STAGES OF ARTERY DEVELOPMENT- the process of arterial development consists of two stages: 1) the stage of formation of the primary capillary network evenly distributed throughout the body of the embryo. 2) stage of trunking and reduction. This stage begins with the stage of a simple tubular heart and actively occurs at the stage of the sigmoid heart.

VENTRAL AORTA – a paired vessel in the region of the head end of the embryo, formed as a result of the division of the arterial trunk of the heart. At the level of the future pharynx, the ventral aortas unfold caudally and are called dorsal aortas.

DORSAL AORTA – continuation of the ventral aortas in the caudal direction. In the fourth week of development, the aortas fuse to form the azygos dorsal aorta.

AORTIC ARCH – six pairs of arterial trunks passing through the branchial arches and connecting the ventral and dorsal aortas. The first pair of arches represents the place of transition of the ventral aortas to the dorsal ones. Aortic arches are the material for the vessels of the head, neck, shoulder girdle and upper limb.

Transformation of the aortic arches - the first, second and fifth aortic arches are almost completely reduced; sections of the ventral aortas above the third arches on both sides are trunked in the form of external carotid arteries; the third aortic arches and dorsal aortas cranial to this level are trunked into the internal carotid arteries; sections of the ventral aortas between the third and fourth arches become common carotid arteries, and similar sections of the dorsal aortas are reduced; the fourth right aortic arch is preserved as the proximal part of the right subclavian artery. The same arch on the left becomes the aortic arch. The portion of the right ventral aorta caudal to the fourth arch becomes the brachiocephalic trunk, and a similar portion of the left ventral aorta becomes the ascending aorta; the left dorsal aorta is below the level of the fourth arch and the entire azygos dorsal aorta becomes the descending aorta. The right dorsal aorta from the fourth arch to the azygos dorsal aorta is reduced. The sixth aortic arch is the last to change at the moment when the arterial trunk of the sigmoid heart divides into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. In this case, the arch retains connection only with the pulmonary trunk and connects it with the dorsal aortas. From the middle of every sixth arch, vessels form into the anlage of the lungs. The central half of the right sixth arch and the highway to the anlage of the right lung become the right pulmonary artery, and similar areas on the left turn into the left pulmonary artery. The peripheral part of the sixth aortic arch on the right is reduced, and on the left it remains in the form of the Botalov duct.

SEGMENTAL ARTERIES – segmental vessels, represented by dorsal, lateral and ventral segmental arteries.

TRANSFORMATION OF DORSAL SEGMENTAL ARTERIES - several groups of dorsal vessels are distinguished. The first, seven arteries, arises from the paired dorsal aortas from level 4-5 of the aortic arch and above. The most caudal arteries are trunked, forming the subclavian artery on the left, and the distal part of the subclavian artery on the right. The lateral ends of this group of dorsal arteries form longitudinal anastomoses in the form of vertebral arteries. The second group of dorsal segmental arteries arises from the azygos dorsal aorta. The lateral ends of these vessels are transformed into longitudinal anastomoses in the form of internal thoracic arteries, and the dorsal arteries themselves are preserved in the form of posterior and anterior intercostal arteries. Another group of dorsal segmental arteries become the lumbar arteries, and their longitudinal anastomoses become the inferior epigastric arteries.

TRANSFORMATION OF LATERAL SEGMENTAL ARTERIES - these arteries initially represent the vessels of the mesonephros and gonadal anlage. Since mesonephros is reduced to metanephros, the vessels reappear, and the vessels of the gonads are preserved and lengthened as the organs descend.

TRANSFORMATION OF VENTRAL SEGMENTAL ARTERIES - initially these vessels connect the embryo with yolk sac. As the vitelline mesenteric circle is reduced, the vessels come closer together, lose their pairing and form three highways to the organs gastrointestinal tract- celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.

