The issue of building insulation is especially relevant today. On the one hand, there are no big problems with purchasing thermal insulation material - the construction market offers many options. On the other hand, it is this diversity that gives rise to the problem - which insulation to choose?

What is it?

The problem of thermal insulation of modern buildings (especially urban new buildings) is especially acute today. Thermal insulation is a design element that allows you to reduce the heat transfer rates of materials and the structure (unit) as a whole.

Thermal insulation also refers to a process that prevents the thermal energy of a structure from mixing ( refrigeration equipment, heating mains, etc.) and buildings with the external environment. In other words, the thermal insulation layer has the effect of a thermos.

Thermal insulation ensures a comfortable indoor climate, keeping it warm during the cold season and protecting it from excessive heating on hot days.

Using insulation, you can reduce electricity costs by up to 30-40%. In addition, most modern thermal insulation materials have soundproofing properties. A fairly common practice in the construction of a private house is the use of materials that are both insulating and structural elements of walls and ceilings.

Depending on thermal conductivity, the following classes of thermal insulation materials are distinguished:

• class A– materials with low thermal conductivity within 0.06 W/m kV. and below;
• class B– materials with average thermal conductivity, the values ​​of which are 0.06 – 0.115 W/m kV;
• class C– materials with high thermal conductivity equal to 0.115 -0.175 W/m kV.

There are many ways to install insulation, but they all belong to one of these technologies:

• Monolithic wall– is a brick or wooden partition, the thickness of which for thermal efficiency must be at least 40 cm (depending on the region).
• Multilayer “pie”- a method in which the insulation is located inside the wall, between the external and external partitions. Implementation this method is possible only at the construction stage or when facing the facade with brickwork (if the strength of the foundation allows or there is a separate foundation for the masonry).

• External insulation- one of the most popular methods due to its effectiveness, which involves covering external walls with insulation, after which they are covered with facade materials. The organization of a ventilated façade, when an air gap is maintained between the wall with insulation and the façade finishing, can improve thermal insulation performance. The method necessarily involves the use of vapor-permeable and waterproof coatings and films.
• Internal insulation- one of the most complex and less effective methods of insulation compared to external ones. It involves insulating surfaces from inside the building.

Characteristics

All types of insulation are characterized certain properties. The common ones are the following:

• Low thermal conductivity. Thermal efficiency indicators are the main ones when choosing insulation. The lower the thermal conductivity coefficient (measured in W/ (m×K) shows the amount of thermal energy passing through 1 m3 of dry insulation at a temperature difference of 10C), the less heat loss the material has. Polyurethane foam is considered the warmest, having a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.03. The average indicators are about 0.047 (thermal conductivity index of polystyrene foam, P-75 mineral wool).
• Hygroscopicity. That is, the ability of insulation to absorb moisture. High-quality insulation does not absorb moisture or absorbs a minimal amount of it. Otherwise, wetting of the material cannot be avoided, which means loss of the main property (thermal efficiency).
• Vapor barrier. The ability to transmit water vapor, thereby ensuring an optimal level of humidity in the room and keeping walls or other work surfaces dry.

• Fire resistance. Another important characteristic of thermal insulation material is resistance to fire. Some materials have a high fire hazard, their combustion temperature can reach 1000 degrees (for example, basalt wool), while others are extremely unstable to high temperatures (expanded polystyrene). Modern insulation materials Most of them are self-extinguishing materials. The appearance of open fire on their surface is almost impossible, and if it does occur, the burning time does not exceed 10 seconds. During combustion, no toxins are released; the mass of the material during combustion is reduced by at least 50%.

When talking about fire resistance, combustion toxicity is usually mentioned. The optimal material is one that, even when heated, does not emit dangerous toxic compounds.

• Environmentally friendly. Environmental safety is especially important for materials used indoors. The key to environmental friendliness is usually the naturalness of the composition. For example, basalt insulation, which is considered safe from an environmental point of view, is made from processed rocks, and expanded clay is made from sintered clay.
• Soundproofing characteristics. Not all thermal insulation materials can be used for sound insulation. However, most of them have both of these properties, for example, mineral wool insulation, polyurethane foam. But the widely used polystyrene foam does not provide sound insulation.
• Biostability. Another criterion important for the buyer is biostability, that is, the material’s resistance to mold, mildew, and the appearance of other microorganisms and rodents. The strength and integrity of the material, and therefore its durability, directly depends on biostability.

• Resistant to deformation. The insulation must withstand loads, since it can be located on the surface of the floor, loaded structural elements, between partitions. All this dictates the requirements for its resistance to loads and deformations. Durability largely depends on the density and thickness of the material.
• Durability. The service life largely depends on the thermal efficiency, moisture resistance, vapor permeability and biostability of the material. Quality products (for example, polyurethane foam, basalt wool) are given a fairly long guarantee, up to 50 years. Another factor of durability is compliance with installation technology and operating conditions.

• Easy to lay and install. Most insulation materials have a convenient release form - in mats, rolls, sheets. Some of them are easily fixed on the insulated surface, without requiring special skills and equipment (foam sheets), while others require compliance with certain installation conditions (for example, when working with mineral wool insulation, it is necessary to protect the respiratory system and hands).

There are also types of insulation, the installation of which is possible only by specialists who have special equipment (for example, polyurethane foam is sprayed with a special unit, the employee must use a protective suit, goggles and a respirator).

Types of work

Thermal insulation refers to the process of reducing heat loss to calculated values ​​(individual for each region and objects). This term is similar to the concept of “thermal insulation,” which means protecting an object from the negative exchange of thermal energy with the air. In other words, task thermal insulation works is to save the specified temperature indicators of the object.

The object can be understood as residential and administrative buildings, industrial and engineering structures, medical and refrigeration equipment.

If we talk about thermal insulation of residential and industrial premises, then it can be external (another name is facade insulation) and internal.

Insulation of the external walls of residential buildings is always preferable to thermal insulation of the internal parts. This is due to the fact that external thermal insulation It turns out to be more effective, with internal heat loss always remaining 8-15%.

In addition, the “dew point” during internal insulation shifts inside the insulation, which is fraught with dampness, an increase in the level of humidity in the room, the appearance of mold on the walls, and destruction of the wall surface and finishing. In other words, the room is still cold (since damp insulation cannot prevent heat loss), but damp.

Finally, installing insulation from the inside takes up space, reducing the usable area of ​​the room.

At the same time, there are situations when internal thermal insulation remains the only possible way out normalize the temperature. Strict adherence to installation technologies allows you to avoid the unpleasant consequences of thermal insulation. Be sure to take care of vapor and waterproofing of surfaces, as well as high-quality ventilation. Standard supply system usually it is not enough, it is necessary to install a forced air circulation system or use windows with special valves, providing air exchange.

To increase the efficiency of external insulation, they resort to organizing a ventilated facade system or a three-layer system. In the first case, an air gap is maintained between the insulation and the facing material mounted on a special frame. The three-layer system consists of wall coverings constructed using the well method, between which insulation (expanded clay, perlite, ecowool) is poured.

As for finishing, insulation can be either “wet” (using building mixtures), and a “dry” facade (fastening elements are used) facade.

Often a room requires not only insulation, but also sound insulation. In this case, it is more convenient to use materials that have both heat and sound insulation properties.

When talking about insulating a house inside or outside, it is important to understand that walls are far from the only source of heat loss. In this regard, it is necessary to insulate unheated attics and basements. When using an attic, you should consider a multi-layer insulated roofing system.

When carrying out internal thermal insulation work, great attention should be paid to the joints between the floor and wall, wall and ceiling, wall and partitions. It is in these places that “cold bridges” most often form.

In other words, regardless of the type of work performed, it is important to remember that thermal insulation requires an integrated approach.

