Protection of building structures and structures from moisture is one of the important tasks in construction. Every building has risk areas that require close attention.

In private houses, such places have a foundation, a roof, a basement.

Sometimes insulation is protected from moisture, then waterproofing and thermal insulation are considered as a single complex.

Waterproofing works

Waterproofing work, as a necessary technological action, is included in the project. Designers prescribe the method of waterproofing and the necessary materials. Developers adapt the project to the actual site and, if necessary, make adjustments taking into account the composition of the soil.

When creating a house project, it is assumed that it will stand on a perfectly dry site. This rarely happens. The best position is for the developer whose house will be located on a sandy or rocky area. Atmospheric moisture, seeping through the soil, causes minimal damage to the foundation of the building. Such a house will need light waterproofing.

If the developer is unlucky and the construction must take place on heavy loamy soils that retain water for a long time, he needs to take care of “heavy” insulation.

It is also necessary to assess the level of groundwater. If waters are found below the building's basement floor, then "light" waterproofing is used. The occurrence of groundwater above the lower roof of the house - then “heavy” waterproofing with the installation of drainage systems should be used. If such drainage is not provided for in the project, then the necessary changes must be made.

Determining the type of waterproofing

Parts of the house located underground are most susceptible to contact with moisture. Unprotected areas of structures, due to the porous structure of concrete, absorb water like a sponge. This phenomenon is called capillary suction. Rising upward, the water reacts with the metal of the reinforcement and destroys it. As a result, the foundation loses strength and sags. The house is losing stability. Cracks, moisture on the walls, mold, and mildew appear.

Water in the house is no less dangerous. Leaking pipes and taps destroy a building almost as much as external moisture.

An excellent dry roof is the key to a warm, dry home. If roofing work were not made according to the rules, or the roof requires repair due to its service life - moisture that gets inside the house can destroy it very quickly.

Modern systems and methods of waterproofing make it possible to build and operate houses where just a few decades ago this was completely impossible, since old methods of waterproofing (roofing felt and plaster) could not insulate buildings well enough.

Waterproofing is distinguished:

• internal;
• external;
• vertical;
• horizontal;
• light;
• average;
• heavy;
• coating;
• painting;
• plastering;
• penetrating;
• injection;
• pasting;
• sprayed;
• primary;
• secondary;
• anti-pressure (pressure);
• non-pressure;
• capillary;
• sealing;
• comprehensive.

The type of waterproofing depends on the structure of the surface to be protected, the aggression of the external environment, factors from which additional protection must be carried out:

• Internal waterproofing involves carrying out work indoors. Very often this is plastering. But this is often not enough. Let's say we carried out work, plastered the basement, insulated all the cracks with putty. Dry. But outside the house, groundwater destroys the foundation and walls of the building through capillary suction. Obviously, holding only internal waterproofing not quite the right decision.
• External insulation is the insulation from moisture of the external surfaces of the walls and foundations of the house, sometimes flat roofs.
• Vertical insulation means plastering, coating, painting, spraying, pasting, reinforcement, penetrating waterproofing.
• Horizontal - usually the same, but already protected horizontal surfaces. Very often, films and membranes are used for such insulation, which cannot be used on vertical surfaces.
• Technologically, when using all types of insulation, they strive to give structures the ability to repel water; only the methods of creating this property differ.
• Coating and plaster waterproofing fundamentally use a similar principle of operation.
• Coating waterproofing is the coating of a surface in several layers with single- or multi-component materials. Apply to brick, concrete, cement structures. Used for external waterproofing - walls, roofs, foundations from moisture and groundwater. In internal waterproofing - basement walls, bathroom or kitchen floors. Works also as an insulating technology for joints and crevices.
• Mineral masses are applied to concrete or cement, brick walls. You can use hot or cold coating.
• One-component coating materials include bitumen, mastics, and sealants. Multicomponent ones include polyurethane mastics.
• Plastering is the covering of walls made of brick, cement, concrete or wood with a layer of mineral mass. Plastering simultaneously performs several functions - waterproofing, thermal insulation, decorative.

It is carried out using mixtures prepared directly at the construction site from dry powders and water in the required quantity.

Types and compositions of waterproofing plasters

Waterproofing plaster

Waterproofing plasters are prepared from a mixture of sand and cement with an additive in the form of liquid glass, ceresin, and various plasticizers.

Liquid glass with a density of 1.40 g/cm3 is dissolved in 10 liters of water. This solution is poured into a mixture of Portland cement and sand in a ratio of one to three. Waterproofing plaster based on this base is resistant to acids.

Solutions based on ceresite, aluminate, are mixed with Portland cement 400 grade and 3 parts sand. Added plasticizers facilitate the work of covering surfaces with the mass.

Plaster based on waterproof cement in a composition of one to three with sand has very good hydrophobic properties. Supplements are not provided here. This type of plaster waterproofing is used to cover the walls of swimming pools, lock chambers, dock rooms, basements, and tunnels, which are attacked by soil water during “heavy” waterproofing.

Separately, it should be noted the group of hydrophobic plaster mixtures. Hydrophobization is when a surface is given the property of repelling water, not drawing it in or becoming covered with it.

To impart water-repellent properties to the plaster, when dissolving Portland cement standard 101780, compositions based on silicon and sodium silicones are introduced and then the plaster is treated with solutions of these agents:

• Additives make up 1.5% of the cement mass.
• After plastering on the 7th day, the surface is further treated.
• Water-repellent impregnation is applied either manually or by spray.

Spraying requires polyethylene parts to avoid reaction with the solution. The solution is applied in two layers until the surface shine is visible. The effect appears after 2-3 days. Waterproofing impregnation does not change the color, texture, or appearance of the surface. After three days, a control wetting is done - when sprayed with water, it should roll off in drops and the material should not become wet.

Plaster waterproofing is used on facades and buildings, inside buildings. The coating can withstand water pressure of 7 MP. Withstands temperature changes from -45 to 70 degrees Celsius.

Modern waterproofing plasters are safe and do not emit harmful substances after hardening.

The procedure for carrying out plastering work

The surface for work must be cleaned of dirt, crumbling parts of old coatings, paint, bitumen or oil stains, and obvious dirt. There should be no obstacles to the adhesion of the plaster mixture to the surface.

Work must be carried out in dry air, at a temperature not lower than 5 degrees Celsius. There should be no gaps, cracks or recesses larger than 3 cm on the surface. They must be embroidered and pre-sealed. On walls made of concrete and stone, a reinforcing mesh is pre-installed and a special penetrating primer is applied.