Anomalies of ARTERY DEVELOPMENT - absence or underdevelopment of arteries (the result of excessive reduction); additional arteries (incomplete reduction); right-sided aorta; duplication of the aorta; anomalies of the large vessels of the heart; anomalies in the position and course of arteries.

CLASSIFICATION OF ARTERIES

Pericardial development

In the early stage of heart development, there are two pericardial cavities, which are formed even before the fusion of the two cardiac primordia into a single tube. The epicardial part of the pericardial sac develops from the somato-pleura, and the parietal layer - from the somato-pleura. The two leaves are connected by the dorsal mesocardium, after absorption of which the two leaves are connected to each other only where the lower and upper ends of the primary heart tube seem to pierce them. As the heart tube rotates, the two ends fall one after the other. When bent, the layers of the pericardium overlap each other, and they are separated from each other only by the transverse sinus of the pericardium. The anterior part of the pericardium encircles two large arteries, and the posterior part is where the large veins enter the atrium.

Development of large arteries

The cranial end of the primary cardiac tube continues into the truncus arteriosus. This trunk divides into two branches that extend to small area on both sides of the body ventricularly cranially and then, bending, continuing in the caudal direction. From the ventral segment of the aorta arise the branchial arch arteries (primary aortic arches), which flow posteriorly into the descending aorta, which arises from the fusion of the two aortic arches. The part reaching the primary branchial arch is the primary ascending aorta, which continues through the primary aortic arch into the primary descending aorta. It then passes along the two sides of the chorda dorsalis in a caudal direction and continues into the umbilical artery. Thus, the umbilical artery is the end of the aorta. Later, the two dorsal aortas, united with the common abdominal aorta, continue into the caudal aorta, and thus the umbilical artery, which was previously the end of the aorta, becomes a collateral branch.

The arteries of the gill arches appear towards the end of the second week, the first four immediately one after the other, then the sixth and later the fifth. Some of them quickly disappear: the first - by the end of the third week, the second and fifth - by the end of the fourth week. Ultimately, in this way, only the third, fourth and sixth arteries of the branchial arches are preserved. From the ventral aorta on both sides the primary external carotid artery develops, and from the dorsal aorta the primary internal carotid artery develops. Two pairs of carotid arteries are connected to each other by the artery of the third costal arch. The part of the internal carotid artery located under the artery of the third branchial arch disappears, and the common trunk becomes the initial segment of the external carotid artery. The direct continuation of this trunk is the external carotid artery, while the internal carotid artery branches to the side.

The fourth primary aortic arch behaves right side differently than on the left. From the left-sided fourth primary aortic arch, the aortic arch develops as a direct continuation of the left ventral aorta. This arch then continues back into the left descending aorta (later into the common descending aorta). On the right side, the ventral aorta also continues into the fourth primary aortic arch, and the dorsal aorta closes before reaching the common trunk. The innominate artery arises from the right ventral aorta, and the initial segment of the subclavian artery is formed from the dorsal aorta and the aorta of the fourth branchial arch.

The truncus arteriosus is divided by a septum into the anterior pulmonary artery and the posterior aorta. The artery of the sixth branchial arch joins the pulmonary artery and serves as the basis of the pulmonary arteries (on both sides it goes to the lung primordia). On the right side, its distal end disappears, and the right branch of the pulmonary artery develops from the proximal part. On the left side, the left branch of the pulmonary artery is formed from the initial segment, and the ductus Botallus is formed from the distal part.

Thus, at the beginning of development there are two descending arteries, but these two vessels very early, in the third week, gradually merge into a common descending aorta. By the end of the fourth week, there is only one descending aorta, from which symmetrical branches arise. From the sixth branch, directly from the aorta, the left subclavian artery develops, while on the right side, in the manner already mentioned, with the help of the artery of the fourth branchial arch, the right subclavian artery is indirectly formed. As the heart moves caudally, the ascending aortas are slightly retarded - the right one is larger than the left - and thus the left subclavian artery becomes closer to the carotid artery.