Variety of materials

All insulation materials, depending on the raw materials used, are divided into:

• organic(have an environmentally friendly composition - waste from agricultural and woodworking industries, the presence of cement and some types of polymers is acceptable);
• inorganic.

There are also products of mixed type.

Depending on the principle of operation, insulation materials are:

• reflective type– reduces heat consumption by directing thermal energy back into the room (for this, the insulation is equipped with a metallized or foil element);
• warning type– characterized by low thermal conductivity, preventing a large amount of thermal energy from escaping beyond the insulated surface.

Let's take a closer look at the most popular types of organic insulation:

Ecowool

Considered cellulose insulation, it consists of 80% recycled cellulose. It is an environmentally friendly material with low thermal conductivity, good vapor permeability and sound insulation.

The flammability of the material can be reduced and its biostability increased by adding fire retardants and antiseptics to the raw materials.

The material is poured into the spaces between the walls; it can be sprayed onto flat surfaces using a dry or wet method.

Jute

A modern substitute for tow, traditionally used to reduce heat loss from inter-crown cracks in timber buildings. Available in the form of tapes or ropes, in addition to high performance thermal efficiency, does not require replacement even after the walls shrink.

Chipboard

Insulation, 80-90% consisting of small chips. The remaining components are resins, fire retardants, water repellents. It has not only good heat but also sound insulation properties, is environmentally friendly, and durable.

Despite treatment with water repellents, it still does not have high wet strength.

Cork

Thermal insulator based on cork oak bark, produced in the form of rolls or sheets. To be used only as internal insulation. Serves as a base for wallpaper, laminate and other floor coverings. Can be used as a standalone finishing coating thanks to its unusual but noble appearance. They often insulate panel houses from the inside.

In addition to thermal efficiency, it provides sound insulation and a decorative effect. The material is hygroscopic, so it can only be mounted on dry surfaces.

Arbolit

It is made of wood-chip concrete blocks. Thanks to the wood in the composition, it has heat and sound insulating abilities, while the presence of concrete ensures moisture resistance, damage resistance and strength of the material. It is used both as insulation and as independent building blocks. It is widely used as a material for frame-panel buildings.

Modern market inorganic thermal insulation materials are somewhat broader:

Expanded polystyrene

There are 2 known modifications of it: foamed (otherwise known as polystyrene foam) and extruded. It is a set of united bubbles filled with air. The material undergoing extrusion is distinguished by the fact that each air cavity is isolated from the neighboring one.

Polystyrene foam is suitable for outdoor and internal insulation, characterized by high thermal insulation performance. It is not vapor permeable, so it requires reliable vapor barrier. It is worth noting the low moisture resistance of polystyrene foam, which makes mandatory installation water protection.

In general, the material is affordable, lightweight, easy to cut and install (glue). To suit the needs of the buyer, plates of material are produced in various sizes and thicknesses. The latter directly affects thermal conductivity.

At first glance, polystyrene foam is a worthy insulation option. However, it should be remembered that during operation it releases toxic styrene. The most dangerous thing is that the material is subject to combustion. Moreover, the fire quickly engulfs the foam, and as temperatures rise, compounds hazardous to human health are released. This became the reason for the ban on the use of polystyrene foam for finishing residential premises in some European countries.

Polystyrene foam is not durable. Already 5-7 years after its use, destructive changes in the structure are detected - cracks and cavities appear. Naturally, even minor damage causes significant heat loss.

Finally, this material is quite loved by mice - they chew it, which also does not contribute to long-term use.

Extruded polystyrene foam is an improved version of polystyrene foam. And, although its thermal conductivity is slightly higher, the material demonstrates better indicators of moisture strength and fire resistance.

Polyurethane foam

Warm insulating material, sprayed on the surface. It has the best thermal efficiency indicators, thanks to the installation method it forms a homogeneous sealed layer on the surface, filling all cracks and seams. This becomes a guarantee of the absence of “cold bridges”.

During the spraying process, the material releases toxic components, so it is applied only in a protective suit and a respirator. As it hardens, toxins evaporate, so during operation the material demonstrates complete environmental safety.

Another advantage is non-flammability; even when exposed to high temperatures, the material does not emit hazardous compounds.

Disadvantages include low vapor permeability values, which is why the material is not even recommended for use on wooden bases.

This method of application does not allow achieving a perfectly flat surface, so the use of contact finishing (painting, plastering) is almost always excluded. Leveling (as well as removing a layer of polyurethane foam) is a rather complex and time-consuming process. The solution would be to use hanging structures.

Penofol

Universal insulation based on foamed polyethylene. The air chambers from which the material is formed provide low thermal conductivity. The main difference between penofol is the presence of a foil layer on one side, which reflects up to 97% of thermal energy without heating up.

In addition to high thermal insulation values, it demonstrates sound insulation properties. Finally, it does not require the use of vapor barrier or waterproof coatings and is easy to install.

The disadvantage is the higher cost, but this is offset by the impressive heat resistance of the product. Its use allows you to reduce heating costs by a third.

Despite the strength of the material, it is not intended for wallpapering or applying plaster over it. Penofol will not withstand the load and will collapse, so the walls treated with it are covered with plasterboard. The final finishing is carried out already on it. It can act as insulation not only for walls, but also for ceilings and floors.

Penofol is an excellent substrate for most floor coverings, as well as a heated floor system.

Fiberboards

It is a wood-based board bonded cement composition. Usually used for exterior decoration, they can act as an independent building material.

They are characterized by heat and sound insulation properties, but have considerable weight (it is necessary to strengthen the foundation and load-bearing structures), as well as low moisture resistance.

Liquid ceramic insulation

Relatively new insulating material. Outwardly, it resembles acrylic paint (it is applied in the same way, by the way), which contains vacuumized bubbles. Thanks to them, a thermal insulation effect becomes possible (according to manufacturers, a layer of 1 mm replaces brickwork one and a half bricks thick).

Ceramic insulation does not require a subsequent layer of finishing and copes well with the function of also a finishing material. It is used mainly indoors, since it does not take up useful space.

The moisture-resistant layer extends the service life of the coating and makes it possible to clean it wet. The material is fire-resistant, non-flammable, and moreover, it prevents the spread of flame.

Mineral wool insulation

This type of insulation is distinguished by a fibrous structure - the material consists of fibers arranged in a chaotic manner. Air bubbles accumulate between the latter, the presence of which provides a heat-insulating effect.

Available in the form of mats, rolls, sheets. Thanks to the ability to easily restore and retain its shape, the material is easy to transport and store– it is rolled up and packed into compact boxes, and then easily takes on the desired shape and size. The sheet material is usually thinner than other options.

Tile is usually used as a façade covering. wall panels, siding, corrugated sheeting for external cladding and lining or plasterboard (as cladding) for internal.

When working, you must ensure that you have a respirator. During installation, particles of material are released into the air. Once in the lungs, they irritate the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

Depending on the raw materials used, there are 3 types of mineral wool - based on slag, glass and basalt fibers.

The first type of insulation has high thermal conductivity and the ability to absorb moisture, it is flammable and short-lived, and therefore is rarely used for insulation.

Fiberglass demonstrates the best thermal insulation characteristics; the combustion temperature is 500 degrees. The material does not burn, but decreases in volume under the influence of temperatures above those specified.

The material, as described by users, is bioresistant and has an affordable price. Due to its elasticity, it is suitable for finishing buildings and structures of complex shapes and configurations. Among the disadvantages are low water resistance (high-quality waterproofing is required), the ability to release toxic compounds (because of this, it is used mainly for external insulation or requires reliable protection).

Thin and long fibers of glass wool dig under the skin, causing irritation. Finally, having an amorphous component (glass), glass wool shrinks, gradually thinning during use, which causes a decrease in thermal insulation properties.

