Hair removal in intimate places with reviews and before and after photos. Methods of intimate hair removal and depilation Pussy after depilation


Depilation in intimate places is a painful procedure, but most women are willing to make such sacrifices for the sake of beauty. All kinds of creams, cosmetic products and devices are used to remove unwanted vegetation in the intimate area. What are the pros and cons of each depilation method? How to properly care for your skin after hair removal?

Types of depilation

Pain and irritation are constant companions of the procedure, so you need to choose a depilation method taking into account the reaction of the skin and body to it

Types of depilation

A beautiful and well-groomed bikini area is the goal of many girls. At the same time, there are supporters of the complete removal of vegetation in this area. This reduces the risk of germs and bacteria developing on the hair, especially during menstruation. There are also those who believe that it is necessary to leave at least some of the hairs to protect the genitals from harmful bacteria and infections. There are the following types of depilation:

  • Deep – removal of all hairs on the pubis and labia;
  • Bikini areas – hair is removed in the corners along the underwear line and on the inner thighs;
  • Brazilian - “fur” from the perineum, pubic area and labia.

A beautiful and well-groomed bikini area is the goal of many girls.

Delicate skin in the intimate area can become very irritated after hair removal. Plus this is accompanied by pain. Therefore, the female half is constantly looking for ways to carefully and painlessly remove hair.

Most often, girls use the following methods for depilation of intimate places:

  • Shaver;
  • Cold and hot wax;
  • Depilatory cream;
  • Epilator;
  • Sugar paste for sugaring.

Advantages and disadvantages

It can be performed in various ways, each of which has its own pros and cons.


Peeling will be a good basis for depilation - this will remove rough skin and improve its elasticity.

The advantage of using a razor is the speed and accessibility of the procedure. If you don’t have time for lengthy cosmetic procedures and other methods of depilation, then the machine can be a kind of lifesaver. The biggest disadvantage is the rapid appearance of unpleasant stubble. The hair becomes thicker and stiffer, and may grow into the skin. When using the machine, the upper layer of the epidermis is damaged, which leads to irritation and rashes.

Depilation of the intimate area using a special cream is a quick way to get yourself in order. The disadvantages of this method include:

  • The occurrence of an allergic reaction;
  • Not complete removal of vegetation. Stiff hairs remain;
  • Specific smell.

Caring for the bikini area at home involves removing unwanted hair in ways that are accessible to every woman.

Depilation of intimate areas using an epilator is quite popular. To reduce pain, it is recommended to pre-steam the skin and do a pre-peeling procedure. This will prevent the hairs from growing into the skin. Over time, the procedure will be less painful and less frequent, as the hair becomes thinner and grows more slowly. The negative aspects include pain and irritation after an intimate procedure.

The use of cold and hot wax guarantees long-term results. It is enough to carry out one removal every three weeks to keep the bikini area beautiful and well-groomed. At the same time, the disadvantages of the procedure do not always stop girls. When removing hair with hot wax there is a risk:

  • get burned;
  • cause skin irritation and hair breakage if depilation technology is not followed.

It is enough to carry out one removal every three weeks to keep the bikini area beautiful and well-groomed.

Cold wax or special strips are less dangerous, but they do not steam the skin, which can lead to severe pain. Intimate depilation using sugar paste is less painful. For the procedure, sugar, water and lemon juice are used. The warm mass is applied to the hairs and then removed in one confident movement along with the adhering hair. The disadvantage of this method is pain and the inability to prepare high-quality paste on your own the first time.

Aftercare

It does not end with the actual removal of unwanted vegetation. The girl needs to carefully care for her skin in order to reduce negative manifestations after the manipulations. The female intimate area requires special careful care. Only in this case can we talk about beautiful and healthy skin without excess “fur”.

To restore the skin and reduce irritation it is necessary:

  • Use a special cream to reduce inflammation and irritation;
  • Exfoliate every week to remove dead skin particles. This will prevent ingrown hairs;
  • Moisturize and nourish the skin with cosmetics after each shower;
  • Do not wear synthetic underwear.

Other methods of removing vegetation

Today, female depilation is not limited only to the mechanical method of removing hair. There are other methods. For this purpose, electrolysis is used. During the procedure, a needle electrode is inserted into the follicle. Thanks to the impulse, the hair root is destroyed and further removed.


