the work of many research teams, the map remains the most perfect way to transmit spatial information.

With the help of conventional signs, showing the objects located on it or the processes and phenomena related to it.

Ways of depicting objects on the map

For the image on the map of objects, they use, which show both the geographical location of the object and some of its characteristics. An explanation of how to read the legend is usually found in the map legend.

The qualitative background method involves coloring an area with a certain characteristic in a certain color. Thus, climate maps, maps of natural areas, etc. are compiled.
The range method also involves painting a territory a certain color, but in this case, territories can overlap, in which case they are painted with stripes of different colors. This is how maps of the settlement of certain peoples, animal habitats, etc. are depicted.

Cartograms- another way of depicting objects, in which certain territories (most often countries) are painted in different colors depending on the degree of manifestation of a particular feature. At the same time, the map legend contains a diagram that indicates which color corresponds to which indicator. This is how maps of the provision of natural resources, energy, land use maps and all similar maps are compiled.

The isoline method involves the reflection of information using lines connecting points on the map with the same indicators. The most commonly used isolines are: isotherms (same temperature), isobars (same pressure), horizontals (same height/depth). This method is used on physical and climate maps.

The method of signs of movement involves the reflection of the direction of movement using arrows - for example, movement, currents, etc.

On one map, several methods of displaying information can be used at once. For example, on a physical map, the method of signs of movement is used to show sea currents, the method of contour lines and cartograms is used to display absolute heights.

Scale and its types

Every map is drawn to scale. Scale is the ratio of the length of a segment on the map to its length in reality. Most often, the scale is set as a fraction, for example, 1/20,000, which means that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 20,000 cm, i.e. 200 m on the map. The smaller the denominator of the fraction, the larger the scale is considered. In general, the scale is usually divided into large, medium and small. Large scale -1/200000 and larger, it is used in the preparation of topographic maps and. The average scale (1/200000 - 1/1000000) is used to create overview topographic maps. A small scale (1/1000000 and smaller) is used to create general geographic maps.

Measuring distances on the map

Distances on the map can be measured using a grid and using a scale. If the points are on the same meridian or parallel, it is convenient to use. The length of an arc of 1° on any meridian and on the equator is known - 111 km. The length of the parallels decreases as you move from the equator to the poles, there are tables with which you can find out the length of an arc of 1 ° on any parallel. Thus, if two points are at the same latitude or longitude, it is convenient to measure the distance between them using a degree grid.

The distance between any two points can be calculated using a scale by measuring the distance on the map with a ruler and multiplying it by the scale value. If you need to measure the length of a curve (for example, the length of a river or road), you can use a compass or wet thread. The thread is laid out on the map along the entire course of the river, repeating all the bends. Then the thread is straightened and measured. The compass is set for a short distance, and then they “walk” along all the bends of the river, counting the steps. After that, the distance measured by the compass on the map is calculated, and using the scale, the actual distance between the two points is found.

There are the following sources of geographic information.
1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS are computer-generated "archives" of geographical knowledge about the territorial organization and the interaction of society and nature. The GIS includes:

COMPUTER;
software;
spatial information in the form of cartographic data on natural components, farms, lands, roads, etc.
The functioning of the GIS is carried out in the following sequence:
collection and automated processing of geographic information;
spatial reference of geographic information and its presentation in the form of an electronic map on the display screen;
transfer of this map, if necessary, into paper form (for example, the creation of atlases).
An important component of GIS is aerospace information, data from aero-visual observations, ground-based sensors, etc.
The Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is developing a multi-purpose National GIS of Ukraine, the purpose of which is to create a geographic-cybernetic model of the country.
2. Geographic research:
field studies;
trips;
local history excursions
tourism, mountaineering.
Field studies are expeditionary and stationary. Expeditionary includes the study of individual natural components, branches of the economy, etc. Natural and economic complexes are known in the process of complex geographical research (natural-geographical, landscape studies, economic-geographical, etc.). Expeditionary research is divided into three periods:
preparatory;
field forwarding;
cameral (processing the collected materials, writing a report, compiling maps).

During expeditionary research, aerospace images of the earth's surface are used. They are decrypted, i.e. recognize objects reflected on them by their shape, color, tone of the image.
Artificial satellites provide an opportunity to study the dynamics and periodicity of natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, avalanches, landslides, earth crust fractures, atmospheric pollution, etc.).
In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite "Sich-1" was launched, equipped with instruments for remote exploration of the Earth, inventory and evaluation of land, prospecting for minerals, meteorological forecasting, and environmental monitoring. In Ukraine, there are the Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute.