The umbilical artery descends lower and lower in such a way that one caudal arterial branch always grows into it while the original superior branch resolves. Thus, the descending aorta becomes longer and longer. The femoral artery later develops from the umbilical artery, while the initial segment of the umbilical artery forms the iliac artery.

We touch upon the development of the remaining vessels only briefly. The arteries of the skull arise from the two carotid arteries and are connected with the vertebral artery, which arose from the longitudinal anastomoses of the cervical segments. From the descending aorta grow ventral branches to the intestinal tract and the organs developing from it. Paired dorsal branches are directed according to the initial segmentation of the body to the central nervous, skeletal and muscular systems. Paired lateral branches turn into arteries going to the kidneys, adrenal glands and genitals.

(exercise therapy) is a non-specific method of rehabilitation and training therapy through sports and physical education. Exercise therapy has a therapeutic and prophylactic goal to accelerate the process of restoring human health and is an independent medical discipline.

Treatment with exercise therapy

Exercise therapy is an essential element in the treatment of patients who have injuries or diseases, since without the use of physical therapy, the impaired function of support and movement is practically not restored.

This technique is used not only to exclude a disease or injury, but also to prevent certain diseases in order to avoid complications and exacerbations, and exercise therapy is an effective means of restoring working capacity.

3. In a lying position. You need to lie on your back, put your hands behind your head, and stretch. This movement stimulates stretching of the lumbar spine.

Physical therapy exercises for the cervical spine

1. To perform this exercise, you should press your forehead onto your palm, while straining neck muscles. The exercise lasts 5-7 seconds and is repeated 3 times. After this, press the back of your head onto your palm and repeat 3 times for 5-7 seconds.

2. You should strain your neck muscles, pressing on your left palm with your left temple, as well as on your temple. The exercise should be performed for 5-7 seconds, repeated 3 times.

3. First you need to slightly tilt your head back, and then slowly bend forward, pressing your chin to the jugular fossa. The exercise should be repeated at least 5 times.

4. In the starting position, keep your shoulders and head straight. Then turn your head to the right as far as possible. Perform the movement more than 5 times. Repeat turns in the other direction.

5. In the starting position, you should press your chin to your neck. In this position, first turn your head to the right more than 5 times, then to the left the same number of times.

6. When performing the last movement, you need to throw your head back. And then try to touch the right shoulder with your right ear, and the left shoulder with your left ear. Do the exercises more than 5 times on each side.

Therapeutic physical training for the lumbar region

Proper treatment can be ensured if a physical therapy instructor works with the patient. But in the case of preventive actions, you can do physical therapy on your own.

1. Hanging or half-hanging. This exercise is performed on a bar, either with your feet touching the floor or not. In any case, the effect of the exercise will be positive. Hanging with your muscles relaxed should be done for several approaches of 1 minute each.

2. In the starting position, the person stands with his hands on his hips. You should perform ten bends forward and backward, left and right.

3. Standing and holding your hands on your hips, you should move your pelvis to the left and right, forward and backward, in each direction 10 times.

Exercises on the floor

1. You need to kneel down and rest your hands on the floor, then fold into a form and return to the starting position. This movement should be repeated 15-25 times.

2. Exercise lying on your stomach. Should with bent arms rest on the floor, then straighten your arms and, without lifting your feet from the floor, do push-ups. The exercise should be repeated 10-20 times.

3. You should kneel, resting your straight arms on the floor. Then you need to bend your back up as much as possible and return to the starting position. Also repeat 10-20 times.

4. Exercise lying on your back. You should press the knees of your bent legs to your chest and return to the starting position. Continue this way 10-20 times.

Typically, a physical therapy instructor advises doing all movements gently and slowly. There is no need to wait for the spine to crunch as it falls into place, since these movements are only suitable for preventive, home use.

Exercise therapy for fractures

Therapeutic exercise is simply necessary when restoring the body after a fracture. To do this, use a selected set of exercises.