The plaster mixture is prepared on site from the mixture and water at the rate of 6 liters of water per 25 kg of mixture. Plastering is carried out manually traditionally in layers of at least 2 or 3. Each layer should not exceed 2 cm. Dry the layer before re-coating for 24 hours. If work is carried out in hot weather, plaster layer wetted with water. When working outdoors, it is necessary to protect the fresh layer from rain in the first two days after application.

After 20-30 days, signs of water repellency will fully appear.

It should also be noted that decorative acrylic and silicate plasters have signs of water repellency.

The most important thing before starting work is to choose the right type of waterproofing plaster that you need and then the plastered surface will serve you for many years.

Waterproofing plaster mortars consist of mineral binders (usually cement), fillers and polymer and mineral additives. Designed for making insulating layers in basements, foundations, bathrooms, showers and others wet areas, in swimming pools, wells, pipes, on roofs, balconies, etc.

They are used on external and internal surfaces, on walls and floors on dense concrete, cement plaster, brickwork all types with filled joints (masonry with voids in the joints must be pre-plastered with a layer of at least 10 mm). Provide water resistance while maintaining vapor permeability. Supplied in the form of dry mixtures. Elastic mixtures can be applied to stressed foundations (for example, reinforced concrete structures), where there is a possibility of cracks opening.

A general requirement for the use of solutions is the preparation of the base. Solutions must be applied according to strong foundations, cleaned from dust, dirt, lime, oils, fats, paint residues. Sinks and recesses must be level cement mortar.

The dry mixture is mixed with water strictly according to the recipe and mixed thoroughly. It is recommended to use a mixer. Application temperature – from +5 to +30 degrees. C. During the hardening process, the coating must be protected from drying out (wind, sun), freezing, rain, work load. The applied layer should be protected from damage (plaster, screed or other means). Store the mixtures in the original packaging, preventing the liquid components from freezing.

Comparative cost of plaster waterproofing mixtures Plaster mixtures Cost (RUB/kg) Flow min. (RUB/sq. m) Flow max. (RUB/sq. m) Elasticity Water column (m) Hydrolast 15 30 30 + 3 Alit GR-1 6,4 38,4 115,2 - Atlas.Woder S 20,3 40,6 91,44 + 5 Barralastik 48,3 72,5 96,7 + 90 Waterproofing mixture 19 76 190 + Osmoflex 54,4 174,1 217,7 + Coverkol 85,2 127,8 170,4 + Cerecit CR-65 15,5 46,5 77,6 Cerecit CR-66 73,97 221,6 369,3 + Cerecit CR-166 72,1 216,3 360,5 + 5 Epasit DS, DSS 24,376 109,7 182,8 15 Epasit DSF/2K 30 kg 99,8 299,3816 498,9 + 15 Dichtugschlemme Knauf 66,7 200 466,7

"Gidrolast"

Domestic analogue Barralastic, a thin-layer universal waterproofing coating based on cement and special polymers of the latest generation. It is used when the water column pressure is up to 3 m. The coating is vapor permeable and elastic enough for low-deformable bases. It has high adhesion to any surface (more than 0.9 MPa), forms common crystals with mineral bases, and is frost-resistant (more than 200 cycles). Apply with a brush in two layers with total consumption 2 kg/sq. m. Supplied in 15 kg bags + 3 liter canister.

GR-1 mixture "Alit"
(TU 5745-002-45498032)

Mortar for plastering waterproofing works. Developed by St. Petersburg University of Transport. Supplied by JSC "Vasko" plastic bags 25 kg each.

Application

Stir twice for 10-15 minutes to allow swelling. Apply to walls using plaster technology in 2-3 layers of 4 mm with a break of 24 hours, on horizontal surfaces - as a 15-20 mm screed with vibration compaction and smoothing or manually in two layers. Education should be excluded shrinkage cracks through the use special means. Before applying a new layer, it is recommended to brush the surface with a wire brush.

Atlas Woder S

The waterproof solution can withstand water pressure up to 5 meters. It is a mixture of cements, powder resin, mineral additives and modifiers. It is characterized by good adhesion, water and frost resistance, low elasticity, manufacturability and low shrinkage. Supplied in 25 kg bags. Shelf life – 6 months.

Application

Apply the mixture to the base in at least 2 layers (the first layer is with a brush). Can be applied to freshly finished surfaces (eg plastered) after 14 days. The mixture hardens within 3 days.

"Addiment Barralastic"
(Manufactured by Heidelberger Zement, Germany)

Two-component waterproofing mortar (cement-based dry mixture plus binding emulsion). When hardened, it forms common crystals with cement. Thanks to its high adhesion, it can be used on almost any material - concrete, brick, metal, wood. Withstands lifting pressure up to 4 atm and pressing pressure up to 9 atm (40–90 m of water column). Resistant to acids, alkalis, petroleum products, etc., environmentally friendly, non-toxic, highly breathable, has a hygienic certificate, can be used in food water supply systems. Elastic, tolerates temperature changes, vibrations, movements, and frost. It has a density of about 1.3 kg/l. Shelf life 1 year.

Application

Mix thoroughly, use after 10 minutes, apply with a brush or spatula in two layers of 1 mm each. Drying time – 1–2 hours, complete hardening – after 1–2 days. Does not require sealing cracks smaller than 1 mm.

Waterproofing mixture
(Produced by Bauta, Germany)

Elastic mixture based on polymers for insulating concrete, masonry, cement plaster and self-leveling floors for interior and exterior work with water pressure up to 5 meters. Depending on the pressure, consumption is 4–10 kg/sq.m. m. Shelf life – 1 year.

Application

Mix with a mixer, apply with a spatula in a layer of about 3 mm, after a while treat the surface with a damp brush. Use the mixture within 1 hour. Protect from external influences for 1 day, ready after 5 days.

"Osmoflex"

Two-component plastic coating made of binders, fillers and styrene-butadiene resins. It is used for insulating structures, including those subject to vibration and dynamic loads, as well as for creating a flexible connection between walls and floors, ceilings, pipes and masonry, etc. Withstands crack opening up to 1 mm without compromising the waterproofing. Has good adhesion to various materials, non-toxic, frost-resistant, protects against carbon and sulfur oxides, chlorides and sulfides.