Now geographic information is obtained on natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from wastewater treatment plants.
Stationary geographic research has been carried out regularly for many years at specially equipped geographical stations. They study in detail the changes in natural complexes over time. Stationary geographical research is carried out on the basis of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov and Taurida universities.

Ukraine is a member of the World Weather Service, the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic state of the state, the ecological situation, the agro-industrial complex, energy, transport, utilities, and military security depend on them.
3. Sources of geographical information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities and other settlements. They also include descriptions of travel, tourist and climbing routes, excursions.

4. Maps and atlases are important sources of geographic information. Cartographic images reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographical objects using geographic means and signs (lines, figures), as well as color tone. Combinations of geographical signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creating cartographic images (geoimage). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, as well as the patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. The text of the legend, geographical names, terms and concepts allow you to "read" the map, use it.
Maps are the most important components of the information building blocks of geographic atlases. National atlases are of exceptional importance. According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 01.08.2000 "On the National Atlas of Ukraine", an atlas is being created, which will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine.

Geographic information is produced by:
Institute of Geography;
Institute of Geological Sciences;
Institute of Botany;
Institute of Zoology;
Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine;
regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

5. A variety of geographical information is kept by the National Natural Museum of Ukraine, regional, district, city museums of local lore.
6. A variety of geographical information is available in textbooks, manuals, statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, and periodicals. Geographical information is filled with mass media: newspapers, radio and television broadcasts. Geographic popular science, documentary and educational films are being created. Geographic information can be found in fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using up-to-date geographic information.

Geographic information systems. Geographic information is constantly used in management, planning, forecasting and socio-economic development, everyday life. On the basis of geographic databases (DB), geographic information systems (LS) are formed - computer-generated "repositories" of geographical knowledge about the territorial organization and the interaction of society and nature. PS is an automated system for storing, analyzing, and presenting spatial data in the form of text, tables, graphs, and maps (Fig. 2). The composition of the PS includes: computers, software, spatial information in the form of cartographic data on natural components, farming, land, roads, etc. They are automated systems that operate spatially coordinated information. The functioning of the PS is carried out in the following sequence: the collection and automated processing of geographic information, its spatial reference and presentation in the form of an electronic map on the display screen, the transfer of this map to paper form, if necessary (for example, the creation of atlases).

By the size of the territories covered, PSs are divided into global, national, regional, local, local. They are used to compile geographical maps, natural resource cadastres, engineering surveys and design, the formation of management decisions, they are also distinguished by individual objects and areas of research: geographical, environmental, land, property, forest management, water resources, recreation, tourism, etc.

The Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is developing a multi-purpose National PS of Ukraine, the purpose of which is to create a geographic-cybernetic model of the region. At Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, automated cartographic systems based on digital maps, three-dimensional computer models of modern urban landscapes of Kyiv are being researched.

An important component of the aircraft is aerospace information, data from aero-visual observations, ground-based sensors, etc. Such PS are called integrated. Their databases combine cartographic data with remote images of the Earth's surface, they have blocks for receiving and programs for processing aerospace materials. PS databases are generated from many sources of geographic information. These include textbooks, teaching aids, maps and atlases, scientific reports on the results of geographical research, statistical reference books on the development of the country's economy, encyclopedias, dictionaries, results of geographical research published in books, scientific journals, observational data conducted by public service institutions: geological and hydrometeorological, geodesy, cartography and cadastre, other institutions and departments.

Geographic research. An important source of geographic information is expeditionary research, travel, local history excursions, tourism, mountaineering. Field expeditionary studies are expeditionary and stationary. Expeditionary is the study of individual natural components, sectors of the economy (geomorphological, hydrological, geobotanical, oceanic), which cover large territories and water areas). Natural and economic complexes and regions are known in the process of complex geographical research (natural-geographical, landscape studies, economic-geographical, natural-resource, environmental protection). Expeditionary research is carried out by teams of scientists according to specially developed programs and methods and is divided into three periods: preparatory, field expeditionary and cameral (processing the collected materials, writing a report, compiling maps). Expeditionary research uses aerospace images of the earth's surface made from airborne and spacecraft. Aerospace images are deciphered - objects reflected on them are recognized by their shape, color, tone of the image. Looking at the Earth from space embraces it

large tectonic structures, deserts, river basins, areas difficult to access by land expeditions. Satellites provide an opportunity to study the dynamics and periodicity of natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, avalanches, landslides, earth crust fractures, atmospheric pollution, etc.). From cosmic heights, a new world, hitherto unknown to us, opens up, new patterns of natural conditions, features of urbanization, temperature heterogeneities in the seas and oceans, and forests.