Use a special cream to reduce inflammation and irritation

Photoepilation and laser removal are similar in principle. The skin is exposed to a light beam, which destroys the follicle and leads to hair loss. Such intimate depilation requires more than one session. The cost of the procedure is quite high, so not every girl can afford it.

Deep bikini waxing (synonyms - “waxing”, “Waxing”, “Brazilian hair removal”, “total or complete”) is one of the types of cosmetic procedures in which unwanted hair in the perineal area, external genitalia, anus, buttocks removed using heated (hot or warm) liquid wax.

The deep bikini area is usually hidden from prying eyes by clothing and is out of sight of others. However, a modern girl’s intimate area should look equally impeccable not only during the tanning and swimsuit season, but also in everyday life - in bed, in the fitness club, sauna, etc. situations. Therefore, the demand for removing unwanted hair in one way or another is stable. Some people go to a beauty salon, others use a razor the old fashioned way. It’s better to put yourself in the hands of a professional - salon waxing of a deep bikini will allow you to get impeccably smooth and delicate skin of this delicate area!

Historical information.

Epilation of the deep bikini area is an intimate procedure known to women for more than 3,000 years. The wax method of removing unwanted vegetation in the deep bikini area was used by the queens of Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians epilated their hair with sharply sharpened objects, which were the ancestors of modern razors. The ancient Egyptians also invented the first depilatory creams. They were a thick mixture of honey, wax and plant juice, which was applied to the areas intended for hair removal (deep bikini, buttocks, including the anus, and limbs). Nefertiti used this mixture. Ancient papyri contain records that the pharaohs wanted to see their concubine girls hairless. Egyptian queens and high nobility had special maids who removed hair from the mistress's body with special tweezers. In Ancient Greece, it was considered a disgrace for a woman to have hair on her genitals. And ancient Greek men treated a woman’s overgrown perineum and anus with contempt.

How to do deep bikini hair removal

It is best and safest to have deep bikini waxing done in a cosmetology salon or clinic. In the Kutuzovskaya metro area, in the very middle of Kutuzovsky Prospekt in the city of Moscow, women, girls and teenagers undergo hair removal by experienced and sensitive specialists of our clinic. We use the best imported waxes from the best manufacturers.

TYPES OF BIKINI EPILATION

"CLASSIC" "DEEP BIKINI"
Hair removal occurs along the panty line. They are removed from the pubis and from the inner thighs - so that they do not peek out from under the edges of the underwear. The hair on the labia, perineum, intergluteal fold and anal area is not touched in this embodiment. This is a “lighter” version of the procedure, sometimes used as preparation for deep hair removal. This option of intimate hair removal involves the complete removal of vegetation in the anogenital area and perineum - from the pubis, labia, around the anus, folds between the buttocks, buttocks (optional). Deep bikini hair removal is the ideal way to appear completely naked, or with a small stripe on your pubic area.

Preparation for the procedure

Before doing deep bikini hair removal, it is advisable to know a few points. Almost no preparation is required, except for taking a shower before the procedure. It is desirable that the hair length be at least 4-5 mm. When visiting a specialist during menstruation, it is mandatory to use a tampon.

How to do everything as painlessly as possible? If the procedure for hair removal in the deep bikini area seems too sensitive to you, we can suggest applying an anesthetic cream, optimally EMLA, 20-30 minutes before the start of the session. However, you shouldn’t wait, this will completely numb everything - as a rule, sensitivity is reduced by 30-50%.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

  • Pregnancy and lactation
  • Hypertonic disease
  • Fungal diseases in the intimate area
  • Diseases of the cardiovascular system
  • Violation of skin integrity
  • Oncological diseases
  • Diabetes mellitus, varicose veins
  • Skin diseases of the anogenital area
  • Bleeding disorder (hemophilia)
  • Exacerbation of herpes infection
  • Mental illness
  • Warts, moles in the epilation area
  • Age up to 14 years

Main stages

1. BEGINNING

First you need to prepare the skin: thoroughly treat it with an antiseptic, clean it, soften it and dry it using special cosmetics. Wax can only be applied to clean, dry skin.