Basalt wool is obtained by melting rocks (basalt, dolomite). Fibers are drawn from semi-liquid raw materials, which are then pressed and briefly heated. The result is a durable, vapor-permeable insulation with low thermal conductivity.

Stone wool is treated with special impregnations, making it resistant to moisture. This is an environmentally friendly, non-flammable material with a wide range of applications.

Warm plaster

A plaster and finishing mixture that contains particles of heat-insulating materials such as perlite and vermiculite.

It has good adhesion, fills cracks and joints, and takes the desired shape. Performs 2 functions at once - thermal insulation and decorative. Depending on the place of use, it can be on a cement (for exterior decoration) or gypsum (for interior decoration) base.

Foam glass

The material is based on recycled glass, which is fired in high-temperature furnaces to a sintering state. The result is insulation characterized by moisture resistance, high fire safety and biostability.

Possessing record strength indicators among other insulation materials, the material is easy to cut, install, and plaster. Release form: blocks.

Vermiculite

It is a loose insulation material natural basis(processed rocks - mica). They are distinguished by fire resistance (melting point - at least 1000 degrees), vapor permeability and moisture resistance, do not deform and do not settle during operation. Even when wet up to 15% it is able to maintain its thermal insulation properties.

Filled into spaces between walls or on smooth surfaces(for example, attic) for thermal insulation. Considering the high cost of vermiculite, such a method of insulation will not be cheap, so it can often be found as part of warm plasters. This way it is possible to reduce the cost of raw materials for thermal insulation, but without losing the brilliant technical properties of the material.

Expanded clay

Bulk insulation, known since ancient times. It is based on special clay, which is sintered during high-temperature firing. The result is extremely light “pebbles” (as well as crushed stone and sand) with high thermal insulation qualities. The material does not deform, is bioresistant, but is extremely hygroscopic.

Expanded polystyrene granules

The same air capsules that form the basis of polystyrene foam boards. True, here they are not fastened together and are supplied in bags. They have the same characteristics as polystyrene foam boards - low thermal conductivity, light weight, high fire hazard, lack of vapor permeability.

To insulate, the material should not be poured into voids, but sprayed using a compressor. This is the only way to increase the density of the material, and therefore increase its insulating ability.

Penoizol

Outwardly it looks like small flakes (the material has a finer fraction compared to polystyrene foam granules, it is softer). The basis is natural resins. The main advantages are low thermal conductivity, moisture resistance and vapor permeability, and fire resistance. Usually used for walls and ceilings, which are sprayed using special equipment.

Manufacturers

Today there are a large number of thermal insulation materials on the market. Choosing the best products is not easy, especially if you are not at all familiar with the brands offered.

However, there are manufacturers whose products are a priori of high quality. Among these is the Danish stone manufacturer Rockwool cotton wool. The product line is quite wide - many materials of different release forms, dimensions and densities. The most popular is 10 cm cotton wool for exterior finishing.

Among the most famous lines:

• "Light Batts"– material for insulation of private wooden houses;
• "Light Batts Scandik"– material for insulation of private houses made of stone, concrete, brick;
• "Acustik Batts"– material with improved sound insulation properties, used for insulation administrative buildings, shopping and entertainment establishments, industrial facilities.

The rating of manufacturers of mineral wool materials is also invariably topped by the French company Isover. In the product line you can find a fairly rigid material that is laid on flat horizontal surfaces and does not require fasteners, as well as two-layer façade analogues. Universal insulation materials, options for pitched roofs, as well as mats with improved sound insulation characteristics are in demand.

Most of the products are supplied in 7 and 14 meter rolls, the thickness of which is 5-10 cm.

High-quality heat and part-time soundproofing materials are produced under the brand name Ursa. The following types of insulation can be found on sale:

• "Ursa Geo" a series of mats and rolls of varying hardness for thermal insulation of all areas of the house, including basements and attic spaces;
• "Ursa Tetra"– slabs characterized by high strength and the presence of additional hydrophobic impregnation;
• "Ursa Pure One"– soft fiberglass, the binding component of which is acrylic. Due to the environmental friendliness of the material, it is suitable for use in hospitals and children's institutions;
• "Ursa XPS" is a polystyrene foam board of increased rigidity.

The well-known German quality is demonstrated by German-made Knauf products. The entire variety of manufactured products can be attributed to one of the series - “Knauf Insulation” (materials for professional insulation of multi-storey residential buildings, hospitals, administrative institutions) or “Knauf Heat” (materials for insulation of private houses).

Great solution for organizing a ventilated façade, brand insulation materials are considered Izovol. The plates have sufficient rigidity to withstand loads, have a moisture-resistant impregnation, and are additionally reinforced with fiberglass. The most popular product lines are:

• general technical thermal insulation (universal insulation for the attic and roof, walls, floor);
• technological cylinders and mats with a moisture-resistant foil layer for pipeline insulation;
• slab insulation for the manufacture of sandwich panels;
• heat-insulating mats with improved sound insulation properties.

The leading domestic manufacturer of insulation materials is the TechnoNIKOL company. The main direction of production is the production of basalt wool and polystyrene foam insulation. The material does not deform, can withstand heavy loads, and has increased sound insulation properties.

Depending on the type of product, the density and thermal conductivity of the material changes. The following types of TechnoNIKOL products are distinguished:

• "Rocklight"– slabs that have increased strength characteristics and are intended for insulation of a private home;
• "Technoblock"– a material suitable for installing facades acts simultaneously as a structural element and insulation;

• "Heat roll"– elongated rectangular mats with a reduced content of phenol in the composition;
• "Technoacoustic"– a heat insulator with improved sound insulation performance (reduces noise by up to 60 dB), used for sound insulation of offices and entertainment venues.

A worthy place in the ranking of manufacturers of insulation materials is occupied by the Belarusian company Beltep. The products are only slightly inferior in quality to their European counterparts, but have a more affordable price. Among the advantages are special hydrophobic impregnation and increased sound insulation qualities.

If you are looking for high-quality polystyrene foam that is relatively safe from an environmental point of view, then you should pay attention to the brand’s products "Europlex". The manufacturer's product line includes both foamed and extruded polystyrene foam. The density of the material ranges from 30 to 45 kg/m³ depending on the type of product.

There are several size options for the buyer to choose from. Thus, the length of the products can be 240, 180 and 120 cm, width - 50 or 60 cm, thickness - 3-5 cm.

Extruded polystyrene foam is also distinguished by its high strength and increased wet strength. "Penoplex". The experiments carried out demonstrate the frost resistance of the material. Even after 1000 freezing/defrosting cycles, the thermal efficiency of the material decreases by no more than 5%.

As you know, foam styrene is the cheapest insulation, and since both companies are domestic, we can talk about significant savings.

How to choose?

When choosing a thermal insulation material, it is important to focus on the material from which the walls or other surfaces to be insulated are made.

• For wooden walls, related cellulose insulation, fiberglass or rock wool are suitable. True, it is necessary to carefully consider the waterproofing system. Jute will help close the crown gaps. For frame-panel buildings, you can use fiber cement boards or arbolite blocks, which will act as structural elements of the walls. You can fall asleep between them bulk insulation materials(expanded clay, ecowool).
• Foam insulation and mineral wool insulation are well suited for external insulation. When facing such buildings with brick, it is permissible to pour expanded clay, perlite, and ecowool into the space formed between the facade and the main wall. Polyurethane foam has proven itself well.

• For internal insulation of brick buildings, mineral wool insulation is traditionally used, which is covered with plasterboard sheets.
• Concrete surfaces, which have the worst thermal insulation properties, are recommended to be insulated on both sides - external and internal. For external insulation, it is better to choose a ventilated facade system. Suitable as finishing materials warm plaster or hanging panels, siding. For interior decoration, you can use cork insulation, a thin layer of polystyrene foam or mineral wool, decorated with plasterboard.