Application

Apply a layer of up to 2 mm with a sprayer or spatula. If necessary, reinforce the coating with fiberglass mesh with 4x5 mm cells. Do not use in frost below -5 degrees. With and under pull-out pressure; do not apply a layer thicker than 2 mm.

"Covercol"
(Produced by Index S.p.A., Italy)

A universal two-component waterproofing and adhesive elastic composition made of acrylic elastomers and astringent additives. It is used both for waterproofing and for gluing tiles, stones and mosaics in swimming pools and showers, on floors that require waterproofing. It is characterized by increased adhesion, frost resistance and resistance to aggressive environments. Consumption for waterproofing – 1.5–2 kg/sq.m. m, when used as an adhesive solution - 2–3 kg/sq. m. Packaging – 20 kg buckets. Shelf life – 1 year.

Application

Apply with a spatula on a damp surface in a layer of 1.5–2 mm. In areas with defects or subject to cracking and dynamic loads "Covercol" it is necessary to reinforce it with reinforcing fiberglass mesh with 3x3 mm cells, recessing it into this layer. After the composition has hardened for 4 hours, you can begin facing work using the same “Covercol”. It is not recommended to walk on the "Covercoat" layer before laying the facing materials.

Ceresit CR-65

Cement mortar for internal and external waterproofing of non-deformable mineral substrates. Shrink-proof, vapor-permeable, frost-resistant. Brick and concrete surfaces can be insulated no earlier than 3 months from the date of installation, plaster and cement floors - after 28 days. Dissimilar substrates (brick/concrete, for example) must first be plastered. External and internal corners the bases must be rounded. Use the solution within 2 hours. The first layer is applied with a brush, the second with a spatula, “wet on wet”. Protect from external influences for 1 day, readiness – after 2 days. Supplied in 25 kg bags. Shelf life – 1 year.

Ceresit CR-66/CR-166

Elastic two-component cement-polymer waterproofing for deformable bases. Frost-resistant, bridging cracks up to 0.5 mm, suitable for interior and exterior use, vapor permeable, environmentally friendly. The coatings can be applied to plaster, tiles, and floors. Do not apply to gypsum or anhydrite substrates or substrates with salt deposits. On expansion joints and opening cracks, sealing tape or sealant should be used. Storage – 1 year. Supplied in bags and cans: CR-166– 24 kg and 10 l; CR-66– 23.4 kg and 6.66 l.

Application

Stir twice for 5 minutes. Apply on a damp base, without puddles. External and internal corners of the base must be rounded. Apply the coating in 2-3 passes with a brush, “wet on wet”, after 3 hours. Resistance to precipitation – after 24 hours, complete readiness – after 3 days.

Epasit DS, DSS

Coating waterproofing. This mineral solution can serve as a base for floors, plasters (except gypsum), facing slabs and panels, inner layer for swimming pools and water storages. Hardens without shrinkage and cracks, has high wear resistance. Difference DSS– increased sulfate resistance. Waterproof at 1.5 bar (15 m water column). Supplied in 30 kg bags.

Application

Apply with a brush, spray, or spray on moistened substrates at a temperature not lower than +5 degrees. C. Apply at least two layers with a total thickness of 2–5 mm. Use the solution within 2 hours.

Epasit DSF/2K
(Produced by EPASIT GmbH Spezialbaustoffe, Germany)

Elastic waterproofing (capable of stretching up to 34%). It is a two-component composition - a dry mixture D.S. and a liquid component for mixing. Can be used to seal joints in porous concrete. Remains waterproof under a water pressure of 15 meters. Apply a layer 2–5 mm thick. Use within 1 hour. Supplied in 30 kg bags plus 12 liter canister.

Epasit DSF/2K. Specifications Tensile Strength(MPa) 0,43 Crack bridging (mm) 2,5 Adhesion(MPa) 0,88 Consumption (kg/sq.m) 3,0–5,0

"Dichtungsschlamme"
(Produced by "TIGI Knauf")

Cement waterproofing mineral mortar. It is always applied from the water pressure side with a layer of 2–4.5 mm (3.0–7.0 kg/sq. m) depending on the pressure. Supplied in 25 kg bags.

Application

Stir twice and leave for 5-10 minutes to swell. Apply 2–3 layers with a brush or spatula using the “wet on wet” method. Leave for 24 hours in a well-moistened state. Complete hardening after 5–7 days.

Many country residents dream of making a full-fledged basement in their cottage. The ground floor can accommodate engineering equipment, set up a workshop or store household items and household supplies. But, unlike the above-ground part of the cottage, a room completely or partially buried underground is subject to negative influence groundwater and the formation of condensation due to excess humidity. These features must be taken into account when choosing material for plastering interior walls basement and work technology. From this article you will learn:

• Why do the walls in the basement and basement become damp?
• How to solve the problem of excess moisture in the basement.
• How to choose a material for plastering walls in the basement.
• How to prepare basement walls for cement plaster application.
• How to properly plaster the walls of the basement.
• Recommendations and life hacks.

Why do the walls in the basement and basement become damp?

Causes of this problem:

Alexey NikolaevLafargeHolcim specialist

The basement floor is an occupied room under a cottage, the floor level of which is located below the planning level of the ground around the house to a height of no more than half the height of this room. If the floor level is lower, then the room is usually called a basement. Walls in rooms buried in the ground become damp due to the entry of moisture from the ground or its loss in the form of condensation due to the lower temperature of the wall surface.

The main reason for this problem is the developer’s refusal to carry out engineering and geological studies of the soil and erroneously adopted engineering and technical solutions when building a house.

If there is no or poor ventilation in the basement or ground floor, then condensation accumulates abundantly on the walls and ceilings of the premises.

How to get rid of excess moisture in the basement

Before equipping a basement or ground floor, for example, finishing the walls with cement plaster, it is necessary to identify the cause of excess moisture and be sure to eliminate it. In each specific case, a whole range of measures is carried out - pumping out water in case of severe flooding of the basement, additional waterproofing of the floor, walls and seams, arrangement of drainage and ventilation, drying the room with heat guns.

Alexey Nikolaev

Plastering walls in the basement is not only a way to level their surface, but also one of the protective measures wall materials from constant or periodic penetration of moisture and increasing indoor comfort. For this purpose they are used special types plasters containing various chemical compounds and complexes of mineral additives, allowing you to reliably isolate the basement or basement from negative impact excess moisture.