2. EPILATION OF THE LAVADIA, PUBIC AREA, PERINEUM

Using a disposable spatula, apply a strip of hot wax to the skin from the edge of the area, gradually approaching the most intimate corners. Within a few seconds, the wax dries and “hugs” each hair. Next, the skin is properly stretched with one hand, and with a sharp movement of the other hand, the wax is sharply removed from the skin area along with unnecessary hairs. Having treated one side, we move to the other half and repeat the procedure (bikini edge, part of the pubic hair, the area between the buttocks, including the folds between the buttock and leg, and finally the labia and above the clitoris). These areas are epilated while lying on your back with your legs spread to the sides and your knees bent; at certain stages you will need to alternately or simultaneously pull your legs bent at the knees towards your stomach.

3. HAIR REMOVAL AROUND THE ANUS AND ON THE BUTTOCKS

We move on to the most intimate areas - hair removal around the anus and the area between the buttocks. For the most complete and painless process, you may be asked to take one or another position. You lie on your stomach and hold your buttocks apart with your hands, or lie on your back or side with your legs pulled up to your stomach, or take a knee-elbow position. The last position when epilating a deep bikini allows you to get the easiest and fullest access to hard-to-reach places in the anal area and remove hair as cleanly and painlessly as possible. In any case, the last word in choosing this or that position remains with you).

4. COMPLETION

At the end, the remaining wax is removed with a special lotion, then the skin is disinfected and a moisturizing, softening or healing cream is applied. Additionally, you can conduct sessions of cosmetic care for the intimate area. Since the skin is very irritated at this moment, it needs time to restore its functions. It is recommended not to sunbathe, visit the bathhouse, sauna or take a hot bath for 2-3 days. See: Deep bikini hair removal results: before and after photos!

QUESTIONS - ANSWERS ABOUT DEEP BIKINI EPILATION


I'M SHY TO GO FOR BIKINI EPILATION...

Often girls refuse to have hair removal in intimate places because they are embarrassed to appear naked in front of the specialist. Some people are also confused by the postures taken during the procedure. Firstly, taking a particular position is necessary to ensure the greatest tension of the skin and, accordingly, minimize discomfort. Secondly, embarrassment is unnecessary, because in our clinic a doctor will work with you - a specialist in intimate cosmetology. In addition, cosmetologists joke that it is only awkward at the first session, and then everything becomes familiar. In any case, the last word in choosing a particular position when epilating hair in the bikini area remains with you))


HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO DO THIS?...

If you want to get beautiful and delicate skin in an intimate place and not experience psychological stress, there is no need to rush and do this procedure “on the run”, in the first salon you come across. Our specialists take their work responsibly, ensure complete sterility of the session and excellent results! Therefore, we are not in a hurry - the time for deep bikini waxing is from 60 minutes (depending on the type of hair removal and the selected options). We do not strive to set speed records for pulling hair out of the client’s skin - what is more important to us is your well-being during this intimate procedure and satisfaction with the final result! Therefore, we kindly request you to reserve time for the procedure in advance by phone or through the online form on the website!

Happiness is when you want to go to work in the morning and go home in the evening

Depilation of the intimate area - everything you would like to know, but were embarrassed to ask

There is nothing unusual in the fact that such a topic as depilation of the intimate area is increasingly being covered. Being a magazine and television “standard”, a smooth bikini area without a single hair is increasingly becoming an object of controversy and discussion. At the same time, hair removal is found everywhere in the price lists of salons, from the most budget ones to luxury establishments. There is demand - there is supply. Let's move on to the main components of an intimate hairstyle and pay attention to a few tips.

Hair removal in delicate areas

For intimate depilation, you can choose one of the following procedures:

  1. Bioepilation as a method for removing hair from a delicate area is very effective, but painful. The follicles in the groin area after or become a little less unruly. This method is usually not used deeper.
  2. Photoepilation as an alternative is a worthy weapon in the fight against unnecessary hair. The main thing is to check the area for moles, the presence of which is extremely undesirable. In just a few sessions, the emitted stream of light will completely incinerate even coarse hairs.
  3. Anyone who is not susceptible to neurological and cardiac diseases, and can also boast of endurance, can achieve the desired result with help.
  4. The epilator is not inferior in productivity to body waxing, the effect of its work is the same as waxing and sugaring - after 2-3 weeks the hair begins to grow again.
  5. can make the entire intimate area look beautiful in a few sessions due to its large girth and speed of the procedure, while it is accompanied by moderate pain.