How to calculate?

Various insulation materials have different thicknesses, and it is very important to calculate the required insulation parameters before making a purchase. A layer of insulation that is too thin will not cope with heat loss and will also cause the “dew point” to shift inside the room.

An excess layer will not only lead to an unjustified load on the load-bearing structures and an unreasonable financial expense, but will also cause a violation of the air humidity in the room and a temperature imbalance between different rooms.

To calculate the required thickness of the material, it is necessary to establish the resistance coefficient of all materials used (insulation, waterproofing, facing layer, etc.).

Another important point is determining the material from which the wall is made, since this also directly affects the thickness of the insulation.

Considering the type of wall material, conclusions can be drawn about its thermal conductivity and thermal properties. These characteristics can be found in SNiP 2-3-79.

The density of thermal insulation material can be different, but most often products with a density in the range of 0.6-1000 kg/m3 are used.

Most modern high-rise buildings are built from concrete blocks, which have the following (important for calculating the thickness of insulation) indicators:

• GSOP (calculated in degrees-days during the heating season) – 6000.
• Heat transfer resistance – from 3.5 S/m kV. /W (walls), from 6 S/m kV. /W (ceiling).

To bring the heat transfer resistance indicators for walls and ceilings to the appropriate parameters (3.5 and 6 S/m kV./W), you need to use the formulas:

• walls: R=3.5-R walls;
• ceiling: R=6-R ceiling.

Once the difference is found, the required insulation thickness can be calculated. The formula p = R*k will help with this, in which p will be the desired thickness indicator, k is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the insulation used. If the result is not a round (integer) number, then it should be rounded up.

If independent calculations using formulas seem quite complicated to you, you can use special calculators. They take into account all important counting criteria. The user only needs to fill in the required fields.

It is best to use those calculators that are created by reputable manufacturers of thermal insulation materials. Thus, the calculator developed by the Rockwool brand is considered one of the most accurate.

• Modern mineral wool insulation is supplied in rolls, mats and sheets. The last 2 delivery options are preferable because they are easier to join without forming gaps and cracks.
• When installing slab insulation, make sure that their width is 1.5-2 cm greater than the distance between the subsystem profiles. Otherwise, there will be a gap between the heat insulator and the profile, which risks turning into a “cold bridge”.
• Insulation, which will be preceded by diagnostics, will be much more effective and efficient. To carry this out, use a thermal imager to identify the main areas of heat leakage. This recommendation becomes relevant especially when insulating the internal parts of a building.

• Having identified the main points of heat loss (usually the corners of buildings, the floor or ceiling on the first and last floors), end walls), sometimes it is enough to insulate only them to achieve the optimal temperature in the room.
• Regardless of the insulation method and the material used, the surface should be carefully prepared - it should be smooth and clean. All existing joints and cracks should be sealed with cement mortar, uneven surfaces should be removed, and communication elements should be removed.
• The final stage preparatory work will apply primer in 2-3 layers. It will provide an antiseptic effect and also improve surface adhesion.

• When using sheathing made of metal profiles You should make sure that they have an anti-corrosion coating. Wooden logs for the frame are also subject to treatment with fire retardants and water repellents.
• Mineral wool and felt insulation is laid in several layers. The coincidence of joints between layers of different layers is unacceptable.
• Most glued insulation (expanded polystyrene, mineral wool) require additional fixation with dowels. The latter are attached in the center of the insulating sheet, as well as at 2-3 points along the edges.

• Despite the similarity of liquid ceramics to paint, it cannot be applied with a spray gun or similar devices. In this way, you can damage the ceramic shell, which means depriving the composition of its heat-insulating properties. It is more correct to apply the mixture with a brush or roller.
• If necessary, to give the treated surface a certain shade, ceramic insulation can be diluted acrylic paint. The composition must be applied in 4-5 layers, waiting for each coating to dry.
• Fixing the cork covering can only be done on perfectly flat surfaces, otherwise a “cold bridge” will form in the space between the covering and the wall and condensation will begin to accumulate. If it is impossible to level the walls by plastering, install a solid plasterboard frame onto which a “cork” is glued. To attach it, you need special glue.

When using polystyrene foam, it is important to thoroughly clean the surface of the walls from traces of old paint and solvents. It is important to avoid contact of the insulation with gasoline and acetone, since they dissolve polystyrene foam.

Each part of the building needs its own insulation.

• For sloping roof recommended basalt slabs high density. You can also use polystyrene foam boards, but in this case it is important to ensure high-quality ventilation. If installation speed is important, spray polyurethane foam, more cheap option– ecowool. The layer thickness is usually 100 mm.
• For an unheated attic You can use expanded clay or other bulk materials. A more affordable option is dry sawdust mixed with slaked lime in a ratio of 8: 2. Perlite granules, ecowool or slab insulation are also suitable. The layer thickness when using bulk materials must be at least 200 mm; for slab insulation, 100 mm is sufficient.

• Wall insulation More often it is produced using polystyrene foam, mineral wool, polyurethane foam spraying or ecowool. You should choose them based on the structural features and your own financial capabilities. The most affordable will be polystyrene foam, more expensive options are mineral wool and polyurethane foam.
• Floor insulation– the question is ambiguous. In a house with a low underground floor, it is more logical to carry out thermal insulation along the ground using bulk materials. For concrete screed expanded polystyrene is suitable, if the height of the ceilings allows, you can fill in expanded clay (for insulation with polystyrene foam, a layer thickness of 50 mm is sufficient, while when using expanded clay - at least 200 mm). Any material is suitable as insulation between the joists. The technology is similar to attic insulation.
• For foundation and plinth Polyurethane foam and polystyrene foam are applicable. Important nuance– both materials are destroyed under the influence of sunlight, which must be taken into account when insulating the base.

Today the market offers consumers various types insulation materials that differ in cost, installation and thermal conductivity. In addition to these indicators, it is necessary to pay attention to other characteristics in order to have an idea correct application thermal insulation during house construction.

A comprehensive assessment of the material will help you choose the right insulation for your home. The use of different types of thermal insulation depends not only on their properties, but also on architectural features buildings, thermal conductivity individual elements structures, as well as supposed cold bridges. The insulation of each component of the house is carried out with different materials.
External insulation of a loggia, balcony, basement is made with penoplex. Due to the fact that it can withstand loads of up to 0.5 MPa and is resistant to moisture, the insulation is optimally suited for exterior finishing of basements. Penoplex, being under the ground, is protected from fire and retains all its properties.
Thermal insulators for exterior finishing The walls of the house are chosen depending on the material from which the structural element is built. Wooden houses It is best to blow it with penoizol. The foam, applied under high pressure, fills all cracks, and its structure allows the wood to breathe. The high price does not always allow the use of penoizol. As a replacement option, you can lay mineral wool. Walls made of concrete, gas blocks and other similar materials are insulated with penoplex or glass wool. Although, in government construction, they are more inclined to use glass wool due to its resistance to fire.
Inside the house, the walls and ceiling are insulated with non-combustible materials. Usually these are mineral wool mats laid in a frame. They are covered with a vapor barrier on top, which prevents moisture from penetrating the mats and fleecy fibers into the room. If there are lags, the ceiling is covered with ecowool. To insulate the floor, a 100 mm layer of expanded clay is filled, plus foam boards are laid. Flooded from above concrete screed prevents the insulation from burning, and the reinforcing mesh gives strength to the floors.
A modern and very practical insulation for roofing is polyurethane foam. It is applied by spraying. But its high price is not affordable for everyone. Most often, traditional insulation - mineral wool - is used for roofing. It is produced in different sizes in the form of mats and rolls.
Correctly selected insulation according to its characteristics will create comfortable living conditions inside the room.