Criteria for selecting materials for plastering walls of basements and ground floors

AStor User FORUMHOUSE

I built a house with a basement. The basement walls were built from FBS blocks. The outside is waterproofed. The basement is residential, heated with underfloor heating. I want to decorate the walls. Builders say that it is best to use simple plaster based on sand and cement. Would you like to know how to properly plaster basement walls? What to spend preparatory work? At the bottom of the walls appeared in some places white coating looks like efflorescence, how to remove it?

Before answering these questions, let's tell you:

• In what cases should special sanitizing and waterproofing plasters be used in the basement?
• How do they differ from ordinary cement plaster?

Sanitizing plaster

Sanitizing plaster is also called drying or restoring plaster. Thanks to the porous structure of the material, moisture is evenly distributed throughout the entire layer of plaster and does not go deep, which contributes to its active evaporation. Hydrophobic additives prevent the reverse movement of moisture.

Due to the increased pore area, moisture evaporates faster, and the base (plastered walls) remains dry. That’s why this type of plaster is called dehumidifying plaster. In addition to the drying effect, sanitizing plaster prevents the formation of efflorescence by retaining salts dissolved in water in its pores.

The effect of sanitizing plaster appears only if subsequent layers are vapor-permeable(ideally, the vapor permeability coefficient is greater than that of the plaster itself), i.e. system: wall finishing “breathes”.

Waterproofing plaster

This is the name for cement-based plaster mixtures for waterproofing basement walls and underground premises. The composition of this plaster includes special additives and minerals, providing a high degree of water resistance after the mixture has hardened.

In addition to damp basements, waterproofing plasters can be used for finishing bathrooms, swimming pools, underground structures, etc.

Alexey Nikolaev

Waterproofing plaster suitable for all types stone walls, but has some limitations in application. Waterproofing plasters are not recommended for use during active shrinkage of the building, as well as on structures prone to deformation, because if the integrity of the plaster layer is violated, namely the formation of deformation cracks and other defects, the waterproofing effect of the material is lost.

Waterproofing plaster only prevents moisture from penetrating from the ground into the basement, but moisture still remains in the walls.

General construction cement plaster

In the case when at the construction stage all necessary measures have been taken to prevent the penetration of groundwater into the basement or basement, and it is also equipped effective system ventilation is the same optimal solution there will be application from reliable manufacturer. The use of cement plaster will help reduce financial costs and also create a reliable base layer for further finishing work.

Preparing basement walls for applying cement plaster mortar

Preparing the walls of the basement for plastering is divided into a number of sequential steps:

1. The walls are cleaned of dirt, dust, grease and oil stains, traces old decoration, easily separated inclusions, paint, etc.
2. A visual inspection of the walls is carried out. If there are cracks or unsealed seams on the surface through which water can penetrate into the basement, then they should be repaired: jointing and subsequent “caulking” of the defective areas with special repair materials.
3. If there are pockets of mold in the basement, they must be removed mechanically, cleaning the surface down to the base, and then treating the area of ​​infection with antifungal agents. If there is efflorescence on the surface of the walls, then the surface is also treated with special chemical compounds(often these are solutions of weak acids).
4. The walls are primed.

Even if there is no mold in the basement, then the use of primer compositions containing antifungal substances will not be superfluous.

If necessary, measures are taken to create an additional waterproofing layer in the basement.

Technology for plastering basement walls

At this stage, we adhere to the following sequence of work:

• Determine the required thickness of the plaster layer.

Alexey Nikolaev

When the thickness of the plaster layer is more than 15 mm or at the junction of dissimilar materials, for example, concrete and brick, it is recommended to use a plaster mesh. The plaster mesh is mounted in such a way that after application mortar mixture it was located in its volume at least 2/3 of the thickness. This condition can be met by pre-fixing plaster mesh by organizing a distance from the wall by a given amount. The mesh will reduce the likelihood of cracks forming and minimize the opening width when they occur.

• We display beacons.
• Mix the plaster composition strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions. Usually the finished solution has a consistency similar to thick sour cream.

The usual set of tools is used to plaster basement walls.

• First, we fill the unevenness and seams with the solution, after which we apply the first layer of plaster.

Subsequent layers are applied based on the type of plaster and the recommendations of the mixture manufacturer.

During the first 7-14 days after applying the plaster solution, it is necessary to take care of the coating, that is, not to allow the material to dry out. For this purpose, the room is maintained temperature regime within +5-30 C° and, if necessary, the plaster layer is moistened. This will minimize the risks associated with the appearance of cracks and provide the plaster composition with a set of strength characteristics specified by the material manufacturer.

If there is excess moisture in the basement, and there are no obvious signs of why it appeared, then you can identify it this way: tightly attach a transparent plastic bag to the wall. We leave it in the basement for several days.

If excess moisture is formed due to condensation, then drops of moisture on the bag will be from the side of the room, and if due to the seepage of groundwater - from the side of the wall.

Users of the portal are also interested in the question: “Is it necessary to use special chemical additives to increase the waterproofing properties of ordinary cement plaster?”

Alexey Nikolaev

The main condition when choosing a plaster mixture is the correct assessment of the tasks facing it.If you buy cement plaster from a reliable manufacturer, then you do not need to add chemical additives to the solution. The components included in the product are selected in such a way as to guarantee that all the characteristics declared by the manufacturer are obtained with minimal labor costs for the consumer. The main points that need to be paid attention to are appropriate preparation of the base, compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations for the preparation and application of the mortar mixture and proper care of the coating during the period of strengthening.

Summing up

The space in the basement or ground floor can and should be used effectively by arranging it for your own needs. If groundwater lies below the base of the basement, or a set of waterproofing measures has been carried out, the developer can successfully use ordinary cement plaster without spending money on special mixtures. In this case, ordinary cement plaster is the most affordable and budget solution.

The main purpose of plaster mixtures is to prepare the base for finishing, that is, in rough leveling and surface hardening. But there are also plasters that, in addition to their main functions, perform other tasks: increase heat and sound insulation, protect against harmful radiation, give the base fire-resistant properties, and so on. They are called special-purpose compounds, and are used taking into account functional features these solutions.

Special types include waterproofing plaster, which is used for finishing surfaces exposed to increased moisture. First of all, these are foundations, ground floors, basements, and outer walls of houses located in damp areas.

How does this plaster differ from ordinary plaster, and how should it be applied correctly?

Waterproofing mixtures form a dense, hard coating that prevents moisture from penetrating into the thickness of the walls or foundation. They are applied manually and by machine and are used both outdoors and indoors. Depending on the composition of the components, waterproofing plasters are divided into 2 types:

• cement-sand;
• asphalt.