Depilation of the vagina is worth it. The tissues in this place are very delicate, and pulling out hairs is very painful. Therefore, depilatory creams are used. The vagina is well treated with a cream that covers the entire area of ​​the organ down to a millimeter. This is absolutely not painful and only in rare cases leads to unpleasant consequences.

Vaginal hair removal using wax or strips is a common method of hair removal, but is usually more labor-intensive and painful. Nowadays, few people decide to use tweezers; if they have to choose, it is between bioepilation and shaving.

Pubic hair removal can also be done at home. It is enough to use scissors or cream to create. All kinds of procedures related to hair removal in the intimate area also include the removal of pubic hair.

Pubic hair removal is specially designed to solve pressing issues of unwanted (excessive) hair growth. Electro, laser and photo hair removal come to the rescue. Groin depilation in both women and men acts as a hallmark of increased attention to self-care. Equally well processed by all types of techniques.

Depilation of the labia is a process that deserves due attention and care. Depilation of the genitals completely compensates for the previously existing contradictions around this area. It is recommended to use a mirror to increase the visibility of the reachable area. After the procedure, apply a moisturizer or treat the outer side of the thigh with oils and ointments.

Video

Intimate hair removal techniques

Intimate hair removal can be performed at home or in a specialist’s salon using advanced technical and cosmetic means. Intimate female depilation should not be carried out either. The negative impact of depilation on colds and local infections is noted.

  • How to choose a hair removal method? Select adequate techniques from those that you like. For the first time, it is better to trust the most painless and short-lasting ones.
  • How long does hair removal take? On average, sessions rarely exceed 1-1.5 hours. Otherwise, sessions take place in courses of several weeks.
  • How often should epilation be performed? There are no clear hygiene standards in this regard. But it is known that a period of approximately 2-3 days is optimal for the skin.
  • How much hair should there be on the intimate area? Where exactly should I delete it? The most problematic areas in terms of the accumulation of sweat, unpleasant odors and acne are considered to be the area inside the thighs, as well as the buttock area. It is difficult to remove hair here and rarely has to be done. It is best to proceed from the needs of today.
  • Are there fixed prices for such services? It all depends on the region in which the client lives and how well developed are the large chains of salons in his city. Typically, price tags for bioepilation cost around 3-4 thousand rubles, while for laser courses they require 10 thousand and more.

Post-procedure care

The more delicate the area, the more carefully it should be cared for. Moreover, sometimes the best care will be considered any absence of chemical and cosmetic effects. The longer the body is at rest in these places, the lower the risk of some complications.

What not to do after intimate hair removal:

  1. Wear synthetic underwear, panties made of unnatural materials, like lace, latex, and the like. Now the pores are greatly enlarged, and the acid balance of the skin may be disturbed. At a minimum, you can get folliculitis or
  2. Use medications, creams, ointments, lotions with a large number of fragrances or on an unnatural basis. What is meant by natural base? A regular hygienic soap labeled “for intimate hygiene” would be an ideal option. The dyes and flavors included in the composition are minimal, and the composition includes glycerin and a softening component.
  3. The labia must be kept clean after epilation to prevent infection from getting inside, so regular washing will be more helpful than ever. A contrast shower is preferable, as it generally has a positive effect on both the skin and blood circulation. But baths, especially during the menstrual cycle, can serve as a breeding ground for bacteria and fungus.
  4. Everything abandoned should be trimmed, and those who are sick should be cured. It is worth examining the intimate area in advance for inflammation, moles and herpes - the latter is especially important. Epilation cannot completely solve external gynecological problems, but it provides a normal, clean environment.

What not to do after certain types of hair removal/depilation:

  • Photoepilation – squeeze out pimples and ulcers;
  • Electrolysis – subject the treated area mechanically/chemically;
  • Shaving – deliberate squeezing and examination of hair follicles and red dots;

The most unpleasant thing that can happen to a healthy person is that many hairs that have turned “in the wrong direction” will need to be dealt with by a specialist. But single ones can be removed using a needle and tweezers. This reaction is caused by incorrect or too frequent implementation of certain procedures in the intimate area.