Review of thermal insulation materials

Preventative types of insulation are most often used to finish various structural elements of a house. They have a low thermal conductivity.
Organic-based insulation materials are made from wood and agricultural waste. To improve properties, cement and plastic are added to natural raw materials. The result is insulation that is resistant to fire and moisture. It can withstand heat up to 150 degrees. The scope of application is wide, but is mainly used as internal insulation of a multi-layer roof or facade structure.

• white agglomerate is made from the bark of oak branches;
• black agglomerate is made from bark removed from a tree trunk.

Cork can be used as a base for wallpaper or as a finish. Thin roll material found its application as a substrate for laminate flooring. The price of this natural material quite high. Depending on the modifications, the cost ranges from 800 to 4 thousand. rub./m2.

Honeycomb plastic heat insulator

The structure of the material consists of hexagonal cells like a honeycomb. Inside they are filled with fabric or paper filling, held together epoxy resin. Phenolic resins can be used as a fixative. In appearance, honeycomb panels resemble plastic. The characteristics of the material depend on the raw materials used in the production of the base. For example, the sheet density can be from 230 to 500 kg/m2.

Foam-polyvinyl chloride

PPVC heat insulator is made from foamed resins. The porousization method gives them this structure. The material is produced soft and hard, which gives it versatility. PVC is suitable for insulating roofs, floors and walls. Its density is 0.1 kg/m3.

Many people believe that chipboard is just a building material. But as insulation, the slabs have proven themselves to be good. Their basis is small sawdust, bonded with synthetic resin. The density of the slabs ranges from 500 to 1 thousand kg/m3, and water absorption is 5–30%.
The use of chipboard as insulation is justified for floors, walls and ceilings. The cost of the sheets is quite low and is affordable for every developer. Depending on the size, the sheet can be purchased for 400–900 rubles. The slabs are used as a base for installing soft roofs.

Fiberboard

Fibreboard board appearance resembles chipboard. Its base consists of fibers of straw, corn or any wood. It is even possible to use waste paper. Synthetic resins are added as an adhesive. The density of fiberboard compared to chipboard is small, only up to 250 kg/m3, and the thermal conductivity is 0.07 W/m/K, plus low strength.
The scope of application is similar to that for chipboard. Low cost ranges up to 800 rubles. per sheet.

Lightweight thermal insulation has a unique closed-cell structure, which creates the lowest thermal conductivity compared to other insulation materials. PPU is formed from the interaction of liquid components, polyester and MDI. Exposure to catalysts creates a chemical reaction that results in the formation of a new substance. The density of the insulation is 40–80 kg/m3, and the thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam is about 0.028 W/m/K.
Polyurethane foam is applied to the insulated surface using the spraying method, which allows you to treat any difficult areas. The optimal use of polyurethane foam is to insulate the roof and wooden walls of a house. The cost of the material along with the spraying work is quite high and can reach $200/m3.

Penoizol

Another name for insulation is mipora. It is obtained on the basis of a whipped water emulsion of urea-formaldehyde resin. Glycerin and sulfonic acid are used as additives. Mipore is delivered to the consumer in blocks or crumbs. It is used in liquid form at construction sites. Mipora poured into prepared cavities hardens at a positive temperature.
Low density up to 20 kg/m3 promotes strong water absorption. The thermal conductivity index is 0.03 W/m/K. Not afraid of fire.

Polystyrene foam and extruded polystyrene foam

These two insulation materials consist of 2% polystyrene and 98% air. The thermal conductivity index is 0.037–0.042 W/m/K. They differ from each other in structure. Polystyrene foam consists of small balls, and expanded polystyrene, when broken, resembles foam rubber.
Polystyrene is flammable and emits toxic smoke. Polystyrene foam is afraid of moisture, so it is more often used for insulating facades. Extruded polystyrene foam can remain in wet soil for a long time, so it is more suitable for external insulation of basements. The cost of the material is low.

Minvata

A common insulation material for walls and roofs is mineral wool. It comes in two types:

• slag wool is made from dissimilar metal casting waste;
• stone wool is made from rocks, for example, basalt, limestone, etc.

The material is non-flammable, resistant to chemical attack, and has a low cost. Produced in slabs and rolls.

Glass wool

The material differs from mineral wool in that it has larger fibers. The basis of production is the raw materials used to make glass. The thermal conductivity index is from 0.03 to 0.052 W/m/K, and the density is no more than 130 kg/m3. Glass wool is also popular for insulating roofs and walls.

Ceramic wool

Produced by blowing zirconium, silicon or aluminum oxide. Cotton wool is resistant to high temperatures and does not deform. The thermal conductivity index at +600°C is from 0.13 to 0.16 W/m/K, and the density is no more than 350 kg/m3. It is used for insulation of facades and roofs of buildings.

Mixed type insulation

Materials are produced from asbestos mixtures with the addition of perlite, dolomite and other components. The initial state of the material resembles dough. They cover the surface prepared for insulation and leave it until completely dry.

Asbestos is resistant to fire and can withstand heating up to 900 °C, but it is afraid of moisture, so such thermal insulation requires mandatory waterproofing.

An example of a mixed type material is vulcanite and sovelite. Their thermal conductivity is 0.2 W/m/K. The cost of insulation is low, but it is dangerous to human health.

Reflective materials

Foil is used as a reflector, and foamed polyethylene creates a thermal barrier. The material has a thin structure up to 25 mm thick, but its effectiveness is equivalent to 100 mm thick fiber insulation. One popular example is penofol.
Reflective thermal insulation simultaneously acts as a vapor barrier, so it is convenient to use in baths and saunas. The cost of the material is low and accessible to everyone.
The main types of insulation materials discussed today and their characteristics will help to make right choice material for specific construction needs.
In the following video you can get acquainted with the characteristics of some types of insulation.

Preserving heat indoors and creating a microclimate are the main priorities when constructing residential buildings. To achieve these goals use integrated approach in thermal insulation measures. Efficiency of subsequent work, incl. the result is determined by the choice of insulation. To decide which insulation to choose, you should be guided by a number of criteria.

Three methods of thermal insulation protection are used as external wall insulation - well, wet and ventilated facades. Each of these methods involves the use of separate materials.

However, despite this, each of them must have common properties:

• thermal conductivity - W/(m×K);
• heat capacity - KJ/(kg×K);
• porosity;
• density - kg/m³;
• vapor permeability;
• water absorption;
• flammability - from G1 to G4 (non-flammable - NG);
• flammability and smoke generation;
• strength limit;
• acidity - pH.

In addition to these characteristics, the choice of insulation is influenced by: environmental safety, sound insulation, waterproofing, resistance to environmental influences and biological damage. Also in construction, the parameters of durability and cost are taken into account.

The most popular thermal insulation materials on the market are mineral wool, polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam and liquid material. Next, in the article we will figure out which insulation is better, based on their properties.

Pros and cons of mineral wool

Thermal conductivity (0.070 W (m*K) per 200 kg/m³) and vapor permeability (0.490 per 200 kg/m³) of mineral wool indicate that this material most effective. However, its resistance to moisture is low. In view of this, during the repair reliable protection Guaranteed only in conjunction with waterproofing.

The form of release of mineral wool is convenient for use. So, for cladding the surface of a wall or roof, slabs are chosen. Mats are optimal for floor thermal insulation. It is noteworthy that the texture can imitate sand, stone chips and other natural materials. In this case, which mineral wool is better, the user must decide.

The advantages include:

• operational life - 30 years;
• environmental safety;
• resistance to temperatures from −260°С to +900°С;
• chemically neutral to alkaline and other acids;
• optimal cost.

The main disadvantage is low moisture resistance, which significantly increases the price tag, because... additional waterproofing must be used.

One of the best insulation materials is polystyrene foam.