The first type is more common and is widely used in private construction. Cement-sand You can make plasters yourself, and the process of applying them is almost no different from conventional plastering.

To prepare the solution, cement grade M400 and higher is used, and the filler is fine quartz sand, stone flour, finely ground coal, bitumen additives. To increase water resistance, add to the solution liquid glass, ceresite, sodium aluminate and other water repellents.

The ratio of binder and filler is usually 1:2, less often 1:3. For maximum efficiency, the coating thickness should be 25 mm, provided that the plaster is applied from the water pressure side. Application is carried out in several layers, minimum thickness– 3 mm. This type of waterproofing has many advantages:

• high reliability even with prolonged flooding of the foundation and walls of the house;
• resistance to repeated freezing;
• environmental safety – plaster composition it is possible to finish the internal surfaces of drinking water tanks;
• plaster serves as an excellent base for painting and cladding;
• has good adhesion;
• low cost of the solution;
• resistance to mechanical damage.

In order for the coating to be of high quality and durable, it can only be applied to a carefully prepared base. In addition, the surface must be strong and not prone to shrinkage, otherwise the plaster will become covered with cracks. For work, it is preferable to choose factory mixtures with clearly defined proportions of components. They are available in dry form, and to prepare the solution it is enough to mix the powder with water in the required ratio.

Asphalt plaster used mainly on industrial facilities. Its cost is quite high, and special equipment is required for application, so in private construction the use of such waterproofing is not always justified. The plaster contains petroleum bitumen, asbestos dust, sand and mineral fillers in powder form.

There are two ways to apply asphalt plaster - cold and hot. The cold solution is applied manually or by machine, and it is much easier to work with. The second method involves heating the solution to 180 degrees and applying it using special equipment. In this case, the waterproofing is as reliable and durable as possible.

Popular brands cement-sand plaster for waterproofing

Name	Brief characteristics
	The mixture forms a hard, waterproof coating with good vapor permeability. It has excellent frost resistance (up to 200 cycles), resistance to alkali and salt exposure. Designed for waterproofing external and internal vertical surfaces that are not prone to deformation and shrinkage, and are not subject to vibration. It is used for finishing buried structures, water tanks, swimming pools, and for filling voids in old brickwork. Available in the form of dry powder, packaged in 5 and 25 kg
	Elastic mixture on a cement-polymer basis. Designed for deformable and shrinkage-prone substrates. Suitable for all mineral surfaces that do not contain gypsum. Used to protect buried structures, walls and foundations of houses located on the shores of reservoirs, finishing swimming pools and tanks for household purposes. The composition has increased durability to chemically aggressive substances - alkalis, acids, acetone, hydraulic oil and others. Standard packaging contains a canister of emulsion (10 l) and a bag of dry plaster mixture(25 kg)
	Two-component elastic mixture of deep penetration. Designed for waterproofing all types of surfaces, including those subject to vibrations and shrinkage deformations. It has very high adhesion, after drying it forms an absolutely waterproof coating, but with vapor permeability. The solution has good plasticity and is easy to apply with a brush or spatula. The standard kit includes a bag of dry mixture (25 kg) and a canister of emulsion (5 l)
	Cement mixture with active additives intended for waterproofing concrete surfaces. The solution penetrates 40-50 cm into the concrete, completely closing the pores of the material, resulting in the surface becoming completely moisture-proof. The composition is used for finishing foundations and plinths, basements, cellars, wells, and swimming pools. When applied to brick or masonry, wood, foam concrete and other materials, the waterproofing effect of the coating is absent. The composition is environmentally safe, frost-resistant, resistant to alkalis and acids. Packaged in plastic buckets with a capacity of 5, 10, 25 kg
	Dry cement mixture penetrating type for concrete foundations. It is a more budget-friendly analogue of Penetron, which is why it is in good demand. Apply with a brush or spray in two layers. It is resistant to chemically aggressive substances and temperature changes. Packaged in plastic buckets of 10 and 25 kg

The average consumption of ordinary waterproofing plaster is 1.5 kg per m2 when applied in a single layer. The consumption of penetrating compounds is less - about 0.4-0.6 kg/m2. Of course, this indicator directly depends on the quality of the surface, the method of application and the thickness of the layers, so before purchasing the material you should carefully calculate everything and add 10-15% of the calculated amount of the mixture in reserve.

Prices for waterproofing plasters

Waterproofing plasters

Conditions for applying plaster

Waterproofing plaster solutions cannot be applied to crumbling, loose substrates, coatings containing gypsum, as well as surfaces with efflorescence, traces of bitumen, paint, or oil stains. All this reduces adhesion, which means the plaster will not last long. It is also unacceptable to plaster bases with cracks whose width exceeds 0.5 mm.

Such a wall cannot be plastered without prior repairs.

To properly prepare the surface, you need to completely remove layers of paint, old plaster or putty. If the paint is difficult to remove, it is advisable to soften it by heating it with a hairdryer or special chemical removers. After this, it can be easily removed with a spatula. Plaster and putty are cleaned with a metal brush; you can also use a grinder with an attachment. Excellent result sandblasting gives.

The seams of brick and stone masonry must be cleaned with a wire brush and removed from dust. If the masonry is old and the seams are crumbling, they are cleaned to a solid base and then filled with fresh cement mortar. Before sealing, cracks must be opened to a depth of 1-2 cm and cleaned of dust.

When finishing surfaces with a heterogeneous structure (concrete and brick, brick and stone), the base is first plastered with a regular cement-sand mixture.

Like ordinary plaster, the waterproofing layer needs reinforcement if its thickness exceeds 10 mm. When plastering rough masonry or a surface with numerous defects, when the solution is applied in a thick layer, a galvanized metal mesh with cells from 10x10 mm to 20x20 mm is used for reinforcement.

It is fixed to the base using plastic dowels and screws with a fastening pitch of 40-50 cm.

On flat surface should be used, provided that the layer thickness does not exceed 30 mm.

At least 3 months must pass between the construction of the masonry and its waterproofing. This also applies to concrete foundations. If preliminary leveling is carried out with ordinary cement mortar, waterproofing plaster can be applied no earlier than after 28 days. Plastering should be done in dry, windless weather, at a temperature not lower than +5 and not higher than +30 degrees. Optimal air humidity is 60%. Moreover, such conditions must be observed not only during the period of applying plaster, but also for several days after completion of the work.