1. To restore mobility to a damaged joint, you need to perform rotation injured hand or foot, repeating the movement about 10 times. One should take into account the fact that this movement cannot be used in the first few days after the plaster is removed.

2. This exercise will help tone your muscles. The affected leg or arm must be raised at an angle of approximately 30 degrees in the forward direction and held for several seconds. Repeat the movement several times.

3. To tone the muscles of the lateral and back surface hips, movements should be performed using support. You need to swing your right and left legs forward and sideways 10 times, while holding on to the support.

4. This physical therapy exercise is used after a leg fracture and creates a good effect for strengthening the calf muscle. You will also need support. Standing facing the support, you need to grab it with your hands, and then slowly rise on your toes and also slowly descend on your feet. If you need to increase the load, you can perform movements on one leg.

Massage

Exercise therapy massage helps relieve pain and muscle tension. Researchers have confirmed that during massage, the muscle is stretched and this reduces the inflammatory response of cells. This proves that massage will be very beneficial for the recovery of the body after injury.

Vibration, pressure and friction can be used to influence organs and tissues of the human body. To achieve a therapeutic effect, massage should be done with special devices, but only for preventive purposes it can also be done by hand.

We can conclude that exercise therapy is a very convenient, in most cases painless therapy, with the help of which you can not only cure a patient, but also prevent some diseases of an absolutely healthy person.

The concept of therapeutic physical culture(physical therapy)

The peculiarity of exercise therapy compared to other methods of treatment and rehabilitation is essentially that it uses physical exercise. One of characteristic features Exercise therapy is a process of dosed physical exercise training that permeates the entire course of treatment and rehabilitation.

The essence of training is repeated, systematically repeated and gradually increasing physical activity, which causes positive functional and sometimes structural changes in the human body. As a result of training, regulatory mechanisms are normalized and improved, increasing the adaptive capabilities of the patient’s body to dynamically changing environmental conditions.

In physical therapy, a distinction is made between general and special dosed training. General training is used for healing, strengthening and general development of the body, while general strengthening and general developmental physical exercises are used. Special training is used to develop the functions and restore the organ involved in the pathological process. Here special exercises are used that directly affect the affected system, diseased organ, traumatic area.

In the process of therapeutic and rehabilitation training, it is important to observe the following physiologically based pedagogical principles:

1. Individual approach to the patient. It is necessary to take into account the age, gender and profession of the patient, his motor experience, the nature and extent of the pathological process and functionality sick.

2. Consciousness. It is worth saying that for the most effective application physical exercise, the conscious and active participation of the patient himself is extremely important.

3. The principle of gradualism. Gradual increase required physical activity in all its indicators: volume, intensity, number of exercises, number of repetitions and complexity both within one lesson and from one workout to another.

4. Systematicity. In the process of health training, the systematic use of a variety of exercise therapy and rehabilitation means, optimal for each patient, is extremely important.

5. Cyclicality. Alternating work and rest while maintaining the optimal interval (rest between two exercises or between two classes). If the next session falls during the supercompensation phase, the effects of the training are summed up and functionality increases.

6. Systematic impact. Consistent alternation of starting positions and exercises for various muscle groups.

7. Novelty and variety in the selection and use of physical exercises (10–15% of physical exercises should be renewed, and 85–90% should be repeated to consolidate the achieved treatment successes).

8. Moderation of impact. The training load must be adequate to the patient's condition.

The concept of therapeutic physical culture (PT) - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “The Concept of Therapeutic Physical Culture (PT)” 2017, 2018.

Therapeutic exercise (physical therapy) is an effective and affordable method of restoring and promoting health, an integral element of rehabilitation measures for people who have experienced trauma and various somatic and mental illnesses. This is a branch of medicine that studies the treatment and prevention of various diseases using physical education methods. Therapeutic exercise is also a section of physical culture, where physical exercise act as a method of restoring human health and performance.