Conclusion

Hair removal in intimate areas is a guaranteed way to feel more attractive. Both young and adults are equally interested in this service. Men are also keeping up with the fair sex, the demand for the service among whom has also increased. In conclusion, I would like to wish you good luck in working on yourself and confidence in your attractiveness.

During the sugaring process, the master applies and removes the paste while scrubbing the skin; in addition, the hairs are removed, leaving the follicles open.

And if, after sugaring, you have sex during which friction occurs on already injured areas, this can lead not only to redness, but even to painful trauma to the skin, including ruptures and other negative consequences.

However, under certain conditions, intimacy is still possible.

Is it possible to have sex before sugaring: is it possible to make love before sugar hair removal procedure

In general, there are no contraindications, but with the caveat that the skin is not injured during the process and you will have the time and opportunity to take a shower.

Increased sweating

A few hours before the procedure, it is advisable to avoid any activities that provoke excessive sweating.

For example, visiting saunas and steam baths, performing intense physical activity, and having sex.

If you don’t take a shower, the remaining sweat on the hairs will prevent the sugar paste from tightly “adhesing” to the skin, and as a result, hair removal will be of poor quality.

Of course, it is necessary to shower before the procedure to remove all sweat from the body. In this case, there will be no problems with the adhesion of the paste to the hairs.

Skin injuries

Increased friction during sexual intercourse can lead to injury to the skin in the intimate area. In this case, sugaring will increase discomfort or even cause pain, perhaps even leading to injuries, including skin ruptures.

If after sex there are no skin injuries in the intimate area (rubbing, swelling, microtrauma, burning sensation, etc.), then no.

If sugaring is not done in the bikini area, then there are no contraindications.

articles on the topic

Is it possible to have sex after sugaring: is lovemaking allowed after the sugar depilation procedure?

Engaging in intimate activities immediately after sugaring is not prohibited, since skin trauma during the procedure is minimal, there is almost no risk of infection, so there is no threat to health.

But still, microtraumas can occur, since the skin is very sensitive.

Therefore, not all positions during sex are accessible and very close contact can aggravate already injured skin.

If no reactions are observed, and the procedure was carried out in the area of ​​the legs (legs, thighs), arms or any other non-intimate parts of the body, there are no prohibitions on sex. And the restrictions are lifted only after the treated surface has healed - after a day, in some cases it may take more time, it all depends on the characteristics of the body.

Sex after deep bikini area treatment

After treating the intimate area with sugar paste, it is recommended to refrain from any physical activity, including sex, for several days.

After a deep bikini, swelling, irritation and pain may appear, so sexual intercourse will only increase the discomfort.


How to avoid negative consequences during sex after sugaring

If no discomfort occurs after hair removal, in order to avoid the development of negative reactions, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

  • do not use lubricants during sexual intercourse, as chemicals can cause allergies;
  • Do not use flavored or colored condoms, which can cause irritation.

Important! If there are microtraumas in the intimate area, tingling, irritation and redness are noted. In this case, having sex is not recommended. If there are no negative reactions, there are no prohibitions on intimate life.

How to reduce the appearance of negative feelings during sex after sugaring

Several recommendations will help prevent or reduce the appearance of unpleasant sensations after sugaring during sexual intercourse:

  • immediately after depilation, the body surface should be treated with an antiseptic, this will reduce the risk of infection and inflammation;
  • use underwear made from natural fabrics;
  • exclude visiting the sauna, bathhouse and swimming pool;
  • take only a shower, at first you should forget about a hot bath;
  • for 1-2 days do not use gels, creams and other cosmetics to wash the intimate area;
  • if swelling is noted, it can be removed by applying a piece of ice wrapped in a cloth;
  • do not use deodorant on the intimate area;
  • to avoid strong friction, apply talc to the treated area;
  • Treat the skin with a product with a moisturizing and healing effect.

If you experience discomfort during sex after sugaring, including irritation, inflammation and swelling, you should postpone intimate life for a while.

Why you can’t have sex after sugaring: the consequences of sex after sugar hair removal

After sugaring, the specialist gives recommendations and also informs about a number of actions that should be avoided. This number includes having sex, since increased sweating and increased friction can cause severe irritation and injury.

Intimate life after epilation of the deep bikini area is not recommended for 1-4 days– until the skin is completely healed.


  • Redness, inflammation and peeling
    This reaction occurs if a girl has sensitive skin. During sex, friction occurs, which worsens already irritated skin. For prevention, it is recommended to apply a moisturizer immediately after sex.
  • Rash
    Rashes after sex may indicate irritation from body contact and/or improper care after the procedure.
  • The appearance of acne with purulent contents
    If after sex the area of ​​skin was not properly treated, ulcers may appear. In this case, harmful microorganisms penetrate into the open follicles, causing the appearance of ulcers.
  • Swelling
    Swelling in the first days is normal, although it may also indicate an inflammatory process.
  • The skin becomes more sensitive, resulting in irritation
    Redness and a mild rash should not be a cause for concern; this reaction often occurs in women with sensitive skin.
  • Infection
    If the bikini area is not treated with an antiseptic before and after sexual intercourse, infection may penetrate through the injured areas. This condition is observed if sexual intercourse shortly after sugaring occurred on the street, in the pool, at sea, etc.
  • Soreness
    Skin soreness after sex is associated with increased friction, especially if the procedure was performed for the first time.
  • Itching
    Itching is associated with dry skin and sweating. In this case, immediately after sex, the skin should be treated with a moisturizing and healing cream.
  • Thrush
    Thrush can become active in places with injuries and damage that appear as a result of sugaring. Sex after the procedure increases the risk of infection in the wounds.

If such reactions occur immediately after sexual intercourse, you should consult a dermatovenerologist for advice.

How long can you not have sex after sugaring: when can you start intimate life after sugar depilation

Sex immediately after sugar depilation is possible only if there is no contact with the treated area. In other cases, you should abstain from intimate life for several days. As long as the skin shows signs of inflammation and irritation, making love is undesirable.


Time frame when it will be possible to have sex after sugar depilation:

  • Sex soon after the procedure
    If the skin is not prone to irritation and the pain threshold is low, sexual contact is possible immediately after the procedure. The only thing is that it is recommended to avoid excessive friction and immediately after intimacy treat the skin with an antiseptic.
  • After 3-6 hours
    During this time, the skin is able to calm down. If there is no redness, swelling, or other reactions in the treated area, you can make love within a few hours. In another case, it is better to postpone intimate life for several days. During sex, sweating is inevitable, and after it you will need to take a shower - which is undesirable in the first hours.
  • One day after depilation
    Those who are prone to dry and irritated skin should avoid this period of time. Additional use of products or plain water can dry out the skin, increasing itching.

The most optimal abstinence time is 3 days. During this time, the treated area is able to recover from minimal damage.

According to experts, sex is contraindicated in the first 24 hours after sugaring. Friction during contact can increase irritation.

This limitation applies even to those who have been depilating the bikini area for a long time.

Some cosmetologists even believe that sexual intercourse should be postponed for 3-4 days - until the injured surface of the body has completely healed.

During this time, the hair follicles and pores will close - this way inflammation can also be prevented.

At the same time, sexual abstinence alone is not enough to completely eliminate the development of negative consequences.

How long after you can have sex after sugaring a deep bikini?

The time you need to wait after sugaring a deep bikini depends on each individual. Much depends on the professionalism of the specialist, skin sensitivity, tendency to allergies and other individual characteristics.


Sometimes it is permissible not to observe sexual rest at all and to have sex on the first day after deep depilation with sugar paste.

With a deep bikini, sensitive areas are treated, so sex may cause discomfort. According to reviews from girls who have undergone this procedure more than once, their skin has become less sensitive. And after a few hours there are no signs of inflammation, so sex is possible in this case.

If there are signs of irritation, redness, and soreness, it is better to postpone sexual intercourse for several days.

Having sex before and after sugaring is up to you. It all depends on the sensitivity of the skin and the characteristics of the body.

If on the first day there are no unpleasant sensations, there is no swelling and redness, there are no prohibitions on having sex.

But if possible recommended yet abstain from sexual intercourse for the first 3-5 days. If the treated area after sugar depilation is inflamed, red, itchy and other unpleasant symptoms appear, sexual intercourse is contraindicated.

Video: Is it possible to have sex after sugaring

From the video you can learn how to properly care for your skin after sugaring to avoid side effects.

If you have had your bikini area sugared and the question arises about having sex in the near future. Tell us about your experience, how you took care of your skin before and after sex, what problems you encountered, and how you were able to avoid complications.