Foam plastic is the best thermal insulation material, according to consumers. This is due to the affordable price tag, high-quality performance indicators and resistance to loads. In view of this, foam plastic is used both in the construction of residential buildings and in the construction of public buildings.

Heat transfer from 0.031 to 0.042 W/(m*K) is one of the highest. This parameter is achieved due to the structure of the foam: the foamed polystyrene mass is produced in layers, between which there is gas. It is because of this that the density of the raw material initially increases.

The scope of application of this type of insulation is attics, utility rooms, outbuildings, where the walls are sensitive to temperature changes.

However, for thermal insulation of the foundation, polystyrene foam must be used in combination with other protection (brick, wood). This is caused by changes in the soil depending on the season.

Positive properties of polystyrene foam:

• water-repellent;
• mildew resistance;
• light weight;
• maintains performance regardless of the weather.

But unlike mineral wool, polystyrene foam quickly collapses when exposed to nitro paint. To avoid this situation, it is recommended to select the glue correctly. Another disadvantage is low mechanical stability. Therefore, after cladding, the foam must be additionally protected.

The difference between polystyrene foam and this material is only in the production method. However, its foaming is higher. Moreover, extruded polystyrene foam is additionally processed through high-strength molds (dies). Due to this, water resistance is achieved. The material is also able to withstand mechanical and atmospheric loads.

Advantages:

• withstands temperatures from −500°С to +750°С;
• used at industrial facilities;
• involved in road construction;
• used as insulation for wells and roofs.

However, extruded polystyrene foam was banned in Europe and America. This decision was influenced by the disadvantage of this insulation - the high level of flammability. This parameter has repeatedly caused the destruction of buildings after renovation in several European countries. To protect its products, the manufacturer began to add substances that prevent combustion. But this was also subject to extensive criticism, because... During smoldering, dangerous toxins were released. Therefore, it is impossible to assign this material the title of “best insulation”.

A new method of thermal insulation - liquid insulation

Liquid insulation has relatively recently appeared on the building materials market. Its practicality and ease of use are the main selection criteria. Compared to other thermal insulation materials, it does not take up space.

The scope of application is very wide - facades, interior walls, pipeline, metal roofs and garages, basements. It is also actively used in the fight against condensation formation.

• application to the base, incl. hard to reach places;
• minimum level of thermal conductivity (0.001 W/(m×K);
• a surface of up to 100 m² can be treated per day;
• resistance to mechanical stress;
• reduction in heat costs by 27%;
• does not change appearance;
• there is no preparatory stage;
• fireproof

The disadvantages of insulation are sensitivity during transportation and high price range. In addition, there are no formulas for accurately calculating the need, which can subsequently increase the budget.

Resume

The article discusses popular insulation materials: positive and negative aspects. The consumer must make his own conclusion about which thermal insulation is better. This is due to the fact that each of the representatives of isolation is good in its own way. Therefore, when choosing a suitable insulation, you should rely on technical parameters and prices. This is true both for houses under construction and for those that have already been put into operation.

What materials can be used for internal wall insulation in an apartment or private house. In I shared my own experience of internal thermal insulation, now it’s worth understanding the variety of insulation materials.

1. POLYSTYRENE FOAM(PS, PSB, PSB-S-20). Polystyrene foam can be used to insulate walls, ceilings, and even floors, as it is available in different densities. For floors, we recommend PSB-S-50, which has a high density and is resistant to loads and any weather conditions.

PSB-S-15 is the least dense of the polystyrene foams. They are recommended to insulate external loggias, balconies, and attics. The choice of density is yours, since the difference in price is not significant.

Pros:

• Excellent heat and sound insulator
• long service life
• DIY installation possible
• inexpensive price.

It is glued with special glue onto previously prepared surfaces, secured with “umbrellas” - special plastic dowels, and puttied.

Cons:

• Low strength
• impossibility of use without decorative finishing
• a noticeable reduction in the dimensions of your room (this depends on the thickness of the material). This is a fly in the ointment, without which it is difficult to find any insulation.

2. PENOFOL, UTAFOL (AND OTHER FOIL THERMAL INSULATION). Foil insulation with high heat and sound insulation properties and good waterproofing due to aluminum foil.

Its disadvantage is that penofol is attached to the wall by lathing it, on which drywall is then installed, and this significantly affects the dimensions of the room.

Foiled penofol is well suited for:

• country houses
• unheated rooms
• balconies
• loggias
• in places with a risk of dampness and moisture.

3. THERMAL INSULATING PLASTER. Sold packaged in bags of various weights. It is not inferior in its characteristics to expanded polystyrene. Fire-fighting properties are excellent, environmentally friendly, and do not require any additional materials (diluted with water). I won’t write recommendations for use; each manufacturer makes its own adjustments. Thermal insulating plasters are mineral and organic.

• MINERAL PLASTER consists of mineral porous materials, expanded at high temperatures (such as vermiculite and perlite). Such mixtures are treated with water repellents, as they are too hygroscopic. Mineral fillers use a hollow foam glass ball that does not absorb moisture and has high mechanical strength.
• ORGANIC PLASTER. Foamed polystyrene is used in organic fillers; these plasters are softer, unlike mineral mixtures. Also waterproof like foam glass beads. Carrying out work on applying plaster does not require special skills - it is applied directly to the wall, without the use of a plaster mesh. After drying, it is monolithically connected not only to brick and concrete, but also to glass and metal. There is a huge selection of such mixtures on the market.

4. LIQUID THERMAL INSULATION. The Internet is replete with advertisements for various types of this material. BUT! Nowhere can they reasonably explain the process itself, how this type of thermal insulation works. In reviews and on forums, basically the same questions are asked - how effective and advisable is it to use liquid thermal insulation for walls, ceilings and floors in residential premises.

Although there are also positive reviews on the use of such materials for pipelines and in places that are difficult to reach for conventional types of insulation. There is a large selection of liquid insulation in the form of paints on the market, so if you want to take a risk, go ahead. But the reviews of those who have already used liquid insulation for residential premises are overwhelmingly negative. I didn’t have a chance to use liquid heat insulator, so I won’t scold or praise it, and I also wouldn’t want to duplicate advertising information here.

5. ROLL INSULATIONS for walls for wallpaper and painting are presented on the market in several versions. These are CORK insulation and FOAM POLYSTYRENE roll insulation. A few words about these thin, but based on experience and reviews, quite effective heat insulators.

• SUBERIC roll insulation, as well as decorative wall coverings (wallpaper or plates) are made from cork chips by pressing with the application of cork veneer and wax. Wax-coated cork is used for finishing and insulating walls, even in damp rooms. The thickness of cork insulation is from 2mm to 30mm, so its scope is varied - from wallpaper to insulating walls, ceilings or floors with plates or slabs. Cork insulation does not emit harmful substances when burning, is not afraid of mold and mildew, is breathable, has low thermal conductivity, and is environmentally friendly. It's easy to stick it on yourself. One of the disadvantages is the high price of this material, but after gluing you don’t have to do any finishing work, since the cork itself has a natural decorative effect and fits well into most interior styles. I give my subjective plus to the cork because it can be safely used in a nursery.
• FOAM POLYSTYRENE roll insulation is produced in rolls with a width of 50 to 100 cm, a length of up to 10 m and a thickness of up to 10 mm. It is made from a thin layer of polystyrene. On one side the insulation is covered with cardboard or a thin layer of paper. It is glued like cork - with special glue. Expanded polystyrene insulation is an environmentally friendly material, since freon is not used for its production, and even when burning it does not emit toxic substances and gases. Low thermal conductivity and vapor permeability, ease of use, environmental friendliness, and fairly low price have earned this insulation a good reputation.

These are not all materials for internal insulation, but I tried to briefly describe the most used ones that give results. Wrote an article

The modern construction market offers many beautiful, durable, environmentally friendly finishing materials. Nowadays, thanks to new technologies, it is possible to realize almost any fantasy in terms of repair or design work. But as for the economics of maintaining a home, it also needs to be carefully calculated.

Unfortunately, not every material, even the most beautiful or unusual, is capable of retaining heat well in a room. Therefore, often the issue of wall insulation at the time of repair has to be raised quite often. And even without planning repair work, insulation is a hot topic for our country.

There are various types of insulation materials on the shelves of construction hypermarkets. Puzzled by the choice of this material, every unprepared buyer will probably be confused when he sees what a huge assortment the manufacturers offer us! Therefore, before you go shopping, let's figure out what kind of insulation is needed in each specific case and how to choose it correctly.

Insulation will bring several important advantages not only to your budget, but also to the quality of your home - this is clear even without special calculations. Some homeowners find it convenient to install insulation inside the room, however, this is not entirely convenient: firstly, it reduces the living space, and secondly, it does not allow the heat inside the room to warm up the walls and thus maintains dampness inside the building.

Therefore, it is definitely necessary to insulate the walls outside the house - it does not matter whether it is a detached household or an apartment. Properly selected and laid insulation allows the room to warm up evenly thanks to free circulation warm air. The outer layer of insulation retains heat and allows the walls to remain dry, which means it prevents their destruction.

As an additional bonus from the insulation, there is also sound insulation of the room, this is an important property, especially if the housing is located near a highway or a busy part of the city.

As for the aesthetics of finishing walls with insulation, modern finishing materials are perfectly adapted to implement various design solutions.

What types of wall insulation are there?

Conventionally, insulation materials can be divided into 2 types: organic and inorganic. What is it?

Organic insulation

These are materials that are produced from raw materials from natural components. They do not contain synthetic ingredients. Some organic materials contain cement and plastic.

Organic insulation materials are easy to use because they do not get wet, are not prone to fire, and are not susceptible to fungus, mold, or any bacteria. It is convenient to use organics as internal insulation or in multilayer structures, in the form of the first, inner layer.

There are quite a few examples of insulation materials of organic origin:

1. Arbolite insulation– made on the basis of cement, liquid glass and kaolin. Additionally, it contains heat-saving substances - straw, sawdust, shavings, etc.
2. Polyvinyl chloride foam insulation– based on polyvinyl chloride resins. The technology of its production is such that the resins acquire a porous structure; it can be hard or soft, and, accordingly, has a wide range of uses.
3. Chipboard. Insulation based on wood chips, to which resins and antiseptics are added.
4. Polyurethane foam is a new generation heat insulator. It is made on the basis of polyester through a complex chemical reaction. It has excellent insulating properties and is not afraid of moisture, pests and temperature changes.
5. Penoizol, also called mipora. Material based on a natural emulsion of urea-formaldehyde resin. Mipora is a universal material; it is sold in dry form, in the form of blocks. If necessary, it can also be used in liquid form, poured into specially prepared containers, where it hardens over time.
6. Expanded polystyrene, or, more simply, polystyrene foam.
7. Foamed polyethylene. It is obtained by adding special foaming additives to the liquid polyethylene mass. The result is a material with a large number of pores - which allows it to retain heat well and provide sound insulation.
8. Fibrolite. Fully organic material, consisting of thin wood shavings. Cement or magnesite is used as a binder. The material perfectly withstands wet operating conditions and can be used for insulation of saunas, swimming pools and similar premises.
9. Sotoplast. Unusual insulation modern type. Its porous structure consists of cells that visually resemble a honeycomb - hence its name. It consists of cellulose or fabric fibers, wrapped in film, and the outer part of each panel is made of soft plastic.
10. . Made from waste from cardboard or book production. The basis for it is scrap or second grade cellulose cardboard or paper. It is also possible to produce from waste paper, however, the quality of ecowool in this case will be much lower.

Inorganic insulation materials

Made from minerals, slag, asbestos or glass. These materials have been known to everyone for many years - glass wool, cellular concrete, foam glass and the like. They have shown excellent performance properties, work at any temperature, and are suitable for any design.

Inorganic insulation materials are available for sale in a variety of forms: wool, panels, slabs, rolls, and even loose. This is an additional plus, since it is possible to choose the most convenient way styling

There are also quite a few varieties of inorganic heat insulators:

Probably the most common insulation. Can be made from slag waste from steel production or rocks. Based on the type of raw material from which it is made, mineral wool is divided into two types: stone and slag.

2. . Its production process is almost identical to glass production, although waste from glass production is often used to make glass wool. It differs from mineral wool in its structure and properties.

3. Ceramic wool. It is made on the basis of silicon, aluminum or zirconium oxides. For production we use high temperature conditions and centrifuge. Ceramic wool is practically not subject to deformation, does not burn and has excellent heat and sound insulation properties.

Reflective Thermal Insulators

As you know, classic insulation acts directionally - they slow down the process of heat transfer. That is, from a heated room, be it a residential building or public building, the heat comes out. If you conduct a study of infrared radiation, you will see rays, especially strong radiation where building materials transmit heat well. Therefore, trying to insulate a room, it is sheathed with various types of insulation that retains heat or prevents the free passage of infrared rays.

However, there is another approach to increasing the thermal insulation of buildings. This is the use of materials that reflect heat. The most popular among these is aluminum foil, its surface is capable of reflecting up to 97% of the heat falling on it.

At the same time, aluminum foil is laid in one or two layers, which are subsequently covered with a layer of polyethylene - such covering is very thin and takes up practically no space. And in terms of its thermal insulation it can compete with the highest quality insulation that retains heat. Moreover, it is also beautiful vapor barrier material, therefore, for buildings with high humidity - saunas, baths - such thermal insulation will be a godsend. In other cases, it is best to consider it as an auxiliary material, for example, for finishing walls and ceilings indoors.

Choosing insulation for walls

Among the huge range of insulation materials, it can be difficult to choose just one. Let's look at the most common heat insulators:

For many years it has been used as insulation at all kinds of private and industrial facilities. It can be made from stone or basalt raw materials, which gives it fire resistance and fire safety. Modern mineral wool made from volcanic fossils using special equipment, reaching high temperatures. It has a specific porous structure, which determines its main advantages:

1. Excellent thermal insulation of the room. Thanks to its fibrous structure, mineral wool retains the temperature inside the building well; in winter the house will remain warm, and in summer it will be cool.
2. Soundproofing. Also, due to the random structure of cotton wool fibers, it is capable of retaining at least 50% of sound vibrations passing through it.
3. Wear resistance. Made from volcanic rocks, mineral wool is not prone to destruction and can last for a long time without needing replacement.
4. Tightness. Provided that the correct technology for laying mineral wool is followed, this type of thermal insulation can maintain the tightness of the coating for many years.
5. Mineral wool is environmentally safe for health.

Laying this type of insulation is not particularly complicated, but, as already mentioned, it is important to follow the correct sequence of operations:

1. Prepare the walls - clean them from old decoration, dirt, putty cracks and chips.
2. Lay a vapor-permeable membrane - this must be done directly on the wall, in one layer.
3. Install a frame made of wooden planks or metal profiles.
4. Lay the mineral wool itself, it is usually sold in the form of layers of various sizes.
5. Cover the layer of cotton wool with another layer of film.
6. Facade cladding finishing material, usually in this case it would be correct to arrange a ventilated façade.
7. Installation of slopes and window sills - the old ones will have to be replaced due to a significant increase in the thickness of the walls.

Polystyrene foam, or its more modern analogue - polystyrene, is a very popular material for external insulation of a building. This is a common type of organic insulation, ninety percent consisting of air, the remaining ten percent are substances made from petroleum products. At their core, these are medium and small air bubbles enclosed in a polystyrene shell.

1. Low cost. Sheathing a house with polystyrene foam is available to anyone.
2. Excellent heat retention indoors.
3. It is not afraid of moisture, dampness and temperature fluctuations.
4. Good soundproofing material.
5. Suitable for various types of outdoor, it can be either plastered or covered with wall panels.

Insulating facades with foam plastic or polystyrene panels is relevant in any region of the country; these materials continue to be in active demand, even despite the existing disadvantages:

1. Small mammals love polystyrene foam. Rodents make their burrows in it - it’s easy and convenient for them. To avoid such incidents, foam wall coverings must be immediately covered with a top, decorative layer. Moreover, this must be done efficiently, without leaving gaps.
2. Foam styrene is not a flammable material However, when exposed to open flame, it will ignite. This disadvantage is not significant, since this insulation is capable of self-extinguishing in the absence of strong gusts of wind.

The process of attaching polystyrene foam is not particularly complicated; you can insulate a house with it yourself, without involving specialists. The sequence of actions is as follows:

1. Prepare the walls. Preparation includes standard cleaning of dust, dirt and old finishes. If there are large cracks or potholes, it is necessary to take measures to eliminate them.
2. Set up a starting profile. In general, such a procedure is not necessary, but this measure will guarantee accurate alignment of the cladding over the entire area of ​​the facade. Starting from starting profile, it will work much faster and easier.
3. Prepare foam sheets as necessary: we are talking about dimensions, that is, if there are windows, doors, or other elements on the wall that are not planned to be insulated, then the foam must be cut taking into account these objects. Cutting it is not difficult using a construction knife or even an ordinary knife of a suitable size.
4. Apply special glue to the foam. This can be done with a spatula, following a certain application pattern: it is important to coat well not only the corners and perimeter of each plate, but also the ends, which will subsequently join with the adjacent ends of the material.
5. Additionally, secure the foam panels with dowel fasteners. Recommended consumption of fasteners: at least five pieces per sheet.
6. Application of a reinforcing layer. This is usually a synthetic mesh that is attached using adhesive or cement mortar directly onto the foam. This measure will strengthen insulating layer and will prevent it from settling or collapsing.
7. Finishing work. This type of cladding is most suitable for plaster, followed by the application of texture - “bark beetle”, “lamb”, and other relief coatings will fit well on foam insulation.

This material is a kind of plastic, 90% of its structure is in a gaseous state. The structure is porous, with pronounced cells. In modern industry, polyurethane foam is successfully used not only as insulation for facades, but also as a seat filler in sofas, armchairs and the like. Visually and tactilely it is similar to ordinary foam rubber.

This material is used as insulation due to the following positive characteristics:

1. Good thermal insulation.
2. It also works as a noise absorber.
3. Not exposed to aggressive chemicals.
4. Practically does not absorb moisture and does not dampen.
5. Environmentally friendly.
6. Long service life - up to thirty years.

Why is this material bad as insulation:

1. Due to its soft surface, polyurethane foam is not suitable for finishing. Can only be used under panels.
2. This insulation is fire hazardous, and moreover, when ignited, it is capable of releasing substances that are dangerous to human life.

For laying polyurethane foam on walls, machine application of polyurethane foam is also used.

Penoplex

This material is also called extruded polystyrene. This type of insulation is relatively new, developed not so long ago, and therefore fully takes into account modern needs for thermal insulation of housing. Penoplex has a porous structure, which determines its main positive characteristics: high heat resistance, lightness, and accessibility to subsequent processing.

It actually has a lot of advantages:

1. High thermal insulation performance. Has the highest thermal insulation characteristics of all popular materials,
2. Wear-resistant. Withstands moderate loads,
3. Durable. The service life of penoplex insulation is forty years or more,
4. Does not attract rodents and other pests, not prone to the formation of fungus or mold,
5. Easy. This circumstance makes it possible to work with it independently, without hiring professional builders, and also to carry out installation work even for one person.

This type of polystyrene has shown itself to be excellent in use both for private households and for insulating public buildings.

Among the disadvantages, you need to remember:

1. Flammability. Penoplex is not a fire-resistant material and for fire-fighting purposes, it is necessary to apply protective measures.
2. Quite a high cost.

As for the price, given the characteristics of the material and its service life, its cost is completely worth it and justified.

Installation of penoplex is identical to installation foam panels, it is also attached to special polymer adhesives - please note - they must be without acetone. But in addition to glue, of course, it is advisable to secure the insulation with anchor fasteners in order to avoid annoying troubles after some time.

Extruded polystyrene lends itself perfectly to decoration, it can be plastered, and reliefs of a wide variety of structures can be created.

Manufacturers

Due to the constantly increasing demand for thermal insulation materials, along with the import of imported materials - European, less often American, produced, domestic manufacturers began to expand and develop. Today, both European and Russian brands are present on the shelves of construction hypermarkets. Here are the most popular ones:

Ursa– one of the leaders in this field of building materials. This is a subsidiary of the large Spanish concern Uralita. In fact, Ursa insulation products are regularly supplied to both the Russian and European markets, where they are also very popular.

Thermal insulation of this brand is produced in different variations, but the most popular type is small insulation slabs or mats. They are convenient to use for installing ventilated building facades, insulating roofs, floors, and partitions. But it is also possible to insulate heating mains and high-rise buildings for private and industrial purposes.

• Armacell

Well-known manufacturer of insulation materials from Germany. Insulation materials of this brand are known for the fact that they are produced by foaming synthetic raw materials based on rubber. This method is patented by Armacell and any other materials of similar design are analogues or replicas of this type of insulation. The modern Russian insulation market has several standard types of Armacell insulation. They are, in particular, convenient to use for heating systems, refrigerators, ventilation shafts, as well as standard heating systems with not too high temperatures heating

• Partex

A well-known Finnish company in the world construction markets, its production facilities are located in the cities of Poland, Lithuania and Finland. This brand is represented on the Russian market under the Paros brand, which offers the widest range of stone wool insulation materials. This heat insulator is available in the form of slabs, mats and rolls of soft and rigid construction. This insulation is popular among private buyers; it is convenient to sheathe detached households and multi-storey residential buildings with it. The properties of Paros thermal insulators: high vapor permeability, excellent thermal insulation properties, durability and lack of deformation, make this material convenient and universal for use in civil construction.

• Isover

The widely known Finnish brand is actually a subsidiary of a large French concern. Their insulation is made on the basis of fiberglass, widespread both in Europe and in Russia and has remained popular for many years.

• Rolls Isomarket

One of the largest domestic companies producing insulation materials. Founded in 1994, since then it has been actively developing and mastering new technologies. Under the Energoflex brand, this manufacturer offers on the Russian market a wide range of various insulation materials based on polyethylene foam.

• JSC "Chemical Plant"

Located in Sverdlovsk region, also a large Russian manufacturer. The Extrapen brand, produced by this plant from polystyrene foam raw materials, confidently occupies its niche among the thermal insulation materials presented on the Russian construction market.

Video: the best way to insulate walls

Insulation of walls is an important stage, it should not be missed or done poorly. The benefits of properly insulated walls are obvious: you will protect inner part at home from condensation and freezing, retain heat indoors, significantly saving energy resources. Nowadays, insulation is not an unnecessary precaution, but the right choice for any home, no matter what it is built from or how well it is heated.

Modern building materials allow you to select insulation to match any finish, hide it securely, leaving the façade of the building visually attractive. It is also important that to comply the right technology Laying insulation is not difficult, even if you do it yourself. Thus, you can significantly save on construction work without involving professionals for cladding.

Insulation materials serve for a long time without needing replacement; one day, you will forget about heat loss for many years to come. Take care of your home by installing good thermal insulation!