Therapeutic gymnastics is a set of exercises for rehabilitation after injuries, when various diseases and also a method of preventing these diseases. Exercise therapy uses specially selected physical exercises, as well as proper breathing techniques. As they say: “movement is life,” and indeed many healers, doctors, scientists of ancient and modern times confirmed this. The main stimulator of growth and development of the human body is movement.

Fundamentals and features of children's physical therapy

Therapeutic exercise is often used in combination with physiotherapeutic procedures, as well as therapeutic massage.

For children, there is a special children's gymnastics that has a positive effect on physical development and stabilizes the psycho-emotional state.

• strengthens evenly different groups baby's muscles;
• improves coordination of movements;
• increases immunity;
• increases the production of joint fluid, which in turn makes joints more mobile;
• prevents the development of disorders in the musculoskeletal system, and also helps in the treatment of existing diseases;
• improves mood;
• prevents obesity;
• increases self-esteem;
• during the group classes improves communication skills, promotes the baby’s socialization;
• improves blood circulation and metabolism in the body;
• stabilizes the balance of excitation and inhibition processes between neurons;
• helps improve well-being.

Therapeutic exercise is used:

• To restore and increase a person’s physical activity and performance.

• To stabilize and harmonize a person’s psycho-emotional state.
• To improve and restore the overall level of metabolism.
• To strengthen body muscles and restore physical activity person.
• To reduce the frequency and intensity of pain attacks.
• To correct coordination of movements and sense of balance.
• Stimulates blood and lymph circulation in the body.
• Development of adaptive mechanisms to compensate for impaired physical functions.

In what areas of medicine is physical therapy used?

All sections of modern practical medicine often use physical therapy:

• As an element in complex therapy of developmental disorders and various diseases in children (cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc.)
• traumatology (for various fractures, as well as soft tissue injuries)
• orthopedics
• neurology
• cardiology
• pulmonology
• before and after the operating period
• in the treatment of diseases of the abdominal organs
• endocrinology
• gynecology and obstetrics.

Contraindications to the use of exercise therapy

It is very important to consult with your doctor about the possibility of using physical therapy, as its use has a number of contraindications. The main contraindications to application of exercise therapy is:

• mental disorders, as well as serious condition which are the reason for the lack of human contact
• exacerbation of the disease or its progressive course
• increased cardiovascular failure
• tachycardia (more than 100 beats per minute)
• bradycardia (less than 50 beats per minute)
• negative ECG dynamics, which may indicate circulatory disorders in the cerebral cortex
• hypertension and hypotension and other deterioration of the condition.

Features of children's exercise therapy

For children, exercise therapy is used in the most pleasant and accessible form - games! Every child has a need for physical activity, and the use of physical therapy methods can serve to fulfill these needs, and at the same time prevent the occurrence of many diseases such as flat feet, scoliosis, poor posture, and obesity. Systematic exercise therapy contributes to the correction of diagnosed diseases, harmonizes the physical and mental development of the child, activates the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, form good posture, and prevent the occurrence of pathological conditions. For kids of different ages apply different methods and level of load, making extensive use of various toys and sports equipment: gymnastic and regular balls, sticks, hoops, benches, sensory tracks, etc. In the classroom, fairy tale journeys are used in poetic form, thereby developing in children not only the physical component, but also speech and imagination, promoting the development of communication skills, increasing self-esteem, mood, and reducing anxiety.

• In case of weakened immunity, when the child often suffers from acute respiratory infections
• Hyperactivity in children
• Cerebral palsy and other musculoskeletal diseases
• obesity
• asthenic physique

Methods of children's exercise therapy

In children's exercise therapy they use modern and effective techniques works:

• Psycho-gymnastics (games and sketches for developing attention, imaginative thinking, relieving emotional stress and correcting behavior);
• exercises to develop fine motor skills;
• breathing techniques;
• physical therapy and others.

On our website you can purchase the necessary products for exercise therapy - see the section "Physical development" on Factor development. We have also developed a simple calculator for specialists and specialized centers with a list of necessary products for a physical therapy room.