Prices for plaster mesh

Plaster mesh

Plastering is done manually or by machine. The first option is much more practical, since it does not require equipment and the solution consumption is less. True, it takes more time to work, and the reliability of adhesion to the base is slightly lower. Mechanical method allows you to do everything much faster and without much physical effort; moreover, with this application, the solution adheres very firmly to the surface, and the coating acquires high strength. Disadvantages include high consumption working mixture and the need for a special installation.

Manual application method

To work you will need:

• kneading container;
• construction mixer;
• metal spatula;
• paint brush with semi-rigid bristles;
• clean water.

Step 1. The prepared surface is slightly moistened with water using a wide brush. The base should be moist, but not wet, especially since puddles are not allowed on horizontal planes.

Step 2. Pour into the container clean water room temperature, add the dry mixture and stir with a mixer at a speed of 400-800 rpm for 3 minutes. The proportions of water and dry mixture are indicated on the packaging. If it is a two-component composition, first pour the emulsion into the container, add water (if indicated in the instructions), stir and only then add the dry ingredients. For the first layer, the solution is made more liquid: on average, take 1 part water for 2.5 parts of the dry mixture. After mixing, leave the solution for 5 minutes to mature, then mix again with a mixer.

Construction mixer price

Construction mixer

Step 3. The first layer is applied with a brush, making movements in one direction. The solution is taken little by little, thoroughly rubbed over the surface, focusing special attention joints Make sure that the layer remains uniform over the entire area, avoid the formation of sagging and drips. It is not recommended to return to already treated areas to correct something; this violates the integrity of the layer and reduces the adhesion of the material to the base.

Step 4. After completing the application of the plaster, you must wait until it begins to harden. After this, prepare the next portion of the solution, but this time add less water: approximately 1 part water to 3 parts dry mixture.

Step 5. It is better to use a spatula to apply the second layer. Take the solution in small portions and evenly distribute it over the base in a thin layer from bottom to top, holding the spatula at an angle to the surface. Movements with a spatula must be performed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the brush. That is, if you applied the first layer vertical movements, then the second one should be applied horizontally. If a third layer is necessary, this rule must also be observed.

Step 6. The plastered surface must be protected from drying out, mechanical loads, direct sun rays. If the weather is too warm, the plaster must be periodically moistened with water using a sprayer. After 7 days, when the coating is sufficiently strong, the plaster is grouted. To do this, make a liquid solution, spread it in a thin layer on the surface and smooth it in a circular motion using a polyurethane or metal grater.

Immediately after plastering, the coating cannot be rubbed down, as this will disrupt its density and adhesion to the base. Continue finishing work possible in 3-7 days, depending on the composition of the plaster. For example, a Barralastik coating can be tiled within 20 hours after applying the last layer, for Ceresit CR 65 it takes 3 days, for Penetron - from 7 to 14 days.

Mechanical method of application

Mechanical application, or shotcrete, is carried out using a special installation with a compressor and nozzle. Gladkoe concrete base Before shotcreting, they are sandblasted or small notches are made manually over the entire area.

On rough grounds uneven surface a reinforcing mesh made of galvanized metal is pre-fixed.

Step 1. The working surface is slightly moistened.

Water is poured into the installation container and the dry mixture is poured in the proportions specified by the manufacturer. Set the pressure within 0.25...0.3 mPa, check the supply of the solution on a separate section of the wall. If the mixture begins to float and slide down, it means that there is excess water in the solution, and dry components should be added, but if dry spots form on the plaster layer, you need to add water.

Step 2. To apply the solution evenly, hold the nozzle perpendicular to the wall at a distance of 80-100 cm from the surface, slowly moving it in a circular motion. The thickness of one layer should be within 7-10 mm. Having completed the work, cover the plaster plastic film to protect from drying out.

Advice. If you need to take a forced break in work, the edge of the plaster on the already treated area is cut at an angle of 45 degrees and scratched with a metal brush over the fresh mortar. After resuming the work process, the cut area must be moistened generously with water.

Step 3. The next layer is applied one day after the first, and the same interval is maintained before applying the third layer. The total thickness of the coating should not exceed 50 mm.

Step 4. After the plaster has hardened, a liquid solution is prepared, manually applied to the coating and grouted with a metal or polyurethane float. Next, cover the surface with polyethylene or periodically moisten it with water to avoid cracking.

For 7 days, the plaster must be protected from freezing, direct sunlight, and mechanical stress. If everything is done correctly, the coating after drying has an even color, a smooth hard surface, when tapped wooden hammer makes ringing sounds.

Video – Robot plasterer PlasteRUS SPERO

Video - Waterproofing plaster

The main purpose of plaster mixtures is to prepare the base for finishing, that is, to rough level and harden the surface. But there are also plasters that, in addition to their main functions, perform other tasks: increase heat and sound insulation, protect against harmful radiation, give the base fire-resistant properties, and so on. They are called special-purpose formulations, and are used taking into account the functional characteristics of these solutions.

Waterproofing plaster

Special types include waterproofing plaster, which is used for finishing surfaces exposed to increased moisture. First of all, these are foundations, ground floors, basements, and outer walls of houses located in damp areas.

Waterproofing plaster on the basement of a house

How does this plaster differ from ordinary plaster, and how should it be applied correctly?

Waterproofing mixtures form a dense, hard coating that prevents moisture from penetrating into the thickness of the walls or foundation. They are applied manually and by machine and are used both outdoors and indoors. Depending on the composition of the components, waterproofing plasters are divided into 2 types:

• cement-sand;
• asphalt.

The first type is more common and is widely used in private construction. Cement-sand You can make plasters yourself, and the process of applying them is almost no different from conventional plastering.

Working with cement-sand plaster

To prepare the solution, cement grade M400 and higher is used, and the filler is fine quartz sand, stone flour, finely ground coal, and bitumen additives. To increase water resistance, liquid glass, ceresite, sodium aluminate and other water repellents are added to the solution.

The ratio of binder and filler is usually 1:2, less often 1:3. For maximum efficiency, the coating thickness should be 25 mm, provided that the plaster is applied from the water pressure side. Application is carried out in several layers, the minimum thickness is 3 mm. This type of waterproofing has many advantages:

• high reliability even with prolonged flooding of the foundation and walls of the house;
• resistance to repeated freezing;
• environmental safety - the plaster composition can be used to finish the internal surfaces of drinking water tanks;
• plaster serves as an excellent base for painting and cladding;
• has good adhesion;
• low cost of the solution;
• resistance to mechanical damage.