Rice. 2. General scheme of functioning of the PS

In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite "Sich-1" was launched, equipped with instruments for remote sensing of the Earth, inventory and evaluation of land, prospecting for minerals, meteorological forecasting, monitoring the state of the environment. Ukraine cooperates with space agencies of the European Community, Russia, Germany, France, Latin America on space exploration of natural resources and nature protection. In Ukraine, there are the Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute.

They obtain geographic information about natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, quarries, abrasion, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from wastewater treatment plants, etc.

Stationary geographic research has been carried out regularly for many years at specially equipped geographical stations. They study in detail the changes in natural complexes over time. In Ukraine, such scientific complex physical and geographical studies were started by Academician G. Vysotsky at the Veliko Anadolsky station to study the influence of hydroclimatic and soil conditions on afforestation in the steppe zone of Ukraine. Stationary geographical research is carried out on the basis of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov, Taurida universities.

Observation of the state of the atmosphere and hydrosphere is carried out at hydrometeorological stations and posts, where young specialists in meteorology and climatology, hydrology and hydroecology, and oceanology work. More than 5,000 employees work in the institutions of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine. There are about two hundred hydrometeorological, air, air and agrometeorological stations in Ukraine. The state of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, sea estuaries is monitored at 400 hydrological posts. Along with them, agrometeorological indicators are recorded at 150 points, ozonometric, radar studies of the formation of clouds, precipitation, pollution of the atmosphere, water, and soil are carried out.

Our state is a member of the World Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic state of the state, the ecological situation, the AGRICULTURAL complex, energy, transport, utilities, military security, and recreation depend on them. The sources of geographical information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities, and other settlements. They also serve as descriptions of travel, tourist and climbing routes, excursions.

Essential components of geographic information are maps and atlases. Maps is the second language of cartography. Cartographic images transmit, reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographical objects using geographic means and signs (lines, points, figures) and a colored background. Combinations of graphic signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creation of cartographic images (geoimage). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. The text of the legend, geographical names, terms and concepts make it possible to "read" the map, use it, and find new facts on it.

Maps are the most important components of the information building blocks of geographic atlases. Geographers and cartographers have significant experience in compiling complex and sectoral, scientific reference and educational atlases. National atlases are of exceptional importance. By Decree of the President of Ukraine L.D. Kuchma dated 08/01/2000 "On the National Atlas of Ukraine" a new cartographic work is being created - the National Atlas of Ukraine. It will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine. National atlases are integral cartographic models of states as natural resource and socio-economic territorial systems. The National Atlas of Ukraine should provide geographic information to the state, its regions and their governing bodies, scientific, educational, design, industrial and public institutions, help disseminate geographical knowledge about our state, promote its cooperation with other countries of the world.

Geographical information is produced by the Institute of Geography, the Institute of Geological Sciences, the Institute of Botany, the Institute of Zoology, the Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine, regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. A variety of geographical information is kept by the National Natural Museum of Ukraine, regional and district, city museums of local lore. Geographic research is carried out by scientific laboratories of universities, scientific departments of natural and natural-historical reserves, national natural parks, biosphere reserves. A variety of geographical information is available in statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, and periodicals. The results of scientific research, descriptions of travels, regions of Ukraine and the world are given in the "Ukrainian Geographical Journal" (founded in 1992), the Journal "Geography and Fundamentals of Economics at School" (published since 1995), the weekly "Local History. Geography. Tourism "(published since J996 p.), scientific bulletins and collections published by scientific institutions, universities, reserves, printed as materials of scientific conferences, geographical congresses, etc.

Geographical information is filled with mass media: newspapers, radio and television broadcasts. Geographic popular science, documentary and educational films are being created. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using up-to-date geographic information. Geographical descriptions and pictures are found in popular science and fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc.