Roof and its components. Roof composition - roof elements

One of the conditions for a long service life of the roofing covering is a properly assembled pie. The roof of any design is assembled from a certain amount layers, and each of them performs specific functions. What should the roofing pie be like for metal tiles so that the coating protects the interior as reliably as possible and can last as long as possible? Let's try to give a detailed answer to this question.

A modern roof is a structure that not only protects the house from precipitation and wind, but also prevents heat loss through the roof.

In order for the assembled structure to fully perform its functions, it is necessary to correctly assemble the roofing pie, forming required quantity layers, positioning them correctly and ensuring that air can circulate freely between the layers. High-quality ventilation of the under-roof space is the key to preventing the destruction of materials from moisture.

Roof types

There are two types of roofs, depending on which one is chosen, the composition and design will depend roofing pie. So, the roof can be:

“Warm”, that is, heated. This option is chosen when a residential attic is planned.
“Cold”, that is, in which heating is not provided.

The composition of the roofing “pie” depending on its type

It is clear that the composition of the “cold” roof pie will be somewhat simpler than that under which the living room is planned to be located.

Composition of a “cold” roof

The composition of the “pie” of an unheated roof includes the following layers (in the direction from the room to the outside):

Cladding the walls of the attic. This can be lining or any suitable sheet material.
Rafter (load-bearing) roof system;
The waterproofing layer is a film that additionally protects the premises from moisture penetration.
Counter grille is a structure necessary to ensure ventilation of the space between the roofing covering and the waterproofing layer.
Lathing is the basis for laying metal tiles.
Metal tiles.

Composition of a “warm” roof

The composition of the roof for attic heated rooms is somewhat more complicated. The “pie” includes the following layers:

Interior finishing – plasterboard, lining, etc.
A layer of vapor barrier film. The purpose of this layer is to protect the heat insulator from the penetration of steam escaping from the premises.

Advice! The absence of a vapor barrier layer will lead to the fact that steam removed from the premises will condense in the heat insulation layer, moistening it. And this will lead to the fact that the quality of protection of premises from heat loss will be reduced.

Thermal insulating material. Most often, mineral wool is used for this purpose.
Rafter system. It is between the elements of the rafter system that insulation boards are usually laid.

Internal counter-lattice. This structure is assembled to ventilate the space between the insulation and waterproofing.
Waterproofing;
External counter-lattice;
Lathing;
Roofing material.

Elements of a roofing pie

Let's take a closer look at each of the elements of the roofing pie.

Vapor barrier

Vapor barrier film is used to protect the roof structure from the action of steam, which inevitably forms in residential premises. Vapor barrier protects insulation layers from getting wet, as well as rafter structures from destructive action moisture.

Advice! When installing a vapor barrier, you need to remember that there was a small gap between the film and the finishing layer of the under-roof space.

Thermal insulation

IN modern construction The following materials are most often used as a heat insulator:

Insulation from basalt wool TechnoNIKOL, Paroc, Rockwool, etc.
Insulation from mineral wool– Isover, URSA.
Semi-rigid mineral insulation – “ Pitched roof", Rocklight TechnoNikol, Isover KL 37, etc.
Ecowool.
Extruded polystyrene foam.
Glass wool.

Advice! Glass wool is the cheapest, but far from the best insulation option, so today it is rarely used. The best option is considered to be rigid or semi-rigid mineral wool insulation, produced in the form of slabs.

Install insulation boards between the elements truss structure. If the step between the individual beams of the system is large, then additional holders for wire insulation boards are created between the legs of the rafters.

When assembling a metal tile roof, a layer of sound insulation can be installed simultaneously with the installation of insulation material. The fact is that metal tiles, like other steel roofing materials, belong to the category of “noisy”. Therefore, in order to reduce the noise level in the house during rain, it is recommended to install a material that has the ability to “dampen” sounds.

Waterproofing

Installation of a waterproofing coating when installing a metal tile roof is mandatory, regardless of whether a “warm” or “cold” roof is being installed. Waterproofing is necessary for:

Protecting the rafter system from the action of condensate that accumulates in the under-roof space;
Preventing moisture from entering the insulation layer on “warm” roofs;
Additional protection from moisture in attic and attic spaces.

The range of materials for roof waterproofing is quite large, however, when installing metal tile roofing, it is recommended to use membrane waterproofing materials intended for use on pitched roofs.

Strips of material are spread over a pre-assembled counter-lattice parallel to the eaves overhangs. An overlap of 15 cm wide must be made between adjacent panels, and the strips are fastened together with adhesive tape.

Attach the material to the bars of the counter-lattice using construction stapler. It is very important that waterproofing membrane was not stretched between the rafter legs, but was laid with a sag of 1-2 cm. This ensures a normal ventilation gap.

Lathing and counter-lattice

For the construction of external and internal counter-lattice, use wooden beam with rib length 50 mm. The lathing for laying metal tiles is assembled from boards. Moreover, for the first element of the sheathing, installed at the eaves overhang, a thicker 50 mm board is used.

The rest of the structure is assembled from 32 mm thick boards. The sheathing pitch depends on the type of metal tile used, but it should not exceed 40 cm. In order for the assembled structure to last a long time, dry lumber must be used to make the sheathing. In addition, it is important to pre-treat the boards with antiseptic impregnations to prevent rotting processes.

So, a properly assembled roofing pie for metal tiles is one of the conditions that ensures a long service life of the coating. Therefore, the choice of materials for forming layers of the roof structure, as well as the study of the technology for their installation, must be taken very seriously and responsibly.

The roof takes priority in functional purpose buildings. It’s not for nothing that people say: “if only there was a roof over your head.” After all, without it, even the strongest walls will not last long - they will be destroyed by water, wind and sun. What structural elements the roof consists of, what role the roof plays in its composition and how to properly maintain this structure will be discussed below.

What is a roof and what does it consist of?

The words roof and roofing are often used interchangeably. Meanwhile, in strict terminology, these are different, although interrelated concepts.

The roof is the structure crowning the structure, which serves as protection from adverse weather conditions. The main purpose of the roof is to protect the building from precipitation: rain, snow, melt water. In addition, it performs heat-insulating functions, preventing the leakage of warm air from the room and overheating of the internal space under the influence of solar radiation.

The roof is integral part roof and is an external waterproofing coating that prevents moisture from penetrating inside. The main purpose of the roof is to drain water from the roof surface. In order for water to flow into in the right direction, the roof is located at an angle to the horizontal axis. Even flat roofs have a certain angle of inclination (up to 12 o), due to which atmospheric moisture enters the drainage gutters.

It's called a roof outer part roof that is in direct contact with the atmosphere

Roofing device

Structurally, the roof is divided into several elements.

Bearing layer. Consists of sheathing, screed or solid flooring. The type of support lining is determined by the type of roof covering and roof installation technology.
For light sheet coverings on pitched roofs, the base is usually a sparse sheathing made of wooden slats or metal profiles
Insulation layer. There are:
Roofing covering. The topmost layer that is in direct contact with the external environment. The main characteristics of the coating are durability, strength and weight.

Different designs can combine one or more layers of insulating materials.

When choosing roofing coverings, the following properties are taken into account:

resistance to solar radiation;
waterproof;
elasticity;
resistance to temperature changes.

Types of roofing

There are many materials from which roofing coverings are made. They can be divided into two large groups. One category includes roofs made from natural components - metal, stone, sand, asbestos, as well as straw, reeds, reeds and even moss. Another group, which arose not so long ago, includes polymer and synthetic types of roofing - bitumen, ceramic-plastic tiles, roofing felt, etc. The raw materials for production are petroleum products combined with paper, fiberglass, ceramic chips and other components. Recently, polymer additives that are added to roofing materials have become widespread. Plasticizers prevent cracking and corrosion of the outer covering and significantly increase the service life of the roof.

Below is a list of the most commonly used roofing materials.

Slate. A group of roofing coverings made of cement and asbestos, which have undergone molding and heat treatment under pressure, are in great demand, their production is growing every year. This is due to the low price and high quality of the products.
Slate is one of the most popular roofing materials
Ruberoid. Roofing roll material with high waterproofing properties. It is made by impregnating construction cardboard with bitumen, followed by coating with a refractory compound and anti-stick coating (sand, talc or asbestos).
Roofing felt is usually laid in several layers, changing direction so that the last row is vertical
Profiled sheeting. Profiled steel sheet treated with zinc, polymer powder paint or other water-repellent composition.
To cover the roof, you can use only special types of roofing sheeting, which are distinguished by increased bearing capacity and high wave height
Roofing made of zinc-titanium alloy (or D-zinc). It is similar in appearance to tinned copper and has a service life of up to 140 years. Modern metallurgical technologies have reached a level where an alloy of titanium and zinc is cheaper for the manufacturer than pure copper roofing. Therefore, D-zinc has good prospects as a roofing coating.
Corrugated bitumen sheets (ondulin). They consist of construction cardboard 1.5–3 mm thick, impregnated with a light fraction of bitumen.
In appearance, ondulin is very similar to slate, but the composition of these roofing materials is very different
. Another name is slate shingles. Made from certain rocks by splitting into flat plates. It has an almost unlimited service life.
Slate tolerates weather anomalies well and is slightly sensitive to mechanical damage
. The starting material is wood. The dried blanks are used to cover the roof in the manner of tiles.
Wooden shingles are an environmentally friendly coating that lasts 50 years or more
Sheet steel coated with zinc. Used in standing seam roofing. The connection of sheets and plates (rebates) is made by folding the edges into a single surface.
Steel sheets are connected using a seam lock, which ensures high tightness of the connection
Roofing made of copper sheets. One of the traditional types of coating in the Middle Ages to the present day. It is resistant to mechanical damage and adverse atmospheric factors. A layer of copper oxide forms on the surface, which prevents corrosion. Layer thickness - from 0.5 to 1 mm.
Copper roofing is one of the most durable roofing coverings, lasting up to 150 years
Aluminum roofing material. A very promising type of coating. Unlike copper, which has a high cost and considerable weight, aluminum does not increase the load on the building structure. Minimum service life of 100 years. Coating with special polymer dyes ensures the desired color scheme and durability of the roof.
Installation of aluminum sheets is carried out according to the principle of seam roofing
Tol. A product of impregnation of construction cardboard with tar made from coal or shale. The surface is sprinkled with mineral powders that protect the rolls from sticking.
Roofing felt has a short service life, so it is usually used to cover the roofs of outbuildings
Glassine. It is used as an auxiliary material for the installation of lining layers and is cardboard impregnated with a soft fraction of bitumen.
Ceramic plastic roofing. It is made from clay mixed with polyaffins (synthetic plasticizers), which are characterized by high reinforcing properties. During the production process, a permanent dye is added to the composition.
The shape of the ceramic plastic roof imitates slate shingles
Roof tiles. One of the most archaic building materials, known since Ancient Rome. Originally made from baked clay. Differs in a variety of forms and durability. This material has large number modern modifications:
- ceramic tiles are the closest analogue of ancient roofing material. Despite the large mass and labor-intensive installation, it is popular because it is a natural product;
  Ceramic tiles are assembled using sheathing laid in increments equal to the size of the tiles
- metal tiles - an imitation of ceramic coating, made from sheet steel by stamping. It has the advantage of being lightweight, but inferior in terms of thermal conductivity and noise absorption. Requires mandatory grounding;
  A generally recognized disadvantage of metal tiles is their high sound conductivity
- bitumen tiles. Other names - soft or flexible tiles. It is produced by applying a layer of petroleum bitumen to fiberglass canvas. Due to its ease of manufacture, it comes in a variety of colors, shapes and sizes. Ease of assembly, good dielectric characteristics and sound insulation characteristics - all this contributes to the growth of popularity among consumers;
  Using soft tiles you can create complex patterns on the roof surface
- . A copy of a ceramic tile made from cement and sand. Its properties are comparable to the original, but it costs much less;
  The relatively low price contributes to the popularity of sand and cement tiles
- . It consists of sand bound by a polymer composition with a dye. Durable, flexible material, not subject to cracking under temperature and mechanical stress;
  The distinctive features of polymer-sand tiles are strength and lightness
- composite tiles. Piece products that are made from steel sheet coated on both sides with an anti-corrosion alloy. The outer layer is sprinkled with small stone granules and covered with a matte glass-like glaze. With low weight it is very effective appearance and long service life.
  Composite tiles are available in a wide variety of colors; you can choose the desired shade from a special catalog
Straw, reed, turf. The material for knitting roofing mats is natural plant components harvested under natural conditions. Despite the simplicity and availability of raw materials, development in industrial scale these technologies were not received. To this day, like thousands of years ago, harvesting is painstaking manual labor. The exception is turf, which is grown on specialized farms in pre-spread canvases. After reaching a layer thickness of more than 3 cm, the mats are rolled up and transported to the installation site. The disadvantage of reed, reed and thatch roofing is their flammability. With the arrival of electricity in every home, the risk of fire from a minor short circuit in the network pushed traditional methods into the background. Safer materials have replaced them.
The thatched roof has very high thermal insulation properties, but requires painstaking manual labor and is highly flammable
Liquid types of roofing. These include solutions that harden on outdoors. Most often, such materials are used in industrial construction, since spraying them onto the surface of the slopes requires serious equipment. An example is polyurea, which forms a waterproof layer within 10–15 minutes of application to the substrate. In private construction they are better known various types mastic, mainly bitumen based. They are rarely used as self-covering, mastic often serves as an aid in roof repair.
Polyurea spraying requires special equipment and certain operator qualifications
Polycarbonate roofing. Appeared in the arsenal of roofers not so long ago. Polycarbonate is transparent and is not affected by ultraviolet rays. It is used for greenhouses, greenhouses, winter gardens and indoor swimming pools. You can often find polycarbonate roofs at bus stops in large cities. Canopies over entrance doors made of this material are popular.
Polycarbonate is usually used to cover greenhouses, gazebos and canopies over building entrances

Roof installation

Depending on the installation technology, roofing materials are divided into:

typesetting (all types of tiles);
sheet (slate, metal sheet materials);
(roofing felt, roofing felt);
mastic (“ liquid rubber", polyurea);
membrane ( polyethylene films and membranes).

To avoid confusion and misconceptions, the consumer needs to remember that profiled metal materials, such as copper, corrugated sheets, aluminum, etc., are produced not only in the form of sheets, but also in the form of rolls. Flexible roofing also has different packaging - piece, roll, large membrane-type sheets and mastic. The choice of size and shape depends on the transportation conditions and type of installation.

Laying a piece roof is a more labor-intensive process. Nevertheless, this material is preferred for construction in the private sector. Large-sized membrane panels are used exclusively for the construction of large objects with large roof areas. This is explained by the fact that during installation the piece material is less prone to deformation and does not create longitudinal stresses along the sheathing.

The stacked laying of tiles is labor-intensive, but the result is beautiful coating with a minimum amount of waste, without exerting longitudinal loads on the sheathing

The support on which the roof is installed is the rafter system for pitched roofs, and the ceiling (or attic) floors for flat roofs. Before installing the outer covering on the roof, a sheathing is assembled, which can be sparse or solid.

Depending on the type of roofing material used, solid or sparse lathing is used to secure it.

The thickness of the sheathing depends mainly on the type and weight of the roofing:

To lay roofing felt, it is enough to lay a sheathing of boards up to 20–25 mm thick. At the same time for slate sheet, which weighs from 23 to 35 kg, you need boards with a transverse size of 32 mm. The overlap between rolls of roofing felt should be 10–15 cm, between sheets of slate - one wave;
Installation of ceramic tiles is carried out on a sheathing made of timber with a thickness of 40 mm. In this case, first the top row at the ridge is completely laid out, then the row along the cornice, and after that the remaining rows are installed from the bottom up. The covering elements are attached to the sheathing with nails, and to each other using special grooves along the edges of each shingle;
soft tiles require a continuous covering underneath, but the thickness does not have of great importance, since the total mass of the petals is small. Therefore, sometimes moisture-resistant plywood from 8 mm in diameter is sufficient. The bitumen sheets must overlap each other so that the upper element covers the place where the lower element is attached to the sheathing (this is done with galvanized nails with a wide head);
polycarbonate is mounted on a wooden or metal frame in increments of 40–60 cm, depending on the roof structure. Since the material is mainly produced in large sheets (6 m x 2.1 m) and has exceptional flexibility, it is used to create extraordinary architectural forms. Fastening to the frame is done using self-tapping screws with large flat heads;
Seam roofing is assembled from panels by rolling the edges of adjacent sheets. To do this, each of them has sides that are bent using a special tool. The sheathing is metal or wooden frame. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the material, the roofing cake necessarily includes insulation and vapor barrier, which prevents the formation of condensation on the inner surface.

When installing a seam roof, it is required special tool for joining sheets

Sheets of corrugated sheets are arranged with an overlap of at least 20–25 cm and a gradual horizontal displacement. The most critical roof elements, such as the ridge and valley, are additionally waterproofed with rolled or mastic material.

The lateral overlap of profiled steel sheets must be at least one wave

As can be seen from the examples given, the design of each type of roof has its own characteristics. However, it remains general principle. The roofing material is fixed to the roof using the sheathing, which serves as a connecting link between the rafter system and the roof.

The strength and durability of the entire structure depends on the quality of the lathing.

Video: DIY metal profile installation

Removal and replacement of the roof

When asked when a roof replacement is needed, the most convincing answer is a wet spot on the ceiling of the home. Especially when water drips from it with stubborn persistence.

It is not worth taking it to such extremes; it is better to regularly carry out an annual inspection of the roof and carry out preventive work in a timely manner. However, if the leak comes as an unfortunate surprise, you need to make a strategic decision. This requires an inspection of the roof and supporting structure.

Roof restoration work involves three possible solutions.

When the damage affected only the roof, cracks, chips, pockets of corrosion, violation of the tightness of joints, etc., formed on the roof surface; repairs are only needed for the roofing itself. The volume is determined by the area of the lesion. If 40% of the area or more is out of order, it is not advisable to patch such a roof. It is better and cheaper to replace the entire coating. For example, replace slate roofing with metal tiles.
Over time, cracks and through holes form on the slate, which require replacement of damaged sheets or the entire covering
If the wooden elements of the sheathing are damaged, fungus or mold is found on the surface of the boards or panels, blackening or salt protrusion, you will have to replace the sheathing frame along with the roof. Otherwise, the renewed roof will not last long, and the money will be wasted.
And the last, worst-case scenario - violations affected the rafter system, the geometry of the attic or attic space was changed. The rafter legs have rotted, and the load-bearing or auxiliary structural elements (crossbars, tie-rods) have sagged. In this case, rafter repairs are necessary, which means complete dismantling of the roof cannot be avoided.
If, as a result of leaks, the load-bearing elements of the roof have become wet and rotted, it is necessary to completely dismantle the roofing pie and repair the rafter system

Dismantling is carried out in the order reverse installation. For example, dismantling slate is carried out using a hammer and a nail puller. It is more convenient to disassemble such a roof with two people - one knocks the nails from the attic side, and the other pulls them out from the outside. Next, the released sheet is lowered from a height to the ground and stored.

To remove the slate covering, you must remove all fasteners, and carefully lower the released sheets to the ground

When rebuilding the roof, for example, from slate to metal tile, it is necessary to adjust the shape of the sheathing, because slate is attached to one row, and metal tile to two. The second frame serves to strengthen natural ventilation under-roof space. If the covering is changed from soft tiles to corrugated sheets, there is no need to redo the sheathing. If it’s the other way around, you’ll have to cover the slopes with a continuous coating of OSB or plywood.

Under bitumen shingles it is necessary to do continuous sheathing, along which the underlay carpet will be installed

Dismantling must be carried out by a team or with an assistant. You cannot do this alone; safety precautions when performing high-altitude work prohibit being on the roof without a helmet and insurance.

If the roof was fastened with screws (corrugated sheeting, polycarbonate, etc.), then its disassembly is carried out using a screwdriver. The installer sequentially unscrews the fasteners and removes the sheets from the roof slopes.

Sheets of corrugated sheets connected to the sheathing with screws are unscrewed when dismantled with a screwdriver

The most labor-intensive is considered to be the dismantling of a flat roof covered with several layers of roofing felt (up to 5 or more). When heated in the sun, roofing material eventually bakes into a monolithic carpet, which is very difficult to remove. In this case, a roofing ax is used, with which the roofing is cut out into small islands and disposed of. On large areas, specialized organizations use curtain cutters - a mechanized tool that cuts the roof into pieces. There are wall cutters with electric or gasoline drive. They can only be used if the layer depth is at least 30 mm.

The wall chaser is designed for flat roof thickness from 30 mm

Replacing a roof involves carrying out certain calculations. If the weight of the new coating exceeds the weight of the old (removed) one, it is necessary to correctly assess the ability of the rafter system to withstand increased loads. Sometimes it is necessary to strengthen the rafters by adding additional supporting elements. In this case, use old-fashioned methods not recommended. It is advisable that the calculations be carried out by a competent engineer familiar with the specifics of the industry.

When replacing heavy types of roofing with lightweight ones, it is enough to calculate the weight of the roof by one square meter. For example, when replacing slate with corrugated board, this can be done as follows.

It is known that a sheet of eight-wave slate weighs about 30 kg and has an area of 1.5 m2. Thus, per 1 m2 there are 30/1.5 = 20 kg.
The corrugated sheet has dimensions of 1.2x1.2 m. We calculate its area: 1.2 ∙ 1.2 = 1.44 m 2.
The weight of the sheet (depending on the thickness of the metal) is from 7 to 9 kg, so the relative load from it can vary from 4.9 (7/1.44) to 6.3 (9/1.44) kg/m2.

This means that replacement can be done without additional extension of the rafters, since the pressure will decrease by almost 4 times.

Video: dismantling and installation of the roof (slate - metal tiles)

Roof maintenance

Checking the condition of the roof covering is an important preventative measure. The more regular maintenance is performed, the more likely it is that your roof will last longer.

Upon completion of assembly, all objects are removed from the surface: cuttings of roofing sheets, screws, connecting elements and other loose objects. A clean roof surface is a prerequisite for the proper functioning of the roof. The same requirements apply to drainage system. There should be no foreign objects, debris, accumulation of leaves, etc. in the gutters. The drainage system serves to automatically remove moisture from the roof surface, so monitoring its operation is also a preventive measure for roof maintenance.

Visual inspection of roofing covering

Inspection of roofing sheets is carried out at least once a year. To do this, it is not enough to assess the condition of the roof from the ground. You need to climb onto the roof and inspect the entire surface at close range. Particular attention is paid to the places where the slopes adjoin vertical walls, chimney and other objects placed on the roof. If problems are detected, they are eliminated as soon as possible.

Checking the serviceability of roof components

The components include structural elements of the roof. This:

The normal functioning of these elements depends general work and the durability of the entire roof, so you need to carefully monitor their safety. If the ridge is ventilated, you need to check the air intake openings for free air passage. It is not advisable to allow accumulation of water or snow in valleys. Drip edges and cornice strips are sometimes torn off by water and wind. It is necessary to ensure a strong fixation and return them to their original place in case of damage to the fastenings.

Monitoring the condition of the coating

Checking the condition of colored and polymer roofing coatings is one of the most important tasks. The process of corrosion and destruction begins with small and unnoticeable damage, scratches and chips. If you eliminate them on time, you can count on the roof to last a long time. The most characteristic signs of a damaged coating are bubbles, discoloration and mechanical damage. Their appearance indicates that it is time to repair the roof.

Drainage system

A system of gutters located along the roof slopes prevents atmospheric water from accumulating on it. If drainage systems do not function effectively enough, destructive consequences for the roof as a whole are inevitable. Having lingered on the edge of the slope, the water freezes or falls on inner surface roofs. This leads to wetness of the wood from which the rafters and sheathing are mounted. The consequence is rot, fungus and mold, which will very soon destroy the wood structure and render the roof unusable. Checking the operation of gutters is a prerequisite for a roof inspection. If the channels are clogged with debris, leaves, etc., they need to be cleaned and restored to working order. It is best to carry out such work after the leaves fly off the trees, but before the onset of cold weather and frost.

Before we start winter season Gutters and pipes must be completely cleared of all foreign objects

Roof cleaning

Experts recommend washing the roof with water and a foaming detergent every two years. Remove debris and dirt using a soft, long-bristle brush. It is possible to use pumps that supply water under pressure. The impact of a powerful jet of liquid allows you to remove stubborn dirt, sand and earth deposits. It is advisable to carry out the work in the warm season, when the roof dries quickly under the influence of the sun and warm air masses.

To wash the roof, you can use special equipment that supplies water under high pressure.

Video: roof cleaning

Coloring

An effective way to combat roof corrosion is the use of dyes with water-repellent properties. Typically, exterior paint is used that matches the existing color of the roofing.

The paint is applied with a brush or roller. If the damage has not affected the primer, one coat of paint is sufficient. If corrosion has penetrated to the metal, you need to carefully paint not only the affected area, but also the roof within a radius of 15–20 cm. The operation is carried out in dry weather, the paint is applied in two layers with a period of time until the first layer has completely dried.

Sometimes the roof is painted completely. This allows you to create additional protection roofs from the adverse effects of the atmosphere. As practice has shown, the best paint - ship paint - can withstand up to 7 climatic cycles (years) per year. metal roofing. After this time, it is advisable to repeat the procedure. However, much depends on the region. In warm regions, where severe frosts are rare, the paint can last from 10 to 20 years.

It is more convenient to paint a roof made of stamped and wavy materials with a brush

The above applies to metal and asbestos-cement types of roofing. Roofs made of polycarbonate, roofing felt or soft tiles cannot be painted.

Video: painting a metal roof

Rules for roof operation in winter

In the cold season, when the air temperature drops below the water freezing threshold, seasonal factors must be taken into account.

Snow removal

With a properly planned and installed roof, problems with snow should not arise. This largely depends on the angle of the roof and the condition of the roof. It is necessary to ensure that zones with different textures do not form on the roof surface. For example, a seam roof needs to be painted periodically, since the paint, under the influence of the sun and the cycles of expansion and contraction of the metal, sooner or later cracks and crumbles. At the same time, the sliding of the snow mass slows down, the snow clings to the remaining paint and stays on the roof. Naturally, in this state of affairs, the home owner needs to monitor the condition of the roofing. The sooner you respond to damage, the fewer losses they will cost. But if snow still accumulates in a layer of more than 10–15 cm, you need to clean the roof. The same applies to ice on the eaves and edges of the slopes. If huge icicles hang from the roof, this indicates that the speed of water rolling off the roof is insufficient, so the water, without having time to move down, freezes in the cold and turns into ice. Second possible reason- clogged and icy gutters.

It is not always wise to undertake roof restoration on your own. The roof is a very important and vulnerable part of the building; it should not be taken lightly. Moreover, if not only the roof, but also the roof trusses need repair. By turning to professionals, you will receive qualified advice and guarantees for the work performed.

The choice of materials for the roof largely depends on the design of the roof. Let's look at the main types of roofs and some of them individual elements. Roofs are divided into flat and pitched. Roofs flat type used for the construction of outbuildings (sheds, bathhouses, etc.). Residential buildings are increasingly being covered with pitched roofs. Pitched roofs can be divided into attic and non-attic. As a rule, attic roofs do not require thermal insulation. Roofs of the attic type can be warm (located above heated rooms) or cold (above rooms that are not heated).

The attic can be used as an additional room for utility purposes. It promotes better ventilation at home, if there is stove heating, then the chimney is located in the attic. Increasingly, many craftsmen are installing attics in the attic space.

Types of pitched roofs

single-pitched, their support is two external walls, which have different heights;
gable, supported by two external walls of equal height;

half-hip (or gable), the upper parts of the end walls of which are cut in the shape of a triangle (also called hip);

the hip and end slopes of such a roof have the shape of beveled triangles, and the side slopes are trapezoidal;

hipped roofs, the four slopes of such roofs are made in the shape of identical triangles that converge at one point;

mansard or sloping gable roofs, each plane of them is two rectangles that are connected to each other at an obtuse angle.

Types of pitched roofs

A - flat gable;
B - steep gable;
B - hip hipped;
G - single slope;
D - broken (attic) gable;
E - hipped hipped;
F, Z, I - semi-hip hipped.

The most convenient and economical option is considered pitched roofs, the slope of which does not exceed 5%. The internal space of the building is used to the maximum, while they can simultaneously serve as a ceiling in utility buildings (baths or sheds, garages, etc.), where strict horizontality is not required.

If there is a need to use the attic for storing things, drying clothes or installing an attic, then the roof of a residential building is made of a broken or gable roof.

Hip roofs are better able to withstand wind loads than others, but their construction is quite labor-intensive and requires professional skills.

When making a choice in favor of one type of roof or another, do not forget to take into account not only operational, but also decorative characteristics. For example, high roof on a one-story building will not only give it a more impressive and attractive appearance, but will also allow you to use additional attic space. In addition, on steep slopes The snow practically does not stay on the roof.

Basic roof elements

The roof includes the following elements:

load-bearing structure, which is created from rafters, wooden beams or prefabricated trusses, which include the lower and top belt and a lattice of struts and bevels located between them;
roof base;
thermal insulation and waterproofing layer;
the roof itself.

Regarding beam structure roofs, it is advisable to use it with a span length of less than 4.5 m, and trusses - about 5-10 meters.

Rafters

As an integral element of the roof, the rafters have a very important function: supporting the sheathing. They take on the pressure of snow, moisture and wind, all roofs. According to their design, they are divided into layered and hanging. Layered rafters are used if the roof span (the so-called distance between supports) is less than 6.5 meters, and if there is additional support - 10-12 meters.

Hanging rafters are used if the roof span does not have additional supports and is 7-12 meters. Their main difference from layered ones is that they transmit only vertical pressure to the Mauerlat. Bottom chords and rafter legs are the main components of hanging rafters.

Layered rafters:

rafter leg;
crossbar;
attic floor.

Hanging rafters:

Mauerlat;
rafter leg;
puff;
grandmother;
brace

Depending on what material the house is built from, rafter legs can be attached:

by using top harness V ;
on upper crowns in log, wooden and cobblestone buildings;
on special support beams, which are also called mauerlat in stone buildings. In this case, the mauerlat should be 15-16 cm thick; it itself can be partial (the beams are placed only under the rafter leg) or solid (running along the entire length of the structure).

If the rafter legs have a small cross-section, then you can prevent them from sagging if you use grids of struts, racks and crossbars. Struts and racks can be made from boards 15 cm wide and 2.5 cm thick, or from wooden plates cut from logs with a diameter of at least 13-14 cm.

During installation, the rafter leg is cut into the tie. To prevent the end of the leg from slipping and chipping the tie, you need to cut it in with a tooth, its height should be 1/3 of the height of the tie, with a spike, or both methods. In addition, the tie will remain intact and will not chip if the rafters are installed at a distance of approximately 3-4 cm from the edge. The rafter leg needs to be cut into the end of the tightening, in turn, the tooth must be moved as far as possible.

To strengthen the rafter fastenings, you need a so-called double tooth. The teeth can be the same height, but most often they are selected so that the height of the first is equal to 1/5 of the thickness of the puff, and the second - 1/3. To secure the first tooth, a stop, a tenon and an eye are placed on the rafter on the tightening, and for the second - only a stop.

To further secure the rafters in the ties, you can use bolts or clamps. Bolts are not used so often, since they can weaken the cross-section of the tie rods and rafter legs.

If the struts have a headstock, they are connected to a notch, while the nest is made in the headstock, and a tenon is cut out in the strut. This type of connection is hanging rafters requires additional fastening with clamps or bolts. The crossbar is connected to the rafter legs by a half-tree cut. This connection is secured with a dowel and a bolt, and to give it greater strength, also with a bracket.

The main tightening elements are fastened together with a tooth, a metal plate and bolts. The tightening is connected to the headstock using a clamp. To protect the walls of the building from atmospheric water, the roof overhang must have a length of at least 550 mm.

In addition to the fact that the ends of the rafter legs are secured in the tie, they are also additionally hooked to the walls of the building using so-called twists. In this case, the roof will not be damaged when strong wind. A twist is an impressive piece of thick wire, with one end it is wound to a rafter leg, and the other to a crutch, it is driven into the seam of stone or brickwork at a distance of 30-35 cm from the top edge of the wall, or to the floor beam of the attic. If the house is made of wood, then the twist can be replaced with an iron bracket that connects the rafters and the second crown of the frame.

Reinforced concrete rafter legs in layered rafters must be laid with one end on the outer wall of the building, and the other on a precast reinforced concrete purlin, which is supported by brick columns. The lower ends of the rafter legs, which protrude beyond the wall, are capable of carrying eaves overhang roofs. When you choose a material for rafters, you need to consider many factors: the weight of the roof, the distance between the rafters, the length rafter leg and so on.

The base can be made from rolled or piece materials in the form of flooring or lathing. To make the sheathing you will need blocks of wood, and for the flooring you will need not only bars, but also boards. It is advisable to make a continuous flooring if roll material or asbestos-cement tiles are chosen for the covering. For tiles, flooring boards are laid out in one layer with a small gap, and for rolled material - in two layers: working and protective. For the protective layer, narrow boards are chosen, which should be located at an angle of 45 degrees to the worker. Between the two floorings you need to place an anti-wind roofing felt lining (roofing felt grade RPP-350 or RPP-300).

Lathing will be required in cases where the roof will be covered with sheet steel, tiles, wood or corrugated asbestos-cement sheets VO (or slate).

When making the base, you need to follow two simple rules: each element must be securely attached to the supporting structures, and their joints must be spaced above the rafters.

In addition, the specified distance between the bars or boards must be strictly observed over the entire surface of the base. The widest ones are located at the eaves, ridge or under the joints of the roofing material, and the thickest (15-35 mm thicker than others) are located near the eaves. Under the gutter, the base must be at least 750-800 mm wide, and under the eaves overhang with wall gutters, the base must be equal to the width of the overhang. On the roof ribs and in the ridges wooden blocks must be installed on edge.

Roof

The roof is the top covering of the roof, which provides protection from precipitation to all structural elements of the structure and drains water to the ground. That is why one of the main requirements for a roof is water resistance. The roof can be made from various building materials, asbestos-cement or steel sheets, rolls and local (clay-reed and clay-straw) materials.

As for the design, then roof covering may consist of:

slopes (inclined surfaces);
inclined ribs;
ridge (horizontal ribs).

Valleys and valleys are the name of the places of intersection at an incoming angle, and cornice and gable overhangs- these are the edges of the roof that extend beyond the building horizontally or at an angle. Atmospheric water from the roof slopes is collected in wall gutters, then it enters water intake funnels, and then into drainpipes and storm drains.

The roofing components can be laid both transversely and longitudinally, connecting them with an overlap (most roofings) or in a lock (roofing steel sheets).

According to the roof structure, they are divided into:

single-layer (consist of VO sheets, steel, asbestos-cement tiles and seam tiles);
multilayer (roll materials, planks, shingles, shavings, flat strip tiles).

In multi-layer roofs, the number of layers will range from 2 to 5, it depends on the material you choose. This type of roofing is quite labor-intensive and less economical. If in a multi-layer roof each layer lies in the transverse direction, it must certainly overlap the joints of the elements of the layer lying below. If it is placed in the longitudinal direction, it must cover the underlying layer with an overlap established by GOST.

The role of the roof slope is very important, because it helps remove precipitation from the roof. It is expressed as a percentage or degrees. Basically, when building houses, roofs are made flat, the slopes have the same slope.

The roofing slope you choose will determine both the coating material and the type of drainage of rainwater from the roof. Drainage can be organized (internal or external) and unorganized (external).

The structure of the internal organized drainage system includes a riser, a water intake funnel, a drain pipe and an outlet. This design can be used in all climatic regions.

External organized drainage includes gutters and external drainpipes. It can be used in climate areas where the water in the drainpipes outside hardly freezes.

If the drain is unorganized, then the water will flow along the entire length of the lower edge of the slope; no additional devices are required. This type of drainage is indicated for climatic areas where the amount of precipitation is low.

Roofing works

All roofing work can be divided into 3 main groups:

Procurement. This stage includes selection, sorting or cleaning, cutting of rolled materials. Made from sheet steel roofing elements, slate is cut, mastics are prepared.
Preparatory. The base for the roof is completely prepared.
Basic. Roofing materials are laid, secured to the base, and cared for after installation is completed.

The most vulnerable elements on the roof are the valleys, which form the recessed angle; precipitation accumulates in them at any time of the year. That is why the construction of this roofing element must be approached with all responsibility. The valley is a tray with a width of at least 300 mm, made of boards 25 mm thick. It is covered with galvanized, roofing or black painted steel so that its ends extend 200 mm under the roof on all sides.

The chimney is also surrounded by a roofing steel collar. From the ridge side, a sheet of steel needs to be placed under the roof, and from the eaves on top of the roof, the result is a kind of apron. Next to the pipe, the sheet must be placed under the brickwork. According to fire safety requirements, the roofing and sheathing must be no less than 140 mm from the pipe, and all wooden elements must be no less than 400-500 mm.

When choosing drainpipes, you should give preference to a diameter of 100-140 mm; they are located at least 120 mm from the wall. If the roof is covered with tiles or asbestos-cement sheets, then drainpipes will be needed to drain the water. Their basis is roofing steel; they are suspended with a slope of 2-3 degrees relative to the corners of the structure.

Same roofing material Dormer windows are also covered. Carefully separate the junctions between the windows and the roof slope.

Let's take a closer look at the roof elements that make up the roofing pie for metal tiles. As you know, the roof of any building has a layered structure, which is commonly called a roofing pie. The roof structure, i.e. the “pieces of the pie”, must meet the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents, namely SP 31-101-97 “Design and construction of roofs”. Currently, metal roofing is one of the most common types of roofing systems for low-rise residential buildings. The high performance properties of this material ensure the reliability and durability of the roof covering. Durability, comparative simplicity of installation techniques, low weight and aesthetic appearance ensure the popularity of metal tile roofing.

The roofing cake for metal tiles has a certain composition, which depends on the purpose of the under-roof space.

Warm attic

If a device is planned in the under-roof space warm room(warm attic), then the cake has the following composition:

metal tiles;
sheathing;
counter-lattice;
waterproofing membrane;
non-flammable insulation between the rafters;
vapor barrier membrane;
filing.

Cold attic

In the case when instead warm attic gets settled cold attic, elements such as insulation and vapor barrier are excluded from the roofing pie.

Roof composition

Let's take a closer look at each layer warm roof from metal tiles.

Metal tiles

It consists of galvanized steel sheets profiled in two directions with a protective polymer coating. As a rule, the length of the sheet corresponds to the length of the slope. This material is applicable for the installation of pitched roofs with a slope of more than 14 degrees, and is suitable for all climatic zones of construction. When installing a gable roof, sheets of metal tiles are laid from the end, while the rows laid above are overlapped with those laid below. Sheets of metal tiles are attached to the base using screws with a sealing washer.

Base

The base for metal tiles is wooden sheathing and a counter-lattice made of bars with a section of 50×50 or boards 32×100. Sheets of metal tiles are attached to sheathing bars, which, in turn, are attached to counter-lattice bars, fixed to the rafters. The counter-lattice creates an air gap between the insulation in the body of the rafters and the top covering of the roof, which ensures ventilation of the roof from the eaves to the ridge and prevents the formation of condensation. It is impractical to install a solid wooden flooring under metal tiles, so the sheathing elements are arranged in increments of 350–400 mm (depending on the pitch of the wave). In areas of valleys and along eaves, flooring is made of boards 140–150 mm wide. Before starting work, all wooden elements of the base must be treated with an antiseptic and fire-retardant impregnating composition.

Waterproofing membrane

This film or membrane protects the roof from moisture, leaks and dampness. Manufacturers offer large selection breathable film membranes intended for roof waterproofing: “Yutafol”, “Tyvek”, “Delta” and “Izospan”.

The waterproofing membrane is a perforated reinforced polymer film and provides ventilation for the roofing pie: the membrane allows steam to pass through from the bottom side and retains moisture from the top.

Main technical characteristics films are: UV resistance, thickness, vapor permeability, service life. Waterproofing work can be carried out in dry weather. Rolled waterproofing film material is rolled out over all roof elements, overlapping, across the rafters from the eaves to the ridge. The lower waterproofing sheet is brought out to the frontal board of the cornice. The amount of film overlap depends on the angle of the slope and is at least 7 cm. To seal the joints, tape and special dispersion compounds are used.

Insulation

To install an insulated roof, only non-flammable mineral wool insulation is used. It is a mistake to believe that the problem of flammability of polymer insulation of a pitched roof can be solved with the help of fire retardant impregnations. The main technical characteristics of thermal insulation materials are: thermal conductivity coefficient, flammability group, rigidity, vapor permeability, specified service life. The thickness of the insulation depends on its thermal conductivity coefficient, is selected according to thermal engineering calculations for a specific construction area and is usually at least 150 mm. Today, manufacturers produce special slab insulation for roofing: “Knauf Pitched Roof”, “Isover Pitched Roof”, “URSA”, “Rockwool”, “Tekhnoruf”, etc. Insulation slabs are laid in the body of the rafters and fixed between the rafters thanks to its elasticity.

Vapor barrier

Prevents the formation of condensation, which can form on the surface of the insulation due to the difference in air temperature inside the heated room and outside. Vapor barrier material does not allow warm air (vapor) to pass through. Thanks to this, the insulation remains dry and can perform its function for a long time. The vapor barrier is fixed to the rafters using a stapler. The working vapor barrier sheets are laid overlapping and the joints are sealed. Manufacturers offer large assortment vapor barrier materials, differing in density and vapor permeability.

Internal lining

It is made from boards or sheets of plasterboard after the installation of all layers of the roofing pie is completed.

Conclusion

High-quality materials from which the roof structure and maintenance are made construction work in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, they guarantee that the roof will protect the house for a long time from all types of atmospheric influences and will create conditions for comfortable living in it. See also video