Applied plaster

In order for the coating to be of high quality and durable, it can only be applied to a carefully prepared base. In addition, the surface must be strong and not prone to shrinkage, otherwise the plaster will become covered with cracks. For work, it is preferable to choose factory mixtures with clearly defined proportions of components. They are available in dry form, and to prepare the solution it is enough to mix the powder with water in the required ratio.

Plaster waterproofing

Asphalt plaster used primarily in industrial facilities. Its cost is quite high, and special equipment is required for application, so in private construction the use of such waterproofing is not always justified. The plaster contains petroleum bitumen, asbestos dust, sand and mineral fillers in powder form.

There are two ways to apply asphalt plaster - cold and hot. The cold solution is applied manually or by machine, and it is much easier to work with. The second method involves heating the solution to 180 degrees and applying it using special equipment. In this case, the waterproofing is as reliable and durable as possible.

Popular brands of cement-sand plaster for waterproofing

	The mixture forms a hard, waterproof coating with good vapor permeability. It has excellent frost resistance (up to 200 cycles), resistance to alkali and salt exposure. Designed for waterproofing external and internal vertical surfaces that are not prone to deformation and shrinkage, and are not subject to vibration. It is used for finishing buried structures, water tanks, swimming pools, and for filling voids in old brickwork. Available in the form of dry powder, packaged in 5 and 25 kg
Ceresit CR 66 / CR 166	Elastic mixture on a cement-polymer basis. Designed for deformable and shrinkage-prone substrates. Suitable for all mineral surfaces that do not contain gypsum. Used to protect buried structures, walls and foundations of houses located on the shores of reservoirs, finishing swimming pools and tanks for household purposes. The composition has increased resistance to chemically aggressive substances - alkalis, acids, acetone, hydraulic oil and others. Standard packaging contains a canister of emulsion (10 l) and a bag of dry plaster mixture (25 kg)
Barralastik	Two-component elastic mixture of deep penetration. Designed for waterproofing all types of surfaces, including those subject to vibrations and shrinkage deformations. It has very high adhesion, after drying it forms an absolutely waterproof coating, but with vapor permeability. The solution has good plasticity and is easy to apply with a brush or spatula. The standard kit includes a bag of dry mixture (25 kg) and a canister of emulsion (5 l)
Penetron	A cement mixture with active additives intended for waterproofing concrete surfaces. The solution penetrates 40-50 cm into the concrete, completely closing the pores of the material, resulting in the surface becoming completely moisture-proof. The composition is used for finishing foundations and plinths, basements, cellars, wells, and swimming pools. When applied to brick or stone masonry, wood, foam concrete and other materials, the coating has no waterproofing effect. The composition is environmentally safe, frost-resistant, resistant to alkalis and acids. Packaged in plastic buckets with a capacity of 5, 10, 25 kg
	Dry cement mixture of penetrating type for concrete bases. It is a more budget-friendly analogue of Penetron, which is why it is in good demand. Apply with a brush or spray in two layers. It is resistant to chemically aggressive substances and temperature changes. Packaged in plastic buckets of 10 and 25 kg

The average consumption of ordinary waterproofing plaster is 1.5 kg per m2 when applied in a single layer. The consumption of penetrating compounds is less - about 0.4-0.6 kg/m2. Of course, this indicator directly depends on the quality of the surface, the method of application and the thickness of the layers, so before purchasing the material you should carefully calculate everything and add 10-15% of the calculated amount of the mixture in reserve.

Ceresit CR 166. Elastic waterproofing mass

Conditions for applying plaster

Waterproofing plaster solutions cannot be applied to crumbling, loose substrates, coatings containing gypsum, as well as surfaces with efflorescence, traces of bitumen, paint, or oil stains. All this reduces adhesion, which means the plaster will not last long. It is also unacceptable to plaster bases with cracks whose width exceeds 0.5 mm.

Such a wall cannot be plastered without prior repairs.

To properly prepare the surface, you need to completely remove layers of paint, old plaster or putty. If the paint is difficult to remove, it is advisable to soften it by heating it with a hairdryer or special chemical removers. After this, it can be easily removed with a spatula. Plaster and putty are cleaned with a metal brush; you can also use a grinder with an attachment. Sandblasting gives excellent results.

Check the brick for its hardness

Use a chisel or chisel, as well as a hammer, to dismantle old plaster

After removing the old plaster, use a wire brush to remove any remaining plaster particles.

The seams of brick and stone masonry must be cleaned with a wire brush and removed from dust. If the masonry is old and the seams are crumbling, they are cleaned to a solid base and then filled with fresh cement mortar. Before sealing, cracks must be opened to a depth of 1-2 cm and cleaned of dust.

Sealing cracks

Repaired crack

When finishing surfaces with a heterogeneous structure (concrete and brick, brick and stone), the base is first plastered with a regular cement-sand mixture.

Like regular plaster, the waterproofing layer requires reinforcement if its thickness exceeds 10 mm. When plastering rough masonry or a surface with numerous defects, when the solution is applied in a thick layer, a galvanized metal mesh with cells from 10x10 mm to 20x20 mm is used for reinforcement.

Plaster mesh

It is fixed to the base using plastic dowels and screws with a fastening pitch of 40-50 cm.

Fastening to brickwork using a self-tapping screw with a wide washer

On a flat surface, fiberglass mesh should be used, provided that the layer thickness does not exceed 30 mm.

In the photo - installation of reinforcing mesh on the facade of the house

At least 3 months must pass between the construction of the masonry and its waterproofing. This also applies to concrete foundations. If preliminary leveling is carried out with ordinary cement mortar, waterproofing plaster can be applied no earlier than after 28 days. Plastering should be done in dry, windless weather, at a temperature not lower than +5 and not higher than +30 degrees. Optimal air humidity is 60%. Moreover, such conditions must be observed not only during the period of applying plaster, but also for several days after completion of the work.

Plaster application technology

Plastering is done manually or by machine. The first option is much more practical, since it does not require equipment and the solution consumption is less. True, it takes more time to work, and the reliability of adhesion to the base is slightly lower. The mechanical method allows you to do everything much faster and without much physical effort; moreover, with this application, the solution adheres very firmly to the surface, and the coating acquires high strength. The disadvantages include high consumption of the working mixture and the need for a special installation.

Advantages of machine application of plaster

Manual application method

To work you will need:

• kneading container;
• construction mixer;
• metal spatula;
• paint brush with semi-rigid bristles;
• clean water.

Plastering tools

Step 1. The prepared surface is slightly moistened with water using a wide brush. The base should be moist, but not wet, especially since puddles are not allowed on horizontal planes.

You can wet the surface with a brush, dipping it in water and splashing it on the wall.

Step 2. Pour clean water at room temperature into the container, add the dry mixture and stir with a mixer at a speed of 400-800 rpm for 3 minutes. The proportions of water and dry mixture are indicated on the packaging. If it is a two-component composition, first pour the emulsion into the container, add water (if indicated in the instructions), stir and only then add the dry ingredients. For the first layer, the solution is made more liquid: on average, take 1 part water for 2.5 parts of the dry mixture. After mixing, leave the solution for 5 minutes to mature, then mix again with a mixer.

Mixing the solution

Consistency of the solution

Step 3. The first layer is applied with a brush, making movements in one direction. The solution is taken little by little and thoroughly rubbed over the surface, paying special attention to the joints. Make sure that the layer remains uniform over the entire area, avoid the formation of sagging and drips. It is not recommended to return to already treated areas to correct something; this violates the integrity of the layer and reduces the adhesion of the material to the base.

Application of waterproofing plaster

Step 4. After completing the application of the plaster, you must wait until it begins to harden. After this, prepare the next portion of the solution, but this time add less water: approximately 1 part water to 3 parts dry mixture.

Step 5. It is better to use a spatula to apply the second layer. Take the solution in small portions and evenly distribute it over the base in a thin layer from bottom to top, holding the spatula at an angle to the surface. Movements with a spatula must be performed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the brush. That is, if you applied the first layer with vertical movements, then the second should be applied horizontally. If a third layer is necessary, this rule must also be observed.

Applying plaster mortar to the wall

Step 6. The plastered surface must be protected from drying out, mechanical stress, and direct sunlight. If the weather is too warm, the plaster must be periodically moistened with water using a sprayer. After 7 days, when the coating is sufficiently strong, the plaster is grouted. To do this, make a liquid solution, spread it in a thin layer on the surface and smooth it in a circular motion using a polyurethane or metal grater.

Plaster application technology

Grouting walls after plastering

Immediately after plastering, the coating cannot be rubbed down, as this will disrupt its density and adhesion to the base. Finishing work can be continued after 3-7 days, depending on the composition of the plaster. For example, a Barralastik coating can be tiled within 20 hours after applying the last layer, for Ceresit CR 65 it takes 3 days, for Penetron - from 7 to 14 days.

Mechanical method of application

Mechanical application, or shotcrete, is carried out using a special installation with a compressor and nozzle. Before shotcrete, a smooth concrete base is sandblasted or small notches are made manually over the entire area.

Sandblasting works

On bases with a rough, uneven surface, a reinforcing mesh made of galvanized metal is pre-fixed.

Methods for installing reinforcing mesh

Step 1. The working surface is slightly moistened.

Moisturize the wall

Water is poured into the installation container and the dry mixture is poured in the proportions specified by the manufacturer. Set the pressure within 0.25...0.3 mPa, check the supply of the solution on a separate section of the wall. If the mixture begins to float and slide down, it means that there is excess water in the solution, and dry components should be added, but if dry spots form on the plaster layer, you need to add water.

Step 2. To apply the solution evenly, hold the nozzle perpendicular to the wall at a distance of 80-100 cm from the surface, slowly moving it in a circular motion. The thickness of one layer should be within 7-10 mm. After completing the work, cover the plaster with plastic film to protect it from drying out.

Applying plaster by machine

Aligning the first layer

Advice. If you need to take a forced break in work, the edge of the plaster on the already treated area is cut at an angle of 45 degrees and scratched with a metal brush over the fresh mortar. After resuming the work process, the cut area must be moistened generously with water.

Step 3. The next layer is applied one day after the first, and the same interval is maintained before applying the third layer. The total thickness of the coating should not exceed 50 mm.

Applying and leveling the second layer

Step 4. After the plaster has hardened, a liquid solution is prepared, manually applied to the coating and grouted with a metal or polyurethane float. Next, cover the surface with polyethylene or periodically moisten it with water to avoid cracking.

For 7 days, the plaster must be protected from freezing, direct sunlight, and mechanical stress. If everything is done correctly, the coating after drying has an even color, a smooth hard surface, and makes ringing sounds when tapped with a wooden hammer.

Video - Robot plasterer PlasteRUS SPERO

Video - Waterproofing plaster

There is a concrete ground floor (with windows, semi-basement). Where the wall comes into contact with the ground, white spots appear (like frost, apparently fungus or efflorescence), and dark spots (moisture). We cleaned the metal. brush and coat with Pufas anti-mold solution.
The walls are all uneven, the sea waves sometimes move forward 3 cm, sometimes they go inward 3 cm. This is how our little brothers made plaster for us!
Now you need to waterproof and level the walls for the tiles.
Please advise how to level out such differences. Some recommend using Rotbant (but plaster, and it’s humid here), some using a cement-sand mixture, and some using plasterboard (which will reduce the area).
And which is better - first waterproofing or first final plaster, and then waterproofing.
Does anyone have experience with waterproofing? Three years ago we waterproofed it with a mixture of HYDROTEX, there was no effect and the layer gradually fell off.

A bathroom without reliable waterproofing can easily be considered the most expensive area of ​​the apartment: very often you have to do cosmetic repairs, any break in the water supply system also leads to paying for repairs to the apartment of the neighbors below. These costs can be minimized only if you waterproof the walls and floor of the bathroom. For specialists, such an operation is not difficult. But it’s also not difficult to do it yourself, you just need to be patient and have the necessary materials.

Tools and materials

Before doing waterproofing, you need to acquire the following materials and tools:

• waterproofing material (bitumen, bitumen-polymer or cement-polymer composition);
• construction hair dryer;
• reinforcing mesh;
• plaster;
• finishing materials;
• silicone;
• spatula;
• building level.

Scheme of waterproofing walls in the bathroom.

Waterproofing a bathroom should begin by ensuring good ventilation in order to further avoid the influence of excess moisture on the surface. A built-in hood or direct access to the building’s ventilation shaft will provide a good microclimate in the bathroom and protect the room from fungal aggression. Direct waterproofing in the bathroom should be carried out from top to